Birmingham Railway, Light & Power Co. v. Demmins

be CRAFFENRIED, J. This suit was brought by appellee against the appellant for damages he alleges in his complaint he sustained by reason of the negligence of the appellant’s servants while acting in the line of their emplojunent in the management of an electric car. There were two counts to' the complaint, one alleging that the damages were caused by the negligence, and the other by the wantonness of appellant’s servants or agents. The appellee’s theory was that, while a hack-man in his employ was driving one of his closed hacks — 367 — along one of the streets of the city of Birmingham, and, at the time of the injury, was driving upon the track of. appellant, one of appellant’s electric cars, traveling behind the hack and upon the same track and in the same direction and at a greater rate of speed, through the negligence of the motorman and conductor of the car, or one of them, ran into the hack and caused the damage complained of; that it was raining at the time; and that .the driver, being in a closed hack, knew nothing of the approach of the car, and that, if he did know of its approach, and was himself negligent in being on the track, nevertheless, that snch negligent act was a mere condition upon which appellant’s negligence, after the discovery of the situation by said servants or one of them in permitting the car to run into appellant’s hack, operated as the efficient, proximate cause of the injury. The appellee’s theory was, also, that the car was permitted to run into and injure appellee’s property through an act of wantonness on the part of said servants or one of them. Appellant’s theory was that the hack and the car were traveling in the same direction as above stated, but that, when the servants of appellant first came in sight of the hack, it was not on the track of appellant, but on one side of it and sufficiently far from the track for the car to have passed it without injury; that appellant’s servants sounded the gong and blew the Avhistle to apprise the hackman • of the approach of the car, which was then traveling at such a rate of speed as was reasonable and warranted by the surrounding circumstances; but that, either because the hackman Avas asleep or drunk, or for some other reason which was unknown and could not have been known or reasonably anticipated by appellee’s servants, the hackman, just before the car reached him, drove upon the track; that when — 368 — this occurred appellant’s servants did all that could possibly be done to stop the car and avoid the injury; but that the car. could not be stopped in so short a space; and that the injury was the inevitable result of said negligent act of appellee’s hackman and was in no way due to the negligence of appellant’s servants. 1. There were a number of special pleas to the complaint, demurrers to all of which were sustained, and the case was tried upon the general issue. The action of the trial court in sustaining the demurrers to each of the special pleas is here assigned, separately, as error., The pleas were skillfully drawn, and we cannot indulge the presumption that the defects existing in any of them were due to the inadvertence of counsel. While it may appear that their defects were strictly technical, they were, as we have said, drawn by some one eminently versed in all the requirements of the art of pleading, and a slight defect in the work of art is frequently .more glaring and more disastrous in its results upon the particular work than a gross imperfection in some production of a clumsy .amateur. In other words, each special plea was evidently advisedly filed in the case for the purpose of presenting the question as to whether its alleged defects destroyed its efficacy as 'a perfect plea in bar to the right of the appellee to recover the damages alleged to have been sustained by him in the manner stated in the complaint. Each plea is an alleged plea of contributory negligence, and none of them is available, on demurrer, as a plea to the second count, which charges wantonness. Were any of the pleas available on demurrer as an answer to the first count in which only simple negligence is alleged? Each plea alleges that the hackman “negligently went upon or dangerously near said track,” or that he “negli — 369 — gently went upon, across, or dangerously near” said track. As the defense is made by each plea in the alternative, if, as to either of its alternative averments, it was subject to the demurrer, the demurrer to the whole plea was properly sustained. The appellant has waived its first, second, third, and fourth assignments of error and presents no argument in support of its assignment of error as to plea 6, and we will consider the questions only as to the sufficiency of pleas 7, 8, 9, and 10. The seventh, eighth, and ninth pleas seek to raise the question as to whether, when property which is in the hands of a bailee is injured through the negligence of another, the. negligence of the bailee prosimately contributing to the injury, the bailor can recover the damages growing out of such injury. The most intelligent discussion that we have been able to find upon this subject is to be^ found in the case of Illinois Cent. R. Co. v. Sims, 77 Miss. 325, 27 South. 