Heilman v. Martin

Ringo, Chief Justice, delivered the opinion of the Court: The questions arising in this case may be disposed of in the order in which they are stated. The decision upon the plea to the jurisdiction of the court, although drawn in question by the assignment of errors, was not controverted in the argument, and although not formally withdrawn or abandoned, does not appear to he relied on by the plaintiff, and the principles upon which it should have been struck •out, are so well established, and so obviously applicable to this case, that argument in support of the decision is deemed unnecessary, however, it may not be improper to state them briefly. The plea is in these words, “ and for further plea in this behalf the defendant saith that the amount of money assumed by the plaintiff to be paid to the ■plaintiff is less than one hundred dollars, and this he is ready to verify, wherefore,” &c. It appears to be well settled by the adjudication in all the courts of England, and most, if not all, of the courts in the several States of this Union, that all pleas to the jurisdiction of the Superior Courts must show, not only such facts as take the case out of the jurisdiction, but, also, that there is some other court in which effectual justice may be administered, for, if there is no other place or mode of trial, that alone will give the Superior Courts jurisdiction. 1 Chit. Plead. 479; Lawrence vs. Smith and Russell, 5 Mass. Rep., 362; Rea vs. Hayden, 3 Mass. Rep., 24; and the application of these principles to the present case is not opposed by any thing contained in the Constitution or laws of the State, because in the distribution of the judicial powers the Constitution confers on the Circuit Courts original jurisdiction of all civil cases which shall not be cognizable before Justices of the Peace, until otherwise directed by the General Assembly; and the facts of this case, as disclosed by the declaration, not only show a case within the jurisdiction of the Circuit Court, but if true, disclose a case over which no other legal tribunal in the State can exercise jurisdiction. It, therefore, devolved upon the party controverting the jurisdiction by plea, to set forth in his plea, in addition to such facts as would divest the court of its apparent right of jurisdiction, such other facts as should clearly indicate what tribunal in particular had the rightful cognizance of the case. These essential allegations are entirely omitted in the plea under consideration, and Heilman having first interposed his general demurrer to the declaration must, upon the withdrawal of his demurrer by leave of the court, be considered as undertaking to plead issuably, to the merits; beside which, there is no proposition better settled by adjudication, and supported by reason and justice, than that a parly by inverting the established order of pleading is “ precluded from pleading any matter prior in point of order.” 1 Chit. Plead., 426; Co. Lit. 303; Com. Dig. Abatement, C.; and a general demurrer being regarded by the law, as a plea in bar to the action itself, Heilman, after he had interposed his demurrer, was precluded from pleading either to the jurisdiction of the court, to the disability of the plaintiff or defendant, to the count or declaration, or to the writ; because, by pleading to the action itself in bar thereof, (which, in this cause, he had twice done when the plea under review was filed,) the law regards him as having admitted on the record, that there was no foundation for either of the defences before mentioned, and, therefore, as well as for the defect apparanfc on the face of the plea, Martin would . have been justified in disregarding it altogether, but the course pursued by him was more appropriate, and is fully authorized by the practice in England and in this country; and whatever may be the legitimate and authorized construction of our statute which provides that the plaintiff in replevin, and the defendant in all other actions may plead as many several matters, whether of law or of fact as he may think necessary for his defence; we do not, under the circumstances, consider it as'having any application to the present case. The second question presented by the record and assignment of errors, whether viewed simply as a question of jurisdiction between the County and Probate Courts, or, as one depending upon the relative rights of the parties, if they are to be regarded as legally standing in the relation of guardian and ward, is more interesting and important in its consequences to the community generally. Heilman, on the one hand, insists that he was the guardian.of Martin, appointed and qualified according to law, when the services and labor for which he is sued in this action, were done and performed: and that an action of assumpsit cannot, if indeed any action at law therefor can, be maintained against him, which he controverts and denies, while on the contrary the defendant in error contends that the appointment of Heilman, as his guardian, was made by the County Court, instead of the Probate Court, which had the legal authority to make it, and that the County Court had no jurisdiction or power whatever over the subject, and therefore the appointment in question being coram non judice, is void, and the record thereof was properly excluded from the Ñ'7‘ In the investigation of this question we have considered. 