Fisher v. Hall

Lacy, Judge, delivered the opinion of "the court: This was an action of debt, founded on a writing obligatory. The declaration contains but one count, and is in the usual form, except it demands the interest together with the principal, thereby endeavoring to confer an original jurisdiction, on- the Circuit Court, which otherwise, it does not pqssess. At the return term of the writ, the defendant appeared in the court below, and filed a motion to dismiss the cause for want of jurisdiction, which motion was overruled. He then put in a plea to the jurisdiction of the court, to which there was a demurrer, and judgment entered up against the Sufficiency of the plea, and in favor of the plaintiffs. • To reverse the judgment thus rendered, the defendant’now" prosecutes his writ of error in this court. The record raises, and the assignment of errors presents but a single question for adjudication and and decision, which is, had the Circuit Court that tried the cause, original jurisdiction of the matter? This can only be determined by a reference to the constitutional provisions organizing and establishing the judicial department of the government, and defining and limiting, the peculiar and special-jurisdiction of each and- all of the courts. The whole judicial power of the state is vested by the constitution in-one Supreme Court, in Circuit Courts, in County Courts, in Probate-Courts, and in Justices of the Peace. See Art. vi, Sec. I, and Sec.-10. The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is co-extensive with the State, and is declared to be appellate only, except in the enumerated cases specified in the constitution, and in that enumeration there are but few cases where iheir jurisdiction can be considered as strictly original. In every other instance, their jurisdiction has exclusive reference to their appellate powers, and is given in aid of them, with the view of correcting and cotitrolling the errors and illegality of the other inferior tribunals for the parpóse of enforcing its own authority or mandates. To enlarge or diminish its powers beyond the express grant of the constitution, or the necessary incidents that fall within the: scope of its meaning, would be to substitute arid create a new j.urisdic- . lion, unknown to the constitution itself, and in violation of its authority; and Such a construction would destroy the appellate character of the court,- and confer upon it all original jurisdiction,.which certainly never was the intention or design of the constitution. See Art. vi, Sec. 2, of the constitution. The Circuit Courts possess original jurisdiction of all criminal cases not otherwise provided for by law, and exclusive original jurisdiction of all crimes amounting to felony at common law, and original jurisdiction in all matters of contracts where the sum in controversy is aver one hundred dollars, and original jurisdiction in all-civil cases which shall not be cognizable before the justice» of the peace, unless otherwise directed by the general assembly. Sec. 3. Art. vi, of the constitution. Its original jurisdiction is by far more comprehensive and exclusive than that of any other court, for it extends to all criminal cases; and to civil cases, where the amount in dispute is over one hundred dollars. To assume, then, for any legal tribunal, a jurisdiction greater, or less than is conferred upon it by the constitution,or than is given by its plain and obvious intent, is virtually to abrogate and destroy all the distinctions and divisions of each separate constitutional jurisdiction between-the several and respective courts, and thus, by intendment and construction, pro tanto, to ordain and establish a wholly different will, or rule of action, from the one laid down and enjoined by the constitution. To elucidate the principle by the case now under consideration: The declararon shows that the sum sued for was one hundred dollars; for the demand for the interest with the principal, cannot change or alter'the jurisdiction of the Circuit Court, as it is the amount or character of the contract, and not interest, that enters into the controversy* and gives cognizance of the cause. If this be the case, and it most assuredly is, then to allow the Circuit Court to take and exercise original jurisdiction in the present case, is clearly to violate one of the most express provisions of the constitution, which declares it shall have no original jurisdiction in matters cif contract, unless the sum is over one hundred dollars.* Besides, such a construction would erase one of its clauses, which makes the matter now in controversy exclusively cognizable in the first instance before a justice or justices of the peace. See Art. vi, Sec. 15, of the constitution. It is deemed unnecessary to enlarge upon this branch of the subject, for such a mode of interpretation, if applied to the constitution, would virtually repeal it, and produce great confusion and injustice in all legal proceedings. The invention intended to erect separate legal tribunals for the trial of all' whether civil or criminal; and they have done so by clear and positive terms, and it has apportioned the whole judicial power among several sets of magistracy, and any legislative restrictions or limitations ‘ whereby their constitutional jurisdictions would be either impaired, altered, or abrogated, would be wholly void, being repugnant to the original grant of power. The general assembly, doubtless has the right to change or modify the proceedings or practice of the courts, but in doing so, they cannot touch, or interfere with their constitutional powers or jurisdictions, for the moment they do, their acts become mere nullities, and the judiciary is bound by the most sacred and solemn obligations, so to consider and treat them. This position stands upon the highest authority, and is recognized by every principle of legal right and justice. If one court has the right by implication or legal inference of assuming-a jurisdiction not warranted - by the constitution, surely, all the rest have an equal right, and hence, in the exercise of their powers, we would have that confusion and conflict of jurisdictions, which was the special intention and care of the convention to guard against and prevent. The judiciary designed to be established by that body, was a consistent and harmonious whole, each portion of it left free in the exercise of its lawful authority, and the subordinate parts only restrained by a superior jurisdiction, when they attempted to transcend the limits of their constitutional duties. From this view of the case, it is perfectly manifest that the Circuit Court had no^original jurisdiction of the cause, and that the exercise of such power was in express violation of the constitution, and consequently null and void. As all our courts are courts of limited and prescribed jurisdiction, if the record and proceedings show on their face or from their construction, that the court before whom the cause is pending had no jurisdiction of the matter, the defect may be taken advantage of, by a motion to dismiss, for if the court had no authority to try the case it can pronounce no valid judgment. The court below, therefore erred in not sustaining the defendants’ motion to dismiss, and consequently, the judgment must be reversed with costs, the cause remanded to be proceeded in according to the opinion here expressed, which is, that the case be dismissed, for want of jurisdiction.