527, 49. L. R. A. 322. In that case the court held that where property is in the possession of a bailee and, while being used in accordance taith the terms of the bailment, is injured by a third party, and the bailee’s negligence contributes to the injury, his negligence is imputable to the bailor. We refer to the above case, not for the purpose of indicating our views as to whether the decision in that case is or is not a proper statement of the law, but for the purpose of pointing out the fact that neither of the pleas under discussion is brought within the terms of the rule which appellant invokes. In neither of the pleas is it averred that the hack was being used by its driver in accordance with the terms of the bailment, and the demurrer to each of said pleas was therefore properly sustained on that ground. While plea 7 avers that Robert Johnson was, with the knowledge 'and consent of ap — 370 — pellee, in charge and control of said hack and horse, it may be, so far as the allegations of the plea are con: cerned, that Robert Johnson was a liveryman, and as such was in charge- and control of the horse and hack to keep them for appellee, without authority to drive them upon the streets of Birmingham. Pleas 8 and 9 do not aver that appellee knew that Johnson was in possession or control of the horse and hack, and, so far as the allegations of those pleas are■ concerned, it may be that Johnson had stolen the horse and hack from appellee. Plea 10 was subject to demurrer because it fails to show that the proximity of the car' to the hack when its driver, without looking or listening, drove “across, upon, or dangerously near the track,” rendered the act of the hack driver, in so doing,' negligence. The plea says that the car was then and there approaching the place at such a rate that it was impossible to stop said car before it struck said vehicle. It may be, from aught that appears in the plea, that the car was 200 yards from the hack when it turned “dangerously near, upon, or across the track,” and that the car was then running at the rate of 50 miles an hour around a curve, and that it could have been neither seen nor heard by the driver •if he had “looked and listened.” While the plea says that 'Johnson “negligently caused said horse while attached to said vehicle to go upon, across, or dangerously near the defendant’s track without looking or listening for said car, which was then and there approaching said place,” it may be, so far a.s the allegations of the plea are concerned, that, if the driver had looked and listened, he would have neither seen • nor heard anything indicating that he did not'have ample time to cross before appellant’s car reached him, and that the entire danger was due solely to thé high' and excessive rate of — 371 — speed of a car of which, 'the- driver could not, by listening and looking, have informed himself. In other words,, the plea fails to show with sufficient certainty such a condition as rendered it a duty of the driver not to go-near, upon, or across said track at the time mentioned in the plea if he had looked or listened. “A driver has the 'right to cross a street railroad track, although he may see a car in the distance, if he may reasonably suppose he can cross before it reaches him.”—B. R., L. & P. Co. v. McLain, 162 Ala. 658, 50 South. 149. 2. During the progress of the trial, a witness was asked as to how the hackman appeared immediately after the accident. Answering the question, the witness answered, “He got out and looked like he had been asleep or something, and said he had been asleep.” The latter part of the answer was, upon motion, properly excluded from the jury because it was not responsive to the question. Thereupon the same witness was asked what the hackman said immediately after the accident. The court refused to allow the witness, on objection of appellee, to answer the question, and appellant reserved an exception. As appellant failed to inform the court what he expected to prove the hackman said, the court was unable to say whether the testimony thus sought to he elicited was or was not relevant. The trial court,, therefore, will not he pnt in error for such refusal. It may be that the intention was to offer testimony to the effect that the hackman said he was asleep when the-accident occurred; but it is possible that the testimony would have shown that he said more than that, and the appellant should have informed the court exactly what he did expect to prove, so that the trial court could have,, before the witness answered the question, determined whether such testimony was relevant or material. The-practice of admitting irrelevant evidence and after372 •wards excluding it from the jury has been frequently condemned by the courts, as it often tends to prejudice the jury against the party, against whom it is offered.