Scull v. Vaugine

Mr. Justice Scott delivered the opinion of the Court. All the parties, both complainants and defendants, have appealed to this court, and the material facts of the case may be thus stated: Stephen. Yaugine, son of .Francis Yaugine, deceased, died intestate, in Jefferson -county, in this State, in or about-the year 1831, seized and .possessed both of real and personal estate, and leaving him surviving a widow named Matilda — who is one of the defendants — and an only child, named Joseph, an infant offender years. Matilda, the widow -of Stephen and mother of Joseph, afterwards married Joseph J. Marshall, who is another one of the defendants. Joseph lived until the year 1846, when he also died, within age, intestate and without issue. 'The complainants are Mary -F. M. Scull, a daughter of Francis Yaugine, deceased, and several others of the name of Scull, who •describe themselves as the heirs and legal representatives of James Scull, deceased; several of the name of Dodge, who describe them■selves as the heirs and legal representatives of John Dodge, deceased, and Emma Dodge, deceased; the last named of whom was also a daughter of Francis Yaugine,- deceased: several of the -name ••of Yangine, who describe themselves as the heirs and legal representatives of Francis N. Yangine, deceased; the last named of ■whom was a son of Francis Yaugine, deceased; Paul Yangine, who is also a son of Francis Yangine, deceased: several who represent themselves as the heirs of Eulalia Taylor, deceased, who was also a daughter of Francis Yaugine, deceased. They filed their bill in chancery in the Jefferson Circuit Court, -on the 15th day of April, 184J, against the two defendants already mentioned, and also against another named Mary Yaugine, who is the widow of the said Francis Vaugine, the latter having-departed this life intestate, as is alleged, soon after the death of his son Stephen. Mary Yaugine, the defendant, is not the mother of any-of the complainants, or of any oné -they represent, or of Stephen, hut the step-mother; hut she is the maternal grandmother of Joseph, being the mother of Matilda. The complainants claim, hy their bill, the whole of the property, real and personal, which, by operation of law, came to Joseph, on the part of his father Stephen, upon the death of the latter. This claim, the defendants, Marshall and-wife, deny m toto; and, so far as tbe personal estate is concerned, they are fully sustained by tbe construction of our statute of descents and distributions, made during tbe present term, in tbe case of Kelly's Heirs et al. vs. McGuire & wife et al.; because Mrs. Marshall,.under tbe facts of this case, as we have stated them above, was tbe sole distributee of her deceased son Josepb, to tbe exclusion of all other persons. But tbe real estate, having been inherited by Joseph, from bis deceased father Stephen, was in bis bands an ancestral estate, ex parte paterna, according to tbe doctrines settled in the case cited, and upon bis death without issue, passed by inheritance to bis (Joseph’s) next of kin of tbe blood of bis father, who was tbe last purchaser of tbe estate. And J osepb leaving him surviving, no father, and no mother capable of inheriting, and no brothers, or sisters, or their descendants, his paternal grandfather, grandmother, uncles and aunts, and their descendants, were the next class called to thé inheritance. Of these, he had only uncles and aunts, and their descendants; the latter, to-take per stirpes, the equal share of him or her they represent. These appear as complainants along with others, who seem to have no interest in, or claim to, the inheritance. The rights of those entitled to inherit, however, are subject to the rights in the land which vested in Mrs. Marshall, as the widow of Stephen, the last purchaser, under the territorial laws: (Steele & Mc. C. Digest, 222, 223, 224 and 55; 210, 212); and until these parties do equity to her, (who, although she has not sought her rights by cross bill, has, in her answer, interposed the fact that she has never yet received dower in the estate of her deceased husband) they cannot, in conscience, recover from her, to say nothing, by way of objection, to the frame of their pleadings. In addition to these alleged rights of the complainants below, which have been thus disposed of, they set up claim, as against these defendants, to a certain negro woman named Monnette and her increase,, upon the foundation of a state of facts which we will now proceed to set out in the manner insisted upon by them, without any regard to various objections made, on the part of the defendants, as to the failure and deficiency of proof, as to some of them, or as to the incompetency of some of the evidence allowed by the court below, to prove several of these alleged facts, against the objection of the defendants. It being unnecessary, as will be seen, in the view that we take of this part of the case, to consider these objections. In the year 1826, Francis Yaugine being then a widower, married a seeond wife, Mary Derreuisseaux, who is the Mary Yau-gine, one of the defendants in this suit.' With her, he made a marriage agreement, in which among other things, he stipulated that all her property brought into the marriage, should go to the children of the marriage, if any, and if none, then to Mary’s own children by her marriage with Derreuisseaux; and that he would secure to her, by will or otherwise, eighty acres of land, and improvements upon it, with two thousand dollars in slaves, cattle, &c. On the 1st of January, 1831, whieh was a few weeks before the death of Francis Yaugine, he executed a deed, conveying to Mary F. Scull, Ulalia Taylor, and Elizabeth Taylor, children of Creed Taylor, Emma Dodge, F. N. Yaugine and Paul Yaugine, a number of parcels of land, describing each; a number of negroes, specifying each by name; a number of cattle, hogs, household and