1st. Upon what court the general jurisdiction to appoint guardians for minor orphans is conferred. 2nd. By what court the appointment or order in question was made. 3rd. Is it competent legal evidence for Heilman in the present controversy. The Constitution of this State, art. VI. sec. 9., ordains that “ there shall bo established in each county in this State, a court to be holden by the Justices of the Peace, and called the County Court, which shall have jurisdiction in all matters relating to county taxes, disbursements of money for county purposes, and in every other case that may be necessary to the internal improvement and local concerns of the respective counties.” Sec. 10. There shall be elected by the Justices of the Peace of the respective counties, a presiding Judge of the County Court, to be commissioned by the Governor, and hold his office for the term of two years, and until his successor is elected and qualified. He shall, in addition to the duties that may be required of him by law as a presiding Judge of the County Court, be a Judge of the Probate Court, and have such jurisdiction in matters relative to the estate of deceased persons, executors, admistrators, and guardians, as may be prescribed by law, until otherwise directed by the General Assembly.” The General Assembly, by a Statute approved, Nov. 7, 1836, declare that the presiding Judge of the County Court, “in addition to the duties required of him, as presiding Judge of the County Court shall be Judge of the Court of Probate, and the said Court of Probate, so constituted, shall have the following jurisdiction, to wit: the taking probate of wills, the granting letters testamentary, and administration, the appointment of guardians, and the settlement of. executors’, administrators’, and guardians’, accounts; and have the right of adjudicating all claims presented for allowance, against executors, administrators and guardians.” Acts 1836,p. 179. The above quotations shew conclusively that the Court of Probate, organized under the Constitution, in conformity with the provisions of the Act of 1836, in force at the date of the order in question, consisted of a single Judge, and had a general jurisdiction over the appointment of guardians, which was not by any law concurrently given to the County Court, and it did not therefore possess any jurisdiction over the subject, or power to make the appointment under consideration. The caption of the record of said order, as set forth in the bill of exceptions, proves that two Justices of the Peace sat as members of the court, with the presiding Judge of the County Court, when the order appointing the plaintiff guardian of the defendant in error was made, and who, for aught that appears, may have directed the order, and must in our opinion be regarded as having at least participated in the appointment, although the record appears to have been signed by the presiding Judge alone, and this latter circumstance is relied upon by the plaintiff in error, as establishing the fact that his appointment was made by the Probate Court, instead of the County Court, as stated in the caption of the record; but it does not, in our opinion, warrant this conclusion; because it is generally known to be the uniform practice of all courts of record, to state in the caption or commencement of the record of their proceedings, the style of the court, and the name or names of the person or persons sifting in, or holding the court, with his or their official character or style, substantially, if not literally, in the manner and form observed in the record before us; and it is a fact, equally notorious, that the records are not uniformly, or generally, signed by every member of the court, when it is composed of several persons, or has, by law, one presiding officer, in which case it is not unusual for him alone to sign the record of their proceedings; and when any member of a court is once shown by the record to have taken his place on the judicial seat, upon any particular day, of any term of the court, his presence and participation in all of the business transacted in court during that day must be presumed, until the contrary is proved, which does not appear to have been even attempted in this case; we, are therefore bound to presume that Allen McLain and Richard C. Hawkins, Esqrs., were present, with David Fulton, the presiding Judge of the County Court, acting officially with him when the appointment of Heilman as guardian of the defendant in error was made. Another consideration intimately connected with this view of the question, which is inymr opinion entitled to some influence in determining the question now under consideration, is that by