Schoonover v. Allen

'STATEMENT. EAKIN J. This is a bill, by sureties, for subrogation and general relief. A demurrer was sustained for want of equity. Complainants rest, refuse to amend, and the bill being dismissed, appeal. The material facts shown are substantially as follows: Wyse, the administrator of Strickland’s estate, held anote against Ratcliffe, upon which complainants were sureties. Ratcliffe died, and Wyse had the note presented and allowed against his estate. Afterwards he sued complainants at law, and obtained judgment against them in the Circuit Court. The estate of Strickland owed Armstrong a large debt. He agreed to take the Circuit Court judgment in payment pro tanto, and it was assigned to him by Wyse as administrator of Strickland, in discharge of so much of his claim against Strickland’s estate. The probate allowance was not assigned. Rateliffe’s sureties, defendants in said judgment, after paying something more than half the debt, leaving still due over a thousand dollars, being threatened with execution, filed this bill to be subrogated to the allowance made in favor of Wyse as administrator, making bim and the administrator of JEtatcliffe, with the sureties of the latter, all parties. That the subrogation may be effectual, they charge fraud against the administrator of Ratcliffe, with waste, and ask that he be held to a new account, and that the amount due on the allowance of Wyse be paid to them, for reimbursement of amounts paid, and to enable them to satisfy fully the judgment held by Armstrong. The latter is not made a party. Wyse answered acknowledging full satisfaction of the debt due Strickland’s estate by the arrangement with Armstrong; and disclaiming any further interest in the allowances. Pending the süft, Ratcliffe’s administrator died, and it was revived against his administrator who demurred. He assigns as grounds, misjoinder of defendants and want of equity in the bill. OPINION. The nature and grounds of subrogation are very clear. The difficulties arise in its application to the innumerable complications of business. “It is,” says Mr. Bispham, (principles ofEq., Sea. 335)“the equity, by which a person who is secondarily liable for a debt, and has paid the same, is put in the place of the creditor so as to entitle him to make use of all the securities and remedies possessed by the creditor, in order to enforce the right of exoneration as against the principal debtor, or of contribution against others who are liable in the same rank with himself.” “So also,” he says “if a co-surety has a security from the principal, the surety paying the debt, will be entitled to the benefit of his security;” and further, “the same doctrine is also frequently applied when a junior encumbrancer is compelled for his own protection to pay off a prior lien.” These are but instances. It is extended by Courts of Chancery, sometimes, to cases of payments by persons not legally bound to pay, but who do so, not as volunteers, but with a well founded expectation, justified by the conduct or contract of the debtor, that they will be entitled to hold all the securities for their indemnity which the creditor had against the debtor. Such was the case of Chaffe & Bro., vs. Oliver, 39 Ark. 531, decided by this Court at the present term. The cases depend much on their circumstances, the general idea prevailing, throughout, that except in cases of interventionby a mere stranger, one who discharges a burden for which another is primarily liable, whether it be done under legal compulsion, or to protect his own interests, or upon a clear understanding for the purpose with parties to be affected, will be entitled to use, for his reimbursement, all'securities for the debt held by the creditor or a co-security, finless the exercise of that right should interfere with some superior equity in another. The whole matter is fully discussed, and cases cited, in the notes to the case of Deering vs. Earl of Winchelsea, Vol. 1, of White and Tudors, leading cases in equity. It is not essential to this right, that the surety should have paid'the full amount of the debt in money, provided the creditor be satisfied (ubi supra.) If he has discharged the burden, leaving in the creditor nothing further to demand, he will be entitled to subrogation, but only for indemnity to the extent of the money paid or value of the property applied. He may not-speculate upon the principal. The general rule that subrogation will not be allowed for partial payment extends only so far as its reason goes. The reason is that the creditor cannot equitably be compelled to split his securities, give up control of any part until he is fully satisfied. It accords with the limitation that subrogation will not be enforced against a superior equity. But if the debt, as to the creditor, be satisfied, he has no equity left to be displaced. He has gone out, and no one else has any right to object. ' This is intimated in McConnell, Adm’r vs. Butler, Adm’r, 34 Ark., 113. The right of the creditor to retain the security for the unpaid balance, was the ground for refusal of subrogation in Williams vs. Owen, 13 Simons 597. See also “Sheldon on Subrogation,” p. 127, and Story’s Eq., Jur. See. 502. When Wysé, as administrator of Strickland’s estate, by a judgment against complainants, at law, subjected their property to the direct operation of an execution, and made it subject to all judgment liens, and used this judgment as property in satisfying a debt due from the estate to Armstrong, who received it in satisfaction, it was in all respects the same, both to Wyse and Ratcliffe’s estate, as if they as sureties had paid so much money to Wyse, and he had used it in paying Armstrong. The allowance, for the same debt, against Ratcliffe’s estate was no longer useful to Wyse, and Armstrong does not claim the right to use it, if he has it. But it remained essential to the protection of the sureties who had in effect satisfied the debt. Their equitable right to that protection is indisputable. The representative,, of Ratcliffe’s estate cannot object to it without claiming to enrich the estate by the misfortunes of the sureties of the intestate, a claim shocking to a court of equity; for Wyse has no longer any interest in the allowance, and Armstrong does not own it, nor have any need to enforce it. It would be better practice to bring Armstrong into court to receive upon the balance of his judgment, what may be realized by the subrogation, and thus close all matters more effectually, but he is not a necessary party. The estate of Ratcliffe is liable, for the whole amount, and the right of complainants to subrogation became complete upon the satisfaction of the allowance, when the assignment of the judgment was jmade by Wyse. That they have partly paid the judgment only strengthens their equity pro tanto, without defeating it as to the balance. The bill set up equities, which if sustained upon hearing, entitled complainants to relief, and the Chancellor erred in sustaining the demurrer to it, and dismissing it upon their declining to amend. Upon another branch of the case the Court is of opinion, that there were such allegations of fraud, waste, and mismanagement on the part of Ratcliffe’s administrator, as, if true, would justify the interference of a Chancery Court to surcharge and falsify the accounts, or entirely set aside the settlements and compel an accounting de novo, as the circum - stances might require. What these special charges and their nature may be, it would not be prudent now to discuss, as they have never been answered, nor admitted, save technically for the purpose of a demurrer. The Chancellor upon hearing may sift out such as indicate fraud, demanding correction ; and distinguish such as standing alone could only be corrected by appeal — always bearing in mind that Courts of Equity interfere with ordinary jurisdiction of the Probate Courts only so far as may be necessary to relieve against frand, or such mistakes and accidents as would be otherwise remediless, and for the purpose of bringing in the sureties of the administrator to hold them liable upon accounts so adjusted. Complete justice may sometime be best done by surcharging and falsifying only as to items, leaving the accounts otherwise to stand — although when fraud seems to permeate the whole, the settlements should be set aside altogether and new ones ordered. The right of subrogation gives the complainants the right to invoke the aid of equity, upon such proof as they can make, if it be sufficient; and all may well be done in one suit. We notice that pending the suit the administrator of Ratcliffe, whose settlements and conduct are attacked, died; and the suit was revived against his administrator. So far is proper, but as the allowance is against the estate of H. W. Ratcliffe, that estate should be represented in this suit, and a proper administrator de bonis non should be brought in, that upon any final decree to be rendered, the Court may adjust all equities, and bind all parties. For error in dismissing the bill, reverse the decree and remand the cause for further proceedings consistent with this opinion, and the principles and practice in equity.