Stone v. Dennis

Hitchcock, J. This was an action of covenant, brought by the defendant in error, against the plaintiff, to recover damages for the breach of a contract — 235 — entered into between them. The declaration sets out the contract at large ; it. is very long,, and contains many provisions, not necessary to be noticed in this investigation. The substance of so much as is necessary, is as follows, to-wit: That Stone being desirous of erecting certain saw mills upon a tract of land he had then recently purchased, situated between Bogue Homo and Chickasaw Bogue, at a place called the Ship Landing, in the county of Mobile, had, for that purpose, engaged the services of Dennis; that Stone was to furnish as many negroes as he conveniently could, to be employed in preparing to build said mills, until they should be fully completed, and to continue them thereafter during the period of the agreement, at the rate of fifteen dollars a month, by the year, as hire, and also the necessary workmen, and all the moneys and funds requisite for the support of the negroes, and to pay the wages which might be contracted to be paid by the parties, to such overseer and workmen, as they might jointly think proper to employ in the execution and completion of of the said mills ; and likewise for alldand very kind of materials, useful and necessary in the construction and completion of the same; also all necessary working tools and implements to be employed thereat; the whole amount of which expenses to be borne and paid by Stone in the first instance, including the sum of two thousand dollars, the price and value of the land, which was supposed to contain about one thousand acres : that so soon as the said mills should be completed and put in operation, the whole cost of the work should be ascertained, one-third part of which, including the land should be — 236 — charged to Dennis, who should from thence become interested, to that amount in the properly, and who should have that share in the profits, and bear that proportion of the losses, which might happen ; that the payments for this third interest, should be in three annual instalments, without interest. The contract further provides, that after paying the sums to be due, he should be entitled to purchase, an interest of one-third in the negroes, furnished by Stone, upon payment of which, he (Dennis) should be entitled to a quit claim deed to the lands and mills, and a warrantee title to the slaves to the extent of his interest. There was, however, a reservation in favor of Stone, of the use of fifty acres, for the purpose of a brick yard, and the use of the-slabs sawed, and timber not fit for saw logs, for fire wood for the brick yard, free of charge to Stone. The contract furl her stipulates, that in case Dennis should be discharged from the superintendance of the waler works, ihen being erected by the city of Mobile, and for whom he was then engaged, he should contribute his whole and undivided attention to 1 lie erection arid construction of the said mills, superseding thereby the employment of an overseer, in which event Dennis was to be paid at the rate of six hundred dollars per an-num. In consideration of which covenants on the part of Stone, Dennis covenanted to give, from time to time, the necessary attention and superiniendance> in the construction of the works, free of any charge, (except in case of his becoming overseer as aforesaid) ■and that upon the completion of the works, he was to superintend them free of charge, except for his board, .which should be at the expense of the establishment. It was further stipulated, that in. case of — 237 — any disagreement between them, as to the settlement of the accounts for the expenditures in erecting and completing the mills; or in case either party should become dissatisfied with the other at any time, the dissatisfied party should notify the other, in writing, of the cause or causes of such dissatisfaction, and of his desire of having the same adjusted— upon which, arbitrators should be chosen, one by each party, within five days after such notice, to whom the case should be referred; and in case of their disagreement, they should choose an umpire, who should settle the con troversy. It being agreed that in case either party should fail or refuse, for five daj’s, 1o nominate as aforesaid, his arbitrator, he should forfeit one thousand dollars as stipulated damages. The plaintiff avers, that he performed his part of the agreement, as far as he could; that he was discharged by the corporation of Mobile, and devoted about ten months to the constructing of a canal to supply water for the mills; and, that he was, at all times, ready and willing to have fully complied with his part of the contract; but, that Slone did not furnish as many hands as he conveniently could, and, that he finally withdrew them all. and abandoned the work entirely. He further states, that, being dissatisfied with Stone, he notified him, under that part of the agreement, by which they were to refer the case to arbitrators ; that two were chosen, who could not agree in their award, and that they could not agree in the choice of an umpire; and that, consequently, the case could not be settled in that way: and he claims damages, by suit, for the, alleged breaches, by the defendant, of his part of the covenants. — 238 — To-this declaration, the defendant pleaded — first, performance of his covenants; secondly, failure, by the plaintiff, to perform his part of the covenants; upon which pleas, issue was joined. It does not appear that any demurrer was filed; but there is an entry upon the record, at Ihe Spring Term, 1833, of the Court, that the defendant’s demurrer to the plaintiff’s declaration, was overruled — at which term a trial vas had, and a verdict was given in favor of the plaintiff, for eight hundred dollars, and judgment thereon was entered. At the trial of the cause, a bill of exceptions was taken by the defendant, which states, that it was proven, that, in pursuance of the contract, Stone commenced the work, in February, 1831, furnished as many as eight or nine hands, as many as he conveniently could, and a white man, to superintend them. That it was necessary, for the purpose of carrying into effect the building and completion of the mills, to conduct water from Eight-mile Creek, about the distance of three or four miles, to the site, on which the mills were to be erected, by means of a canal, from said Eight-mile Creek, to said mills.