Gause v. Hughes

COLLIER, C. J. — It is objected to the proceeding in the Circuit court, that that court should not have overruled the demurrer to the declaration. This objection makes it necessary to consider, to some extent, the jurisdiction of courts of lav;, in the recovery of legacies. It is said, that originally, the jurisdiction over personal legacies, pertained to the tempqral courts of the common law, or that it was a jurisdiction mixtifori, claimed and exercised in the County court, where the bishop and sheriff sat together. Afterwards, the ecclesiastical courts acquired exclusive jurisdiction over the probate of wills of personal property; and, as an incident thereto, they acquired jurisdiction (though not exclusive) over legacies —(1 Story’s Eq. 553.) It is clear, that no action would lie at the common law, to recover a legacy to which the executor had never assented — (2 Williams’ Ex’rs, 844; Deeks vs. Strutt, 5 T. R. 690; Far well vs. Jacobs, adm’r, 4 Mass. R. 634; 1 Story’s Eq. 554; Ward on Leg. 363.) But if the legacy be specific, the assent of the executor vests the interest in the thing in the legatee, so that he may maintain a suit at law, for the recovery of the interest which has thus vested — (Doe vs. Guy, 3 East, 123; Ward on Leg. 363; Young vs. Holmes, 1 Str. R. 70; 2 Williams on Ex’ors, 1187, 1188.) In regard to pecuniary legacies, such is the conflict in judicial decision, that it is difficult to say whether, or under what state of facts, an action might be prosecuted at common law, for their recovery. The ground upon which the jurisdiction of the law courts has been doubted or denied, is, that the restricted rules of procedure — 556 — which guide their action, necessarily inhibit them from imposing any terms upon the parties. Thus, if a legacy were bequeathed to the wife, it might be recovered by the husband, without making any provision for her, or her family ; while a court of equity would require such a provision to be made. So, also, a recovery might be had of the executor, without requiring of the legatee a bond to refund, in the event of other liabilities than those then known, being discovered — requisitions peculiarly appropriate in chancery. These arguments are confessedly cogent, yet they have not always been regarded as sufficient to divest, under all circumstances, the jurisdiction of courts of law, over the subject of legacies. In Atkins and wife vs. Hill, (1 Cowp. Rep. 284,) the plaintiffs declared against the defendant in assumpsit, stating that “James Clarke, &c, by his last will, &c. did give and bequeath to the plaintiffs wife, the sum of sixty pounds, &c, and of his last will and testament, made the said Charles Hill sole executor, &c. and the said Charles Hill took upon himself the burthen and execution of his said will. And the said plaintiffs further say, that divers goods and chattels, &o, afterwards, &c. came to the hands of the said Charles Hill, as executor of the said James Clarke, which said goods and chattels were more than sufficient to satisfy and pay all the just debts and legacies of the said James Clarke, &c. of which the said Charles Hill then and there had notice: by reason of which said premises, the said Charles Hill became liable to pay to the said plaintiffs, the said sum of sixty pounds, and being so liable, he, the said Charles Hill, in consideration thereof, afterwards, &c, undertook, and faithfully promised — 557 — to pay them the said sum of sixty pounds, whenever," &c. To this declaration, the defendant demurred generally. On argument, it was objected, that an action on the case would, not lie for a legacy issuing out of 'personalty —that a court of law could not do substantial justice between the parties, by imposing conditions upon the legatee, &c. It was answered, that the old books of entries, as well as some of the older reports, furnished cases where actions of debt, &c. were maintained for legacies —the facts, viz., that the defendant was executor, and had assets, &c. are a sufficient consideration for a promise —that the promise was express, and so admitted by the demurrer. Lord Mansfield delivered the opinion of the court of King’s Bench, and remarked, that the argument in favor of the exclusive jurisdiction of the spiritual courts, would go to prevent the intervention of chancery ■ — that if debts should appear, after the payment of a legacy, the legatee would be bound to refund, whether he gave security or not, for, in such case, the payment would be made under a misapprehension of fact; and he added, “but if justice required it, this court would make the plaintiff’s giving an indemnity, a condition of his recovering. There are many cases where this court has made parties give indemnity.” He admitted, that the law in regard to legacies was made in the ecclesiastical court, and would be applied in equity, as well as at law, in cases in which these latter courts exercised jurisdiction. The Lord Chief Justice, then addressing himself to the case stated in the declaration, observed, that the defendant was sought to be charged, not upon the ground, that — 558 — a sufficiency of assets bad come to his hands, to enable him to pay all the debts and legacies of the estate; but, because all this was true, and in consideration thereof, he undertook and 'promised to pay the legacy in question —the consideration was adequate — the payment might have been coerced in equity, and'it is well settled, that not only an equitable demand, but a moral duty, will uphold an, express promise. There was no necessity for going into equity — the object proposed by a resort to that tribunal, was to coerce an assent. Here was not a mere assent, but the demurrer admitted there was a promise, which must be intended to be true. In the next case, (Hawkes and wife vs. Saunders, 1 Cowper’s Rep. 289,) Lord Mansfield and Mr. Justice Bul-ler, each delivered opinions, in which they re-affirm every thing that was said by the former, touching