kitchen furniture, farming utensils, &c., and all other property the grantor then had, or might dAe possessed of, to have and to hold,'&c., then following a clause, “It being expressly understood that said property, real and personal, by the grantor here disposed of, is to remain in his possession during his own life time, and on his decease, said property is to be taken possession of by Creed Taylor, James Scull and Francis N. Yaugine, they being of the same degree of kin to the grantor, and having severally paid equal proportions of the five thousand dollars before specified, they to divide the said property equally between the grantees.” It having been recited in this deed, that it was executed upon the consideration of love and affection to the grantées, and of five .thousand-dollars in hand .paid, and of the further eonside-ration, of tbe grantees'-collectively paying,. after the grantor’s-death, the unpaid part of.his just and lawful debts. No subscribing witness, appears to this deed but from the certificate-of John Fisher, it appears to have been acknowledged before him as a justice of ‘thepeace, on.the 1st day of January, 1830, which, was one year before its-date. On the 25th April, 1831,. Francis Vaugine being then dead,^ the parties seem to have assembled at his late- residence, which was the then residence of his widow, the defendant Mary, to take-into possession, and divide the- property in accordance, with the-provisions of th deed,.when.difficulties arose from two sources,, to wit: Fmt, Because no provision hadbeen-made for the widow,,, either in satisfaction of the marriage agreement, or of her lawful, claim of dower: Secondly, Because Joseph Yaugine, the only child of Stephen Yaugine, had been, in no- way, provided for_ Upon an examination ©f the deed, it was found, that.in it file-name of Monnette, (the negro girl, then .about twelve years old,., about whom and her children this contest has arisen) did.not appear, as did. the names of all the other negroes of the estate. She ■ then being in possession of the widow, the defendant Mary, as-she had been before, from the death, of. Francis Yaugine, by a. deed of that date, executed by James Scull, John Dodge, Francis-N. Yaugine, Creed. Taj-lor, and. Paul Yaugine, (reciting their, willingness to do equal and impartial justice in the distribution, of the estate of Francis Yaugine, deceased, of whom they claimed to be heirs, and that he had,, in his life time, conveyed his whole-estate, both real and personal, except the said negro girl Mon-nette to-them, and that no part of his estate had been conveyed to Joseph, the minor, and only child of Stephen, deceased, also one of the heirs of. Francis, deceased;;therefore, acting for themselves, and in right of their children) -they “ granted, bargained and sold'to the said Joseph Yaugine, the minor son of Stephen Yaugine, deceased,.the said negro girk Monnette, to have and to hold to the said Joseph Yaugine, his heirs, &c: and, whereas,., the said. Joseph Yaugine is- a minor,,, we hereby constitute and appoint Mary Vaugine, grandmother of the said Joseph, his trustee and guardian, to take and. keep possession oí said negro girl Monnette, for the use of said Joseph Vaugine, to be kept by said Mary Vaugine until the said Joseph comes to the full age of twenty-one years, provided the said Mary Vaugine shall live so-long; and, in case of her death, then to go to the possession of the-lawful guardian of said Joseph, and in the event of the death of said, Joseph, before he comes to the age of twenty-one years, or1 has heirs of his own,, then said negro girl Monnette to revert and become the joint property of us, the undersigned heirs of Francis-Vaugine-, Sr. Given under our hands,” &c. For the satisfaction of the claims of the- defendant, Mary Vau-gine, founded upon the marriage agreement, and her claims founded upon her right of dower in the estate of her deceased husband, a deed was executed on the same day by James Scull, and-Mannette, his wife, John Dodge, and Ettunnette, his wife, Francis N. Vaugine, and Audel, his wife, Creed Taylor, in behalf of his children by Ulalia, his wife, and Paul Vaugine, and Harriet,., his wife, giving, granting, and conveying to her eighty acres of land, with the improvements upon it,, all the, stock of cattle and. hogs of the estate, then on the south side of the Arkansas river,, three head of horses, two yoke of oxen, and the whole property,, negroes, and other arricies then in existence, which the defendant Mary had, at the time of her marriage, in 1826,. with Francis, in consideration of which, she, as a party to the deed, signing and sealing the same, acknowledged satisfaction of her claim under* the- marriage agreement, and surrendered the same, and relinquished all right to dower in the estate. From that time, the negro girl Monnette, and her increase, continued in Mary Vaugine’s possession until after the death of Joseph Vaugine, a period of upwards of fifteen years.* Upon this state of facts, supposing them all to have been established by proper evidence, which, as we have remarked, is contested, the question arises, whether or not the statute of limitations, interposed and insisted npon by all the defendants — who do not contest or litigate as among themselves at all — is a bar to a recovery by the complainants. To avoid the statute bar, it is not shown that any of the complainants were infants, or otherwise within the savings of the statute, at any time within five years next before the commencement of this suit; but it is insisted that the possession of Mary Yaugine was, as trustee, under an express and continuing and subsisting trust, up to the death of her grand son Joseph, which occurred within that period. And they rely upon the deed of 25th of April, 1831, conveying the slave in question to Joseph, by the terms of which, as we have seen, Mary Yaugine is made trustee •to hold possession