Benjamin v. Birmingham

Cockrill, C. J. The appellants were defendants to a. suit brought by the appellee to foreclose a vendor’s lieu upon land and obtain judgment in personam for the residue of the purchase money that might remain unpaid after the sale of the land. Kidder, one of the parties, sought to be charged, died pending the suit and the cause was revived against his administrator and heirs.. Personal service was had on the defendants Potts, Benjamin and Dill and the heirs and administrator of Kidder;. Slack and Hellmich are non-residents and were served by publication of warning order. There was no defense by any one, except through the guardian ad litem for Kidder’s minor heirs. The complaint was taken as confessed against the defendants who. were personally served, except the infant heirs of Kidder. The plaintiff adduced oral proof to sustain the complaint as to the-others, the substance of which the court caused to be brought upon the record by embodying it in the recitals of ’the decree. The proof was no broader than the allegations of the complaint, except as to Kidder’s personal liability. The decree condemned the lands to be sold to satisfy the full amount of purchase money claimed in the complaint, and judgment of recovery was rendered,against Potts, Benjamin, Dill and Kidder’s administrator. An appeal has been prosecuted’on behalf of all the defendants. The non-resident defendants who were only constructively served, assign it as . error that no attorney ad litem, was appointed in their behalf; the infant heirs of Kidder say that there is no record entry showing the appointment of a guardian ad litem to defend for them, and that the attorney who acted for them in that capacity and filed an answer for them was the attorney of record for their co-defendant, Potts, whose interest was antagonistic to their own. Benjamin and Dill submit that the decree -in personam against them is not warranted by the record, and Kidder’s administrator assigns the same ground of error as to the judgment of recovery against his intestate’s estate. As'the complaint was taken as confessed against the defendants'last named, the correctness of the judgment against them is only a question whether the complaint sets forth facts sufficient .to warrant the judgment. The complaint alleged that Birmingham,- the appellee, sold the land to Potts and delivered him a, deed for $2000.00, receiving $400.00 in cash, and Potts’ four promissory notes for the residue, reserving a lien in his deed for the unpaid purchase money; that Potts, in making the purchase, acted as the agent of Slack, Benjamin, Kidder, Dill and Hellmich ; that shortly after his purchase, Potts conveyed the lands to Slack, as trustee, for his co-defendants upon the consideration that Slack, as trustee, should pay .the purchase mouey which Potts had contracted to pay to Birmingham. The deed from Potts to Slack, which is made an exhibit to. the complaint, does not name the parties for whose benefit Slack was to hold the title to the land, and neither Benjamin, Dill, Kidder-nor Hellmich is mentioned in it. The deed is a conveyance to Slack as “trustee for himself and others’ aud contains these clauses, viz : “ for the further consideration of $1600.00 together with interest thereon to be paid to myself (Potts) or T. M. C. Birmingham, as follows, &c., ****** by the said W. D. Slack, trustee for himself and others ; ” and “if the said W. D. Slack, trustee, should choose to pay said moneys to Birmingham on my said notes (meaning Potts’ notes for the purchase money of the land) that in that event he is to return said notes duly receipted.” The complaint alleges that “the others” referred to in Potts’ conveyance are Benjamin, Dill, Kidder and Hellmich, for whom and the said Slack the lands were purchased by Potts ; and that Slack,, by accepting the deed for them bound himself and the others for whom he held the title, personally to the payment of the purchase price due from Potts to the plaintiff ; that when the first of the Potts notes fell due, Slack and the others acting in conjunction with him paid it off, and that when the second one matured they executed and delivered to the plaintiff their own joint and several obligation to pay the amount thereof at a future day. The three unpaid notes executed by Potts and the note of Slack, Benjamin and the others, were filed with the complaint as exhibits, or set out in extenso in it. Upon this state of record the' learned counsel for the -appellee certified the cause as an appeal taken for delay merely; but to affirm the judgment iri’toto requires the adoption of several propositions which we cannot approve. 1. Guardian adliteai: Authority of : Recital in injudgement. I. There was no error in the proceedings against Kidder’s heirs, They, with their natural guardian, were regularly served with process. James E. Read appeared and filed an answer for them, as ad litem, denying the' allegations of the complaint; and the final judgment recites.that Read appeared in pursuance of a due and proper appointment by the court as guardian ad litem. This was sufficient to establish his authority. See Rust v. Rives, 24 Ark., 359. As to the other objections made by them, we do not know judicially that James F. Read was attorney for any party in the cause and for that reason inelligible to serve as guardian ad litem. Mansf. Dig., sec. 4958. Clen-denning & Read sign Potts’ answer as attorneys for him, but the identity of the surnames raises no presumption of the identity of the persons. II. As to the non-resident defendants. 