— It was further proved, that the work was abandoned by Stone, in the month of June following. That the defendant then offered to prove, that the lands, on both sides of Eight-mile Creek,' belonged to private individuals, and that neither Stone nor Dennis had any control over the same. That he further offered to prove, that a part of the lands, through which the canal must necessarily run, also belonged to,'and was the property of private individuals, and over whom neither Stone or Dennis had any control; — 239 — but, that the Court refused to permit this proof to go to the jury, to which the defendant excepted. The counsel for theplaintiff in error has contended that the judgment should be reverted— First — on the ground, that the demurrer to the declaration should have been sustained; and, Secondly — that the evidence offered, and rejected, should have been received. As to the first ground, he has made two points. 1. That, the parties having stipulated, to refer the matters which might grow out of the contract, to arbitrators, to be selected by themselves, had each, thereby, precluded himself from resorting to any other tribunal, and, that, if the remedy proved insufficient., he must abide the loss. 2. That the contract involves, necessarily, the settlement of partnership accounts, and, that, consequently, no action will lie, at law, for damages. 1. These points are not pressed with much earnestness, but, if they were, it is quite evident, they cannot be sustained. In relation to the first point, it is clear, that a party, by agreeing to submit his case to arbitration, does not loose his remedy at law, unless, at the time of the commencement of his suit, there is an arbitration pending, or an award has actually been made; and a contract, absolutely to waive one’s right to go to law, is void, as against public policy.a ., ... In this case, neither party was m fault: no awards could be'obtained from the arbitrators; and there no pretence, why the plaintiff should not be heard, in a Court of law. Besides this, if there could any doubt, upon general grounds ; in this ease there could be none, for each party has stipulated a penal — 240 — ty, which he would be liable to pay, in case he should refuse to arbitrate. 2. As to the second point, it does not appear, that there are, or can be, any partnership accounts between these parties, the contract having been abandoned before the completion of the mills. Dennis did not, in fact become the partner of Stone. There was, it is true, a partnership ultimately contemplated, but none had actually grown out of the contract.— But, even if there was a partnership existing, yet, the action of covenant can be sustained, for a breach of any article which the party had covenanted, to perform.a 2. In relation to the second point, the rejection of the evidence offered by Stone, it is contended— First — That it was good, under the plea of performance, to shew the compliance of all that Stone could perform — or, rather, to shew a good excuse for not performing; and, Secondly — If it was not good, for that purpose, it was good, in mitigation of damages. 1. As to the first point, sundry propositions are assumed, such as— First — If the foundation of the covenant fails, all the stipulations under it, fail. Secondly — -If the covenant require things, unlawful to be done, the covenant is void. Thirdly — If the nature of the duty varies, then then the obligation ceases. Fourthly — When the consideration ceases, the liability ceases. To support those positions, numerous authorities are referred to. But, as it is conceived by the Court, that, though the propositions all contain good law, — 241 — yet, as they do not apply to this case, it is not necessary, further to refer to them. Where a contract does not contain, on its face, any thing impossible illegal or immoral, and where there does not appear to have arisen any thing subsequent to the making of it, which renders it so, and it is founded upon a sufficient consideration, the party making it is held to its performance. It is the duty of contracting parties, to provide against contingencies: they are presumed to know, whether the completion of the duty they undertake, be within their power. Therefore, to excuse them from the performance of their contracts, they must bring themselves within some one of the above provisions.a— Without it, however hard the case may be, the party is held to his contract.b In the case under consideration, the ground is, that the party is absolved from the obligation of this contract, because a part of the land, through which this canal was to pass, and the banks of the creek from which the supply of water was to be had, belonged to third persons. A supply of water from this source, was evidently contemplated when the contract was made. It is .admitted, that the construction of the canal was embraced within the contract; and, that Stone was to furnish the hands, funds and materials, to construct it. He must have contemplated this contingency, and should have provided for it. There is nothing illegal immoral or impossible, so far as appears, to prevent it. It does not appear, that there was any refusal, by the proprietors, or application to them, for the purchase of the land, or of a — 242 — right of way; and, even if it did appear, that the performance of this contract had become impossible, from this cause, it would not absolve Stone from his contract. He had undertaken to furnish means to build those mills, and a supply of water was a necessary ingredient in this contract. He knew of this necessity, had deliberately contracted with Dennis, to accomplish it, and, if it should subsequently appear, that he was prevented, by the refusal of the proprietors of the land, to grant the privilege, he must abide by the consequences, and is answerable, in damages, for his failure. Dennis was to furnish nothing, by his covenant,, except his personal superintendance; and, if he chose' to hold Stone to his contract, be could not set set up" this kind of impossibility, in avoidance of his lia--bility. But, even if this defence could have been made available by Stone, in any event, it certainly could not, under the plea of performance: this defence-can only be. made, where the- defendant has actual-ly done all his contract calls for; and if he has an excuse for his non performance, he must admit the breach to have been committed, and plead, specially, .in what he is dischraged.a There is no general issue, in covenant, such as-f^ere i-n assumpsit, which will let in an equitable-defence, but the party is held strictly to his plea.