—Green v. State, 96 Ala. 32, 11 South. 478; Griffin v. State, 90 Ala. 600, 8 South. 670, It is argued by counsel for appellant that, if proof that the hackman said that he was asleep when the hack was struck had been allowed to go to the jury, such testimony would have tended to contradict his testimony as to what he was doing from the time he turned into the avenue where the injury occurred until the time of the collision. It is a sufficient reply for us to say that the hackman was not •a party to this suit, and that appellant, when he was ■examined as a witness laid no predicate for his ■contradiction or impeachment by asking him if he did not say, immediately after the collision, that he was asleep; and that the only possible theory under which such testimony could be admissible, in the absence of such predicate, was that it was a part of the res gestae. As there was no plea •of contributory negligence, we cannot see that the fact that the negligence of the hackman may or may not have contributed to the injury was available to appellant. In this connection we dispose of the eighteenth assignment of error by stating that it presents nothing for ■our consideration because no exceptions were reserved, in the court below, to the exclusion of the court, on motion of 'appellee of the evidence referred to in said .assignment of error. 3. Some exceptions were reserved upon the trial for ■our consideration, going to the action of the trial court in refusing to allow the appellant to prove that when the ■car came in sight of the hack, and up to the time it ■came up to within a few feet of the hack, “the car would — 373 — have missed him if he had kept going the way he was.” It is a familiar rule that, where the record plainly shows that no error was done the party complaining by tbe exclusion of certain evidence, tbe action of tbe trial court, in excluding such testimony, even if relevant, will not operate to work a reversal of tbe case. Tbe testimony of tbe appellant tended to show that tbe car extended beyond tbe rails on each side — “tbe overhang of tbe car” — for a distance of 2% feet, and that tbe back was, at tbe time it is claimed to have turned in tbe direction of tbe track, a distance of at least 3% feet from tbe track. If this was true, tbe car, but for the fact that tbe back changed its direction, would have missed tbe cab by one foot. As tbe court permitted this evidence to go before tbe jury, we cannot see bow appellant was prejudiced by tbe court’s refusal to allow tbe witness to place tbe evidence in a different form and say tbe “car would have missed him if be bad kept going in the direction be was.” In addition to tbe above, one of tbe witnesses for appellant — tbe motorman — testified (and that evidence remained with tbe jury) : “Tbe cab was not in tbe path of tbe car at that time. Tbe horse turned right in front of tbe car just before I got to it.” In tbe case of Birmingham R., L. & P. Co. v. Randle, 149 Ala. 544, 43 South. 355, after tbe witness bad stated tbe distance, in feet, tbe deceased was from tbe track when be first saw him near tbe track, it was held that it was competent for tbe witness to state that “tbe car would not have struck him in passing him at that distance from tbe track,” and we think that a careful analysis of the reasoning of tbe court in that case will convince tbe most skeptical that tbe action of tbe trial court made tbe basis of this assignment of error does not constitute reversible error. — 374 — 4. Under the appellee’s evidence, if it was believed by the jury; his hack was on the track of the appellant when its car came in sight of the hack in a business section of the city of Birmingham, where the street on the side on which it was traveling was so narrow that hacks and other vehicles out of necessity used, in passing up and down the street, the track of appellant, and that 'appellant’s servants in charge of the car, seeing the driver’s position, and knowing that it was raining and that the driver was in a closed-hack and was driving in the same direction as that in which the car was traveling, were disregardful of their duties in the premises and needlessly so ran the car at such a rate of speed as to ■run into the hack and cause the injury complained of. A person who drives a hack on the tracks of a street ■railway for a legitimate purpose is not a trespasser. The rights of the public require that the cars of a street railway shall not be unreasonably delayed because of the conduct of others in the use of the streets, but the ■law does not confer upon the motorman of a street car the right to enforce his right of passage through a street by running his car over 'a person making even a negligent use of the right of way.