law as we have already shown, the Court of Probate must have been held by a single Judge; but three persons are proven to have occupied the judicial seat when the order and . appointment under consideration were made; and, therefore, they could not have been made by the Court of Probate, and must be regarded as having been made by the County Court, a tribunal possessed no jurisdiction over the subject. If the view which we have taken of the propositions just disposed of be correct, as we are satisfied it is, there can be no doubt that the Circuit Court, from the circumstances, as shown by the record before us, properly refused to suffer the order to be read to the Jury as evidence for the plaintiff in error, upon the issue joined, because it was made by a court not possessed of jurisdiction over the subject matter, and was therefore void, and the parties never did, by virtue thereof, stand in the relation to each other, of guardian and ward; but the result would not, in our opinion, be different, if that relation had legally subsisted between them when the services were rendered, and the labor performed; for that relationship does not, according to the common law, or any law in force here, in itself, oblige the ward to labor or perform menial, or other valuable services for the benefit of his guardian, or authorize the latter to receive, for his own use,, the value of his earnings, whether they accrue under an employment in the service of his guardian, or some other person. Chancellor Kent, treating of the office of guardian, says emphatically, “ the guardian’s trust is one of obligation and duty, and not of speculation and profit.” 2 Kent's Com. 187. And the truth of his remark no one will question, who has examined the subject, and maturely considered the nature and object of the appointment; and notwithstanding the ward could not, at common law, maintain an action at law against his guardian until he come of age, he was at common law liable to an action of account after the infant came of age, and the infant, while under age, might by his next friend, call the guardian to account by bill in chancery, but the personal disability of the ward to sue his guardian must, as we apprehend, have been taken advantage of by pleading it in abatement of his suit, and.it never could have been available as a defence upon the general issue, because it is simply a matter in abatement, and could not constitute a legal bar to the right of action, after the infant came of age; which would be the effect of admitting it in evidence on the general issue, and it is therefore both irrelevant and incompetent testimony for the plaintiff in error upon this issue; consequently the court did not err in rejecting the evidence offered by the plaintiff in error. The third and fourth questions presented by the record and assignment of errors, are based upon the assumption that the action is misconceived; and may with propriety be considered together. The former assumes that the defendant in error has a higher security in the bond executed by th.e plaintiff as his guardian, and the latter asserts that his demand is merely equitable, and no action at law can be maintained upon it. We have already decided that Heilman’s appointment as guardian of Martin is void, and that the relation of guardian and ward, never legally subsisted between them by virtue thereof, and, therefore, upon the principle decided and acted upon by this court in the case of Ashley vs. Brazil and Lindsay’s Ex’rs., 1 Ark. Rep., 144; the bond is void, and' no action whatever could be maintained upon it; in addition to which, we consider it doubtful at least, whether the defendant in error could, by an action on the bond, if it was valid, recover upon the express or implied promise of the plaintiff to pay him for his services and labor; the right of action not falling within the scope of any stipulation either expressed or implied in the condition of the bond; which simply binds the plaintiff to a due and proper performance of his duties as guardian, but does not; impose upon him any obligation to pay for the service and labor of his- ward, which is a matter in no wise connected with his trust, or the due and proper performance of his duties as guardian. But, suppose we are mistaken in this view of the subject, still the plaintiff in error cannot avail himself of this objection to the present suit, because the bond does not appear to have been offered or admitted as evidence. on the trial, nor is the existence of such bond, in any manner, legally shown by the record; such'a bond, it is true, has been transcribed by the Clerk, as part of the record returned to this court with the writ of error, yet it is not by any legal means made a part of the record of this case, and the Clerk, in so transcribing it, transcended his authority, and violated his duty, which was to make out and certify according to law, a true and complete' transcript of the record of the case; and nothing more, but this act of the Clerk, could not confer, on either party, the