the declaration in Atkins and wife vs. Hill, and- perhaps went farther, even intimating, that an action might be maintained, where there was no express promise, and that it was probable, a sufficiency of assets to pay debts, Spc. would warrant its implication. In Deeks and wife vs. Strutt, (5 T. R. 590,) the declaration was similar in form to that in Atkins and wife vs. Hill. The defendant pleaded the general issue. There was no proof of an express promise to pay the legacy, but it was shown that the defendant was possessed of a sufficiency of assets, and the question was, could the action be maintained ? Lord Kenyon was of opinion, that no action, till lately, (except one in the time of the commonwealth,) for a legacy, had been supported in a court of law, and to uphold the one before him, would be at — 559 — tended with the most pernicious consequences. He repudiated the' argument in favor of such suits, founded in convenience and justice, and argued to prove, that the jurisdiction exercised by courts of equity, was both more convenient and just — that there, settlements could be framed, so as to protect the interests of the wife, and of families — but a court of law possessed not the power to do this, though ruin were to result from its omission* The Lord Chief Justice was sustained by Mr. Justice Ashurst, and Mr. Justice Grose concurred fully in the judgment of the court, expressing, as the ground of his opinion, that there was no evidence of an express promise, and that an implied promise, would not sustain the action. Though in the case of Hawkes vs. Saunders, an express promise was proved, yet Lord Mansfield went so far as to declare, that “ where a man is under a legal or equitable obligation to pay, the law implies a promisej though none was ever actually made.” Again: “An executor, who has received assets, is under every'kind of obligation to pay a legacy. He receives- the money by virtue of an office which he swears to execute duly. He receives the money as a trust or deposit, to the use of the legatee. He dught to assent, if he has assets. He has no discretion or election. He retains what belongs to the legatee, and therefore, owes him to the amount.” There can be no question, that it was the Lord Chief Justice’s opinion, that the law would imply a promise to pay a legacy, upon proof of a sufficiency of assets, and that consequently, an action of assumpsit would lie for its recovery. In regard to his decisions in general, it — 560 — to ay be remarked, that they are distinguished by the most enlarged principles of justice — often discarding the narrow filies, which controlled the action of the law forums, and as if he disdained the trammels which inhibi-. ted him from administering the law in its purity, he would overleap the barriers of equity jurisdiction, and thus admeasure 'complete right. Lord Kenyon, in this respect, was the opposite of Lord Mansfield. It was his great desire to keep up the ancient distinctions between Equity and Law, so that each court might perform its appropriate functions. Hence it is, that in Deeks vs. Strutt, he considers that the maintenance of an action at law for a legacy, is an innovation upon the common law, of a recent date. Lord Kenyon, too, like his great predecessor, went farther than the decision of the case before the court required. Not contented, merely to decide that assumpsit would not lie for the recovery of a legacy, upon proof that the assets which came to the executor’s hands, were ample — he strongly intimates that the action could not be maintained, though the promise were express: and to this intimation, have the courts at Westminster accorded the weight of authority — (See 7 B. & C.Rep. 544, by Littledale, J. in Jones vs. Tannery Johnson vs. Johnson, 3 Bos. & Pul. Rep. 169. Thus stands the question, upon authority, in England. Mr. Justice Story, after noticing the cases cited from Cowper, observes: “ but these cases have not been decided upon satisfactory principles; and though they have not been directly overturned in England, they have been doubted and disapproved by elementary writers and judges” — (1 Story’s Eq. 554; see further, The Mayor of — 561 — Southampton vs. Graves, 8 T. R. 593; Dyer’s R. 264, pl. 41; Moore’s R; 917; Hob. R. 265; T; Raym. R; 28.) It is worthy of remark, that in none of the old cases cited from the English books, was the action founded upon an express promise; so that not only these, but the later case of Deeks vs. Strutt, may be reconciled-with the cases in Cowper, as to the points adjudged* and differ only as to the general reasoning employed.- In several of the States of the Union, it has been held that an action will lie for the recovering of a legacy,founded on an express promise, independent of a statute —(Beecker vs. Beecker, 7 Johns. R. 99 ; Clark, adm’r, &c. vs. Herring, 5 Binney’s Rep. 33; McNeil vs. Quince, 2 Hayw. R.- 153.) In New York,- even previous to the decision in Beecker vs/ Beecker, a statute was enacted, vesting the courts of law with jurisdiction over the subject of legacies,- to some extent ;■ yet, in that case, Mr. Chief Justice Kent, who delivered the opinion of the court, took no notice of the act, but reasons to prove that the action was maintainable at common law. He defends the cases of Atkins vs. Hill, and of Rawkes vs. Saunders* and contends that the great argument of Lord Kenyon, in Deeks vs. Strutt, if carried out, would go to inhibit the voluntary payment of a legacy by an executor. In Farwell vs. Jacobs, adm’r, (4 Mass. R. 634,) it was said, that “ at common law,- no action lies to recover a legacy, or damage for non-payment of it.” Yet, in that case, the action was sustained under the influence of a statute of Massachusetts, which enacts, in general terms, that any person having a legacy given him, may sue for and recover the same at common law. The court re — 562 — marked: “In consequence of these statute provisions, legacies have always been recovered