—Nellis on Street Railways (2d Ed.) vol. 2, §§ 388, 389. Where the street is too narrow for a vehicle and a .street car to pass through it at the same time, it is evident that a driver of a vehicle and an operator of a street car have equal rights of passage, and upon each the law devolves the same duty as to the avoidance of injury.—B. R., L. & P. Co. v. Oldham, 141 Ala. 195, 37 South. 452, 3 Ann. Cas. 333. Where a car is traveling down a street which is wide enough for vehicles to pass the car without injury, and the motorman or other person in control of the car sees a vehicle upon or dangerously near the track, the car — 375 — must be operated at sucb a rate of speed that, if tbe vehicle remains upon or dangerously near the track, the car may, by the application of proper appliances, be stopped in time to prevent injury if that becomes necessary to 'avert injury.—Rosen’s Case, 159 Ala. 195, 48 South. 798, 133 Am. St. Rep. 32. The above is stated subject to the qualification that a motorman is not necessarily obliged to stop his car. when he sees a vehicle- ahead of him on or in dangerous proximity to the track, but he is required to keep his car under proper control and running at such a rate of speed, when he does see a vehicle upon or dangerously near the track, that, if he ascertains that the driver is ignorcmt _ or heedless of his approach, he may have sufficient time within which to stop the car and prevent a collision.—Schneider v. Mobile L. & R. R. Co., 146 Ala. 344, 40 South. 761. The rights of a street railway company to the use of a. street, subject to the limitation that its cars can run only upon its track, are the same as the drivers of any other vehicle, and, when a car is overtaking a vehicle on or dangerously near its track, a proper regard for the rights of others requires that the car be reduced to such control that it may be immediately brought to a standstill if necessary.—Consolidation Traction Co. v. Haight, 59 N. J. Law, 577, 37 Atl. 135. As we have above said, if a motorman, in charge of a car, sees a vehicle on the track or dangerously near it, and that the driver is either ignorant of the approach -of the car or driving without regard to it, it is the duty of the motorman to so regulate the speed' of his car as to be able to immediately stop it, and to actually stop it, in time to prevent injury, if that becomes necessary, and, if he fails to do so and damage results by reason thereof, the railway company is liable therefor. In — 376 — such a case, if the vehicle is on or dangerously near the track through the negligence of the driver, such negligence is a remote, not proximate, cause of the injury; it is but the condition upon which the subsequent negligent act of the motorman or other person in charge of the car operated as the direct, efficient, proximate cause of the injury. “We have often held that if the plaintiff’s peril- was discovered in time to avoid the injury by the exercise of due care on the part of the defendant, and the injury was the result of its failure to perform its; duty in this respect, plaintiff would be entitled to recover, although he may have been guilty of culpable negligence in the first instance.”—L. & N. R. Co. v. Webb, 97 Ala. 308, 12 South, 374; L. & N. R. Co. v. Hurt, 101 Ala. 34, 13 South. 130; 7 A. & E. Ency. Law,, p. 382, . 3. It is therefore manifest that if the motorman in charge of appellant’s car saw appellee’s hack on or dangerously near the track and going in the same direction-as the car, that it was a closed hack, and that it was-raining at the time, and there was nothing to indicate-that the driver of the vehicle was aware of the approach of the car, or if it appeared that he was driving regardless of the fact that the car was approaching, it was the duty of such motorman to have at once reduced the speed of his car and to have placed it under such control that he could at once stop it if necessary. And if the street in which the hack was being driven was too narrow for the car to have passed the hack in safety, then it was the absolute, imperative duty of the motorman, when he discovered the hack in the street, whether thehackman was aware or mindful of the approach of the car or not, to have at once so placed his car under control and to have so reduced its speed as to have prevented the collision. — 377 — There was evidence tending to show that at the time of the injury the car was running at the rate of from six to eight miles an hour. While the evidence is in conflict as to whether the car would have passed the hack in safety but for the fact that the horse turned across the track just before the collision, all of the evidence showed that, if the. hack was not on the track, it was in close proximity to it, and that the space for vehicles between the track and the curbing of the sidewalk Avas narrow. Whether, under 'all the circumstances surrounding the parties, the car. was run by its motorman at an excessive rate of speed, was not a question of law for the court, but a question of fact for the jury. What would amount to a reasonable rate of speed in one place or under certain conditions might, in another place or under other conditions, amount to an excessive and dangerous rate of speed.