Dean v. Fail

COLLIER, C. J. — It was not competent for the plaintiff to object, that the contract of sale by Kennedy to Rives, 'was not evidenced by deed, conveying a perfect title. The agreement between Kennedy and the plaintiff, was, that the latter should occupy the land, (on which the trespass is alleged to have been committed,) for the pur-" pose of raising a crop thereon, with.this condition, that if the former should sell, the plaintiff would relinquish the possession. Tlie bill of exceptions does not inform us how far Kennedy and Rives had advanced towards a consummation of title under their contract, so that there may (for any thing appearing to the,contrary) have been such written evidence of their contract, as would have authorised equity to enforce its completion, had either party objected. But it is quite immaterial to the present inquiry, whether the agreement for a sale was such as could have been coerced. Objections to its validity concerned the parties themselves, and it was not for a stranger to supervise their contract, and shape his course according as he might adjudge it to be obligatory or not. The contracting parties might execute it, under a sense of honor, moral duty to each other, or mutual interest, and it . would be as valid from that period, as if it had been perfect in its inception. So far, then, as we are able to form an opinion from the proof in the record, the event on - which the right of the plaintiff to occupy the land under his agreement with Kennedy was to cease, did actually [494] happen, as soon as Kennedy sold to Rives, with a right to the immediate possession.^ Kennedy might have brought his action.against the plaintiff, had he refused to quit, and, as a necessary consequence, may have au-thorised Rives to enter ; and this right, thus acquired by Rives, would extend to legalise an entry by his agents and servants, in obedience to his directions. It will, therefore, follow, that if the defendant entered under the authority of Rives, upon the possession of the plaintiff, he committed no trespass : unless, the manner of his taking possession, or subsequent acts, make him a trespasser. No objection seems to have been raised in the Circuit court, to the admission of the evidence, yet, as the question comes up on the Instructions to the jury, it may, under the state of the pleadings, be well to consider it. The facts, when simplified, amount to proof of title in a third person, and the right to possession in the defendant himself. There is no necessity for pleading liberum tenementum specially. The object of such a plea, usually, it is said, is to compel the plaintiff to assign the place in which he alleges the trespass to have been committed with greater precision—(Stevens vs. Whistler, 11 East, 51); and the defendant may give the matter admissible under such a plea, in evidence under the general issue— (Peake's N. P. 67; Willes' R. 222; Derisley vs. Neville, 1 Leon’s R. 301; Garr vs. Fletcher, 2 Starkie’s Cases, 71; Gilb. Ev. 258; Chambers vs. Donaldson, 11 East’s R. 72.) In Argent vs. Durrant, (8. T. R. 403,) the point came directly before the court, when Lord Kenyon, in pro [495] nouncing his opinion, observed, “ It is now too late to discuss this question, which appears to have been settled in Lord Coke’s time, in a case in 1 Leon, 301. In trespass, ‘the defendant pleaded not guilty; and if he might give in evidence, that at the time of the trespass, the freehold was in such an one, and he, as his servant, and by his command, entered, was the question ; and it was said by Coke, that the same might so be well enough; and so it was adjudged in Trevilian’s- case; for, if he by whose command he entereth, hath right at the same instant that the defendant entered, the right is in the other, by reason whereof, he is not guilty as to the plaintiff; and judgment was given accordingly.’ Conformably to this doctrine, I have always understood that it has been the practice, to permit the defendant to give liberum tene-mmtum, in evidence under the general issue.” (To the same effect, is Dodd vs. Kyffin, 7 T. R. 354; Van Buskirk vs. Irving, 7 Cowen's R. 35; and Tuthill vs. Clark, 11 Wend. R. 642.) There seems to have been no controversy in the Circuit court in regard to the evidence: the facts disclosed in the bill of exceptions are said to have been proved. We understand, then, that the verdict of the jury was influenced by the instructions of the court, on the solitary legal question, whether Kennedy’s sale gave a right of entry and possession, as against the plaintiff. On this point, our opinion is expressed already; and if Kennedy was entitled to enter, as against the plaintiff, either Rives or Fail might successfully defend themselves under his authority; from which, it follows, that the judgment must be affirmed. [496] GOLDTHWAITE, J. — I am unable to concur in the judgment of the court now pronounced. If the defence attempted, can be permitted under the plea of the general issue, it is material to enquire, whether the evidence made out a case of justification. To justify an entry on the possession of another, one of two things must exist • he who enters, must have a .legal right of entry, or should enter under the license or command of some one having such legal right. In the present case, it seems to me, that Fail, the defendant, had no legal right, nor did he enter by the command or license of Kennedy, who had. If we test the evidence by a special plea, it would be stated, that the defendant entered the close in question, having legal title to the same, or that Kennedy had such legal title, and the entry was made by his license or command. The evidence certainly would not support a plea, framed under the supposition that a legal title was in him, for his lessor neither had the possession, nor the title to the land. If the plea contained the averment of a license or command from Kennedy to enter, the party would fail in his defence, because no such command or license is shewn from the evidence. The permission of Kennedy to Rives, was neither a command or license to Fail to take the possession. This will be evident, if we suppose some act done by Fail in taking possession, which, independent of the trespass on the land, would have constituted him a tort feasor. Would Kennedy have become liable to Dean, in consequence of the authority given to Fail 1 I think he could not be made liable under the evidence, as no authority can be. implied from the circumstances of this case. [497] The Circuit court seems to have considered, (at least such is the inference I draw from its charge,) that a right of entry was conveyed to Rives, by the contract of sale, independent of any conveyance by which the title passed, and that this, was conveyed to Fail by the ease to him. Whether it is considered in this, or the other view which I have taken, there was, in my judgment, an error committed* as in neither event could Fail be justified under the circumstances disclosed.