by actions at law, in which the legatee shows the bequest, the probate of the will, the official capacity of the defendant, and his reception of assets, making him liable to pay, of which the probate records are evidence; whence an action has accrued by law to the legatee, to demand and have the legacy of the defendant, and that he, after notice and demand, has refused to pay,” &c. But the same court, in a late decision, say “ at the common law, an action lies for a legacy, on a promise to pay, there being a sufficiency of assets.” And further: “ an assent will be presumptive evidence of assets. By. our statute, an action at law is given for a legacy. But this action will not lie, immediately on the death of the testator, because, it may not be known, whether there are assets sufficient for the debts, unless there is an assent” — (6 Pick. Rep. 129, Andrews, ex’r vs. Hunneman et al.) Thus far have we examined the question before us, with reference to the decisions made in the courts of England, or of our sister States. We will consider it now, in reference to our own statute. By the 42d section of the act of the 10th February, 1806, entitled “an act concerning wills and testaments; the settlement of intestates' estates; and the duty of executors, administrators and guardians?— it is enacted, that “ any person having a legacy-bequeathed in any last will and testament, may sue for and recover the same, at common law” — (Aik. Dig. 183, s. 29.) No case has arisen, to render it necessary to decide how far we would go under this statute, to sustain suits at law for legacies; and as the present — 563 — case does not require, that in order to sustain the judgment of the Circuit court, we should consider that question, — we will content ourselves with the remark, that if it be doubtful, whether at common law, an action lay upon an express promise, the statute cited places the right to maintain it beyond all doubt. In Pettigrew vs. Pettrigrew, (1 Stew. Rep. 580,) this court, under its first organization, determined, that however questionable it might be, whether, according to the English common law, an action at law lay for the recovery of a legacy, our statute had put that question at rest here. In that case, it was held, that a count in debt in the usual form, for money had and received, was good on demurrer. To reciprocate, we incline to the opinion, that even at common law, debt or assumpsit could be maintained upon an express promise, made in consideration of assets, forbearance, or other cáuse, recognised as sufficient in law to sustain it. But be,this as it may, the action is clearly given by the act of our legislature. It was objected to the declaration, that even conceding the remedy at law to be perfect, yet it did not sufficiently charge a liability upon the plaintiffs in error. The declaration is so framed, as not only to conform to that furnished in the report of Atkins vs. Hill, but it goes further, and is free from the objection made on demurrer, ip that case. There, Lord Mansfield decided, that the declaration stated an express promise, which was well sustained by the allegation, that a sufficiencyof assets haci come to the executor’s hands to pay the debts and legacies — that this being true, he was under a moral and — 564 — equitable obligation to pay them, and his promise vested a legal right. This view is fully sustained by Clark, adm’r, vs. Herring, and Beecker vs. Beecker, cited above; see also, Mr. Justice Buller’s opinion, in Hawkes vs. Saunders. If an express promise, on a sufficient consideration, was made, (and this is admitted by the demurrer,) it was not necessary to give a right of action, that a demand should have been subsequently made for payment. Like all other promises, which are valid in law, it imposed a legal liability, and must have been performed, at the peril of the party making it. In none of the cases noticed by us, is the declaration objected to, for the want of a special request, (they only contain the licet scepius requisi-tas,) and the absence of objection is strong persuasive proof, that cases like the present, do not constitute an exception to the general analogies of the law of contracts and pleading. It is further objected by the plaintiffs in error, that though an express promise is stated, yet it could not bind them, because there was no one competent, in law, to claim the benefit of it, or if the promise was valid, it inured to the ward, to whom the plaintiffs could not, with safety, pay the legacy; and the guardian, before he could sue, should show that he was authorised to receive the legacy, when the promise was made, or that after he acquired his authority, he demanded it of the plaintiffs. The declaration commences as follows: “Alfred J. Hughes, by John It. Fleming, his guardian, who is admitted by the court here to prosecute for the said Alfred — 565 — J. Hughes, (who is an infant, within the age of twenty-one years,) by attorney complains,” &c. The most natural intendment, from the terms in which the plaintiff below, and his guardian, are described, is, that Fleming is the general legal guardian of the ward — if he was not, the usual description is, either that he was next friend^ or guardian ad litem. The demurrer being an admission of the truth of the facts well pleaded, we are authorised to suppose, 1. That Fleming was the general guardian of Alfred J. Hughes; and 2. That the promise made by the plaintiffs in error, to pay his legacy, was effectual in law, so far as it depends upon time and circumstance. This inference being made, we have already said, that the promise imposes a liability, unassisted by a subsequent demand. Our answer to this objection, is very fully sustained by the case of Miles vs. Boyden, (3 Pick. Rep. 213.) Our conclusion, from a view of the case, as presented to us, is, that the judgment rendered by the Circuit court on the demurrer, was correct, — and the judgment of that court is therefore affirmed.