right to any advantage by reason of its existence, or justify the court in regarding it as legally entitled to any consideration in the case. The latter position assumed by the plaintiff in error, that the demand for which he is sued is equitable merely, is founded upon the presumption that he was legally guardian of Martin when the services were rendered, and the labor performed, for which he is sued in this action, has no foundation whatever, since he has wholly failed to prove that fact, or establish the legal existence of that relation; whatever consideration it might have been entitled to receive, if that relation had been established; we cannot, therefore, regard the action-as misconceived. The only question remaining to be. decided is, whether the Circuit Court had jurisdiction of the case, and authority to pronounce judgment therein, for the damages assessed by the jury, and costs of suit, the action sounding in contract, and fhe damages assessed being a less sum than one hundred dollars; this question depends entirely upon what shall be considered as the sum in controversy, contemplated by the Convention when they use that language in defining and prescribing the repective jurisdiction of the Circuit Court and Justices of the Peace in matters of contract in the Constitution. On the part of the plaintiff, it is urged that the sum in controversy is ascertained by the verdict, which, being for a less sum than one hundred dollars, the Circuit Court had no jurisdiction of the case, and could not legally pronounce any judgment therein; which is denied by the defendant, who insists that the damages claimed in his declaration must be regarded as being the sum in controversy The Constitution, art. VI., sec. 3, ordains “ that the Circuit Court shall have original jurisdiction of all civil cases; which shall not be cognizable before Justices of the Peace, until otherwise directed by the General Assembly; and original jurisdiction in all matters of contract when the sum in controversy is over one hundred dollars.And the 15th sec. of the same article, amongst other things, declares that Justices of the Peace « shall have individually, or two or more of them jointly, exclusive original jurisdiction in all matters of contract, except in actions of covenant, when the sum in controversy is one hundred dollars and under.” These fundamental ordinances definitely prescribe the jurisdiction respectively, of the Circuit Court and of Justices of the Peace, in matters of contract. They confer upon the former original jurisdiction of all matters of contract when the sum in controversy is over one hundred dollars, and upon the latter, the exclusive original cognizance in all matters of contract, except in actions of covenant, when the sum in controversy is one hundred dollars and under. The line of separation between their respective jurisdictions, in this respect, is clearly-drawn and unalterably fixed, until the Constitution shall be abrogated or amended, and the only difficulty is to determine, upon satisfactory reasons, what shall be regarded as being the sum in controversy, within the spirit and meaning of the Constitution, and by what criterion it is to be ascertained; does the verdict furnish the true rule by which the sum in controversy is to be ascertained in a court of original jurisdiction? In our opinion it does not. It may determine the controversy, or ascertain the respective rights of the parties' in the subject matter of the controversy; but, it cannot, in the nature of things, indicate or decide what sum was originally in controversy between them; unless that matter be directly put in issue by a plea to the jurisdiction, setting forth, in legal form, and in a proper manner, such facts as are sufficient in law to exclude the court from exercising jurisdiction of the subject matter of the controversy; which can only be necessary in cases where the facts, as set forth by the plaintiff, present a case within the jurisdiction of the court, although the true and real subject matter of the controversy is not within its jurisdiction; and in this class of cases, if no sufficient plea to the jurisdiction is interposed, we have no doubt that the Circuit Court has a legal right to the adjudication, and is bound by law to exercise jurisdiction over the-subject, and pronounce final judgment between the parties, notwithstanding the verdict may be for a less sum than one hundred dollars, or, in favor of the defendant; in which case, if the sum in controversy must be ascertained by the verdict, no judgment conclusive upon the parties, or the subject matter of the adjudication, could ever be pronounced, nor could any valid judgmect be given even for the costs of suit, and the plaintiff would be at liberty to review the same controversy in the same, or some dther court, and harrass, and vex, and oppress the defendant according to his own pleasure, unless restrained by a court of equity, contrary to justice, and the whole spirit and genius of our laws and institutions; notwithstanding the controversy