—Nellis on Street Railways, vol. 2, p. 347. There was no plea of contributory negligence in the case, and it is evident, therefore, that the trial court committed no error in giving the last two charges which the appellee requested it in writing to give to the jury, and that it was free from error in refusing to give to the jury charges 5, 6,15 and 16. 6. While there was evidence in the case from which the jury could have inferred that the hack could have been passed by the car without a collision if the horse had not been turned across the track, nevertheless there was evidence from which the jury also had the right to infer that the hack was in dangerous proximity to the track from the time the car came in sight of it until the collision occurred; that its driver was proceeding without regard to the approach of the car; and, from the circumstances, that the motorman knew or could reasonably have discovered that he was heedless of its approach. — 378 — In fact, there was evidence that the hack was so close to the side of the track that the car would not have missed it more than 12 inches if the horse had not, as appellant’s evidence tended to show, turned across the track. We cannot, therefore, hold that, under the circumstances of this case, it can he affirmed as matter of law that the motorman had the right to presume,- and to regulate his conduct upon that presumption, that the position of the vehicle and horse would not be changed after he came in sight of it so as to cause said car to come in contact with said vehicle and horse. “The operative is forbidden to rely upon the assumption that apparently adult persons or property, such as horses and vehicles in control of persons apparently adult, will leave, in time to avert injury, the track or in dangerous proximity to it, when the circumstances reasonably indicate that the party imperiled, or likely to become so, is unconscious thereof.”—Rosen’s Case, supra. It is therefore our opinion that the trial court properly refused to give to the jury charges 18 and 10, -which the appellant in writing asked the court to give to the jury. And, in this connection, we may add that the court properly refused to give to the jury charge 13, which appellant in writing requested it to give to the jury. It had already, at the request of the appellant, given to the jury written charge 9, which was similar in all respects to said charge 13. 7. Section 5476 of the Code, so far as the burden of proof is concerned, applies to street railways, and where any person or stock is killed or injured, or other property damaged or destroyed by a street car of a street railway, the burden of proof, by virtue of said section, is upon the street railway company to show that there was no negligence on the part of the company or its agents. — 379 — —Selma, Street & Suburban Ry. Co. v. M. E. Martin, 2 Ala. App. 537, 56 South. 601. It follows that the - court properly gave to the jury charge 1 requested'in writing by appellee, and properly refused charges 10, 12, and 14., which the appellant requested it to give to the jury in its behalf. 8. The question as to whether, under the facts of this case, the court erred in submitting the question as to whether there could be a recovery for punitive damages, is immaterial. It-is obvious that, under the evidence as to the amount of the injury, the jury, by their verdict, only allowed appellee the damages actually sustained by him.—City of Eufaula v. Simmons, 86 Ala. 515, 6 South. 47. 9. When the oral charge of a court contains an elliptical expression or a sentence which might mislead the jury, the true remedy of a party aggrieved thereby is to ask a written explanatory charge.—B. R. L. & P. Co. v. Murphy, 2 Ala. App. 588, 56 South. 817. We think that we have indicated, in what we have above said, that in our opinion the oral charge of the court, if subject to criticism, was subject to criticism only because it may have possessed a misleading tendency, and that this judgment should not be reversed on that account. —2 Mayfield’s Dig. p. 573, § 214. We have, in the above opinion discussed all of the matters insisted upon in the briéfs of appellant’s counsel in which there appears any merit, and, as we are of opinion'that no error was committed by the court on the trial of this case which was in any way prejudicial to the rights of appellant, we are therefore of the opinion that the judgment of the court below should be affirmed. Affirmed.