of the slave. In her answer, she denies that :she ever was trustee, or held the slaves in question as such, but in her own right; and there is no testimony of her acceptance of the supposed trust created by the deed, except in the deposition of Creed Taylor, which was obj ected to as incompetent evidence, upon the ground of his interest in the event of this cause; lie being liable over to his children, as it is contended, in the ■event they fail in the suit, by reason of the defendant’s gaining title by the efflux of time under his (Taylor’s) act by deed. But ■conceding the deed properly in evidence, and the testimony of Taylor in connection with it admissible, which, as we have remarked, •it is unnecessary to decide, the question is, will all that remove the statute bar? This necessarily depends upon the legal effect of the deed. Then, what was this legal effect, even when construing the words “heirs'of-his own” to mean “heirs of his body,” as was proven by the complainants, against the objection of the defendants,’ to have ■been the intention of the grantors ? Clearly, as we think, to create, so far as the grantees could do so, an absolute estate in Joseph Yaugine, the grantee, quit of all trusts and conditions whatsoever, within the’doctrine several times recognized by this ■court, that although -chattels and money may be limited over ■after a 'life interest, they cannot be, after a gift of the absolute property: .nor can there be an estate tail in a chattel interest, for that would lead to a perpetuity, and no remainder over can be-permitted on such a limitation, it being the settled rule, that the same words, which, under the English law, would-create an estate tail as to freeholds, give the absolute property as to chattels. Moody vs. Walker, 3 Ark. R. 187, 188. It being perfectly apparent in this case, from the language of the whole deed, taken together, that it was the intention of the grantors, that the slave should not revert, if Joseph had children, whether he died under or over twenty-one years of age, and that she should revert if he died without children, whether under or over that age, and this construction being for the benefit of Joseph, is fully authorized by the rule, which is as old as construction itself, that “a grant shall be taken most strongly against him who made it, and most beneficially for him to whom it is-made.” Afoyes Maxims, p. 62. And being adopted, it follows-that, being an attempt to create an estate tail general in a personal chattel, the absolute property is vested in the grantee, so-far as the grantors could do so, and hence, any condition or proviso repugnant to such absolute grant, is simply void, as is shown, by the authorities cited to the point. And these being void, Mary 'V’augine was no trustee, there being nothing left in the gram-tors upon which a trust could be raised; and allowing the complainants’ proof that Mary Vaugine held under this deed, she must be taken, in the absence of proof to the contrary, to have, held in accordance with its legal effect: and this being adverse to any rights of the complainants, her possession was consequently adverse to any claim of theirs, and necessarily let in the statute bar, unless displaced by proofs, which would bring the complainants, or any of them within the savings of the statute, which have not been made. We think, therefore, that this- ground of the defence must prevail against ,all of the complainants; and. this without any regard to the nature of the title that was in fact vested in Joseph Vaugine by the deed, which, it must be borne in mind, vested title, so far as it did so at all,, not in a trustee for Ms use and benefit, but in himself. And we are free to say, that 'if tbis slave really belonged to the estate of Francis Taugine, deceased, as the complainants allege in their bill, and adults and minors were entitled to equal distributive shares in her, it would be difficult to see how, in a land of laws, the deeds of the adults, •before distribution under amhoritiy of some proceeding in the proper court, could operate to vest title in the grantee to any specific property, otherwise than by way of estoppel as against the grantors. But like several other questions mooted, to which we have alluded, it is not necessary to decide this; and it is mentioned only to show more distinctly that the conclusion, at which we have arrived, as to the allowance of the defence of the statute Tbar, had no necessary connection with it. Upon the whole case, we are of the opinion, that the entire decree of the court below ought to be reversed. And for as much as a portion of the property that was in litigation in this ■cause, to wit: the slave Monnette, and her children, and the hires and profits of- the same pending this suit, are in the hands of a receiver of the court below, it seems most proper that the final decree should be entered in that court. It will, therefore, be ordered that this cause be remanded, with instructions to the comt below, to call the receiver to account, and cause him to deliver said slaves to the custody of the party, or his or their legal representative, from whom they were taken by the process of that •court, and to pay over the hires and profits accrued in his (the receiver’s) hands, or which ought to have accrued, to the same: that as to so much of the complainants’ bill as relates to the lands of which Stephen Taugine died seized or possessed, and to which a portion of the'complainants are entitled, as we have held, •subject to the rights of the defendant Matilda Marshall, which vested in her, under the Territorial laws, as the widow of the said 'Stephen Taugine, deceased, that the same be dismissed, without prejudice to the rights of such of the said complainants as are so •entitled to inherit said lands, so encumbered; and, as to the residue of complainants’ bill, that it be dismissed absolutely, all at their costs.