had been previously decided against him upon its merits, and no previous adjudication upon the matter, could ever be interposed as a bar to the subsequent proceeding, because, being coram non judice, it would be void. No rule, attended with consequences so unjust and absurd, can constitute the true criterion for ascertaining the jurisdiction of the court. But, independently of this, it would be a very inconvenient, uncertain, and unsatisfactory rule, because the parties would, in many cases, be subjected to all the trouble, expense, and anxiety incident to a vexatious and protracted litigation before they could, by possibility, know whether the court had jurisdiction of the controversy or not, and then, after passing through all the forms of law to a final trial of the case, be compelled to resort to a different tribunal, where similar proceedings might, and very probably would, be attended with the same result, and thus, the administration of the law would be rendered so uncertain and perplexing, and be attended with so great delay, as, in many cases, to amount virtually"to a denial of justice, the verdict depending, as it always must in the very nature of things depend, upon a great variety of circumstances and facts which are seldom, if ever, alike upon two or more occasions, must be ever subject to vary with the change of circumstances, and facts presented in combination at each trial; and, consequently, one jury might find, and be justified too in finding, a very different verdict from that which another would be warranted in finding upon another trial of the same controversy; and, therefore, we are satisfied that the verdict, when no plea to the jurisdiction is interposed, cannot be regarded as ascertaining the sum in controversy, by which the jurisdiction of the court, in matters of contract, must be determined. By what rule then is the question of jurisdiction to be determined in matters of contract? In the investigation of this question, we have experienced considerable difficulty in coming to a just and satisfactory conclusion. "We are, however, satisfied, upon the most mature consideration of the subject, that in all actions, (except covenant,) where the law limits and especially prescribes the precise sum which may be recovered, upon the cause of action set forth in the plaintiff’s declaration, petition, or statement; and such cause of action, as therein stated, presents a liability or demand exceeding one hundred dollars, exclusive of iriterest, which if admitted or proven, the plaintiff, is legally entitled to recover. The Circuit Court has jurisdiction, and is justified in pronouncing final judgment upon the controversy, if no sufficient plea to the jurisdiction be interposed by the defendant; but if such plea he put in, and it appears upon the trial thereof, that so much of the plaintiff’s demandj as reduces it to a sum not exceeding $100, is altogether unfounded or fictitious, or has been paid, or otherwise legally discharged or satisfied; so that the real sum in controversy does not exceed the sum of $100, the suit must he abated, the Circuit Court having no jurisdiction of the matter. And this rule applies to all actions upon liquidated demands, actions.of indebitatus assumpsit, and all other actions and proceedings where the law limits and specially prescribes the sum which may be legally claimed and recovered upon the contract as set out or presented by the plaintiff, and no discretion is left with the court or jury as to the amount to be recovered, if the contract be admitted, or proved as stated; but, in every case, where the law does not limit and specially define what particular sum may he recovered upon the contract, but leaves it in the discretion of the court or jury to determine what amount the plaintiff ought to have for the non-performance of the contract, as set out, or presented by the plaintiff; as, for instance, in the action of assumpsit for the breach of contract to marry, and the like, in which the damages, or sum which may be recovered, are unliquidated and uncertain, and are not specially limited or prescribed by law, the damages claimed in the declaration or proceeding, being the, Only legal limit to the plaintiff’s right, beyond which he cannot legally recover, constitutes the sum in controversy, and, in itself, determines the question of jurisdiction, in this respect, beyond all controversy. By applying the principles, above stated, to the case under consideration, it appears manifestly, that the Circuit Court had jurisdiction of the subject; each contract, or legal liability, upon wnich the action is founded, as set forth and put in controversy by the plaintiff, and, in fact, controverted by the defendant in the court below, being for a sum exceeding one hundred dollars. Wherefore, it is the opinion of this court, that there is no error in the proceedings and judgment of the Circuit Court of Pulaski county in this case, for which they ought to be reversed, but that the same ought to be, and hereby are, in all things affirmed with costs.