— There was, therefore, no error, in rejecting this evidence, on the first ground taken. 2. Was it good, in mitigation of damages ? The propriety of the exclusion of the testimony, in this view of the case, did not, at first, appear to me, so clear. Ad mitting the breach to have been established — 243 — by the plaintiff, his recovery sounds in damages, and where they are not stipulated, or do not necessarily appear, from the circumstances of the case, the parties are at liberty to go into evidence, to ascertain the amount — each party, therefore, must have the privilege of giving evidence — the plaintiff to enhance, and the defendant to mitigate. It is, however, a principle of law, well established, that a party, seeking, in a revising Court, to reverse the decision of the inferior Court, must present his case, in such a manner as to enable the appellate Court to see in what the error consisted: the judgment of the Court must be invoked, upon some principle of law, which is shown to have been violated, by the Court, whose judgment is impugned. It is not sufficient, that the judge may have erred, it should appear that he has erred: facts should be so presented, as to enable the revising Court to apply the law to them ; and, to do this, the relevancy of the testimony to the point to be established, must be made to appear — otherwise, the higher Court may make an improper application of the law to the facts, or of the facts, to the supposed law of the case; and hence, wander into errors, equally great as those which are sought to be corrected. Haying premised these remarks, let us inquire to what point before the Court below, the evidence could be made to apply. The bill of exceptions does not profess to state that it contains all the evidence given, neither does it allude to there being any other. It states certain facts to have been proven, and then states, that the defendant proposed to prove certain other facts, which he now says, were intended to go in mitigation of damages. Would the — 244 — facts, offered and rejected, taken in connection with, those stated to have been proven, have aided the jury, in their estimate of damages? They clearly would not. It was proven that a canal, three or four miles long, was required. This, it has been shewn, it was the duty of the defendant to have constructed. What aid could the other facts, to wit, that the lands were owned by third persons, give the jury, in ascertaining how much Dennis was entitled to, for his damage ? Without other facts, such as the cost of the whole property, the amount to be paid, for the right of way, the probable amount of the profits or of the losses of the mills, and many other facts, which it is easy to imagine, none of which are stated to have been introduced by kthe plaintiff, and none off which were offered to be proved, by the defendant, (so' far as we are advised,) how could the jury act advisedly, by being left to decide upon those which were offered and rejected? The jury would have been perplexed, and probably misled, by such testimony; and, it is not sufficient, for this Court to be told, that probably other testimony would have followed this, if it had been admitted, which would have shown its relevancy. The defendant should have presentad, at least, so. much of his testimony, as would have enabled the Court below to judge of its relevancy; and, until he did so, the Court was bound to eiclude iff A party is not at liberty to require a Court to admit testimony, having no apparent relevancy, upon the suggestion, that he has something behind, that will bring out its relevancy : and, for the same reason, he cannot urge upon this Court, the supposition of er-; — 245 — ror, in the Court below, when he does not shew in what the error consists. In the case before us, Dennis had two grounds, upon which to' rely, for damages: first, his loss of time, during which he was actually employed ;■ and, secondly, his loss of profits, by the non-completion of the mills, by Stone’s default. Now, the evidence offered and rejected, could not be applicable to the first; and, for ought that ap--pears, no evidence o'f the latter, was offered by Dennis, at all — and, if it had been admitted, could not have varied the verdict. If we were, therefore, to reverse and remand this case, with instructions to admit this testimony, what benefit could accrue to the defendant? If none is shewn here, then no cause of reversal is shewn, by its rejection. The rights secured to the plaintiff, by this verdict, are not to be disturbed; unless we are satisfied they have been acquired at the expense of the rights of the defendant: and this, it is his duty to shew, before he can get relief at our hands. This case has been brought here, to correct the errors of the Court below. We ask what those errors are; and, they must be shewn : we are to presume in favor of the decisions below, unless they are shewn to be erroneous. A bill of exceptions ought to be on some point of law — either in admitting or denying evidence, or a challenge, or some matter of law, arising upon a fact, not denied, in which either party is overruled by the Court,a And, there would have been, in case, much stronger grounds, for reversal, if the judge had allowed this testimony to go to the jury— as it might be said, with great truth, that irrelevant — 246 — testimony had been admitted, which might have had <an improper influence upon the minds of the jury. If, however, this Court is permitted to indulge in ■conjectures, as to the object of this testimony, I should say, judging from what is stated in the bill of exceptions, that it was not offered, or intended to be used; in mitigation of damages, in the Court below, but in support of the plea of performance, or, in avoidance of the contract — to either of which, it has been shewn, that it cannot apply. It is not stated, in the bill of exceptions, to what purpose it was offered. It has. been, with much ingenuity of argument, attempted to be fastened upon some one point, by having been successively applied to all the points; to none of which, however, does it appear to the Court to have any legitimate application. It is, therefore, the opinian of the Court, after an investigation of all the points made in the case, that, the judgment be affirmed. Footnotes [a] 1 Wil. 1291 2 Bos & Pul. [a] Gow, 96. [a] chitty on Con.14 [b] 1 Term R 312 [a] chit Pl.524-Lit.cases 135. [a] 2 Caine’s Rep. 169