2. Practice: Judgement agaist defendant constructively summoned: appointment of attorney. Before judgment can be regularly rendered a defendant only constructively summoned, and who has not appeared, an attorney must . , . appointed at least sixty days in advance to notify him of the action and defend for him. The statute requires it (Mansf. Dig., sec. 5190) and the provision is mandatory. Bush v. Visart, 40 Ark. 124. It is error, therefore, to proceed to judgment without complying with the requirement. 3. Vendo and Vendee: Purchase of lands by agent: Personal liability of Principal. III. The question of the personal liability of Benjamin and the others standing with him, is more difficult to solve. It maybe taken as settled that when one deals ° • with an agent without knowing of the agency, he may elect to treat the after discovered principal as the person with whom he contracted, and maintain his action accordingly. Foster v. State, 45 Ark., 367; Wharton on Agency, sec. 298. This is true although the contract is in writing and affects real estate. Briggs v. Patridge, 64 N. Y., 357; Williams v. Gillias, 75 Ib., 580; Shaeffer v. Hinkle, Ib., 378; Nicoll v. Bourke, 78 Ib., 580. It is- not necessary to the validity of the contract under the statute of frauds that the writing disclose the principal; and it may be shown by parol that the agent who made the contract in his own name, was acting for another. Cases, Supra, Ford v. Williams, 21 How., ( U. S.) 287, When it is sought to charge an undisclosed principal as the responsible purchaser, as in this case, the statute of frauds is no protection to him, because the contract of the vendee is not required to be in writing. Briggs v. Patridge 64 N. Y., Sup. But this doctrine of principal and agency invoked by the appellee to sustain the liability of Benjamin, Dill and Kidder’s administrator, can have no application in the solution of the question, because the allegations of the complaint go to show that the extent of Potts’ agency and of his authority to bind these”defendants, is just what is evidenced by the language of his conveyance to Slack, as trustee. Construing the allegations “of the complaint most liberally, we can infer only that this conveyance executes the power in pursuance of which Potts purchased the land for the defendants from Birmingham. If he was not authorized to bind his co-defendants personally in making the purchase, the act of purchasing in his own name did not have that effect. The intention of the parties as to the extent of their obligation is the controlling test, and that intention must find expression in words or acts in order to give the vendor a cause of action against the undisclosed vendees. It found expression, in this controversy, in the conveyance' from Potts to Slack as trustee. The stipulations in it about the payment of the purchase money set forth above, are in effect an agreement by Slack as trustee, to discharge the debt which Potts owed Birmingham and which was secured by a lien on the land. The acceptance of the deed by Slack to hold for himself and others, containing this provision, bound him as effectually as though the deed had been signed by him. Biusse v. Paige, 1 N. Y. Ct. of App. Dec. 138 & n. Urquhart v. Brayton, 12 R. I., 169; Sand v. Kennedy, 83 N. Y., 149; Lamb v. Tucker, 42 Iowa, 118; Furnas v. Durgin, 119 Mass., 500; Crawford v. Edwards, 33 Mich., 354. And Birmingham, for whose benefit the agreement was made, can maintain his action against Slack directly to recover the debt assumed by him. Cases, Supra; Ringo v. Wing., 49 Ark., 457; Johnson v. Walker, 25 Ib., 196. But' the question presented by this (appeal is, are Benjamin, Dill and Kidder’s administrator bound equally with Slack? They are not named in the deed, but the complaint alleges, and Potts testified, that they were the parties referred to as the “others.” But there are no words used in the instrument implying an undertaking on the part of the “ others ” to pay the Birmingham debt; and it throws no light on the question of personal liability to show that the “others” theie referred to are the parties above named. The fact that they were beneficiaries under that deed is not enough to establish a personal liability to discharge the debt due from Potts to his grantor for the purchase money. In order to give that effect to the acceptance of the Potts conveyance, the language of the instrument should express that intention. Collins v. Rowe, 1 Abb. New Cases, 97; Biusse v. Paige, 1 N. Y. Ct. of App. Dec. sup.; 3 Wash. Real Prop. * 672, sec. 35, a. The obligation assumed by Slack ca.nnot be said to be the promise of the others. The insertion of the words “trustee ’ for himself and others,” after his name, is only as matter of description to show the character in which he acts for his after protection, and it does not affect the rights or remedies of the others parties. Duval v. Craig, 2 Wheat, 56. The direct, express obligation of a trustee does not bind the persons for whose benefit he acts, but himself only. Story Prom. Notes, sec. 63; Conn v. Scruggs, 5 Baxter, 567; Underwood v. Milligan, 10 Ark., 254; McDaniel v. Parks, 19 Ark., 671. His powers are limited to the performance of the duties imposed upon him. He has no principal to-bind. There is nothing in this record to show,, nothing from which it can be inferred, that Slack’s obligation to pay is the act of the others. It may be that the others were willing to enter into an agreement between themselves and with Potts to enjoy a commmunity of interest in the land upon the condition that Slack alone should be personally liable for the debt to Birmingham. Motives of prudence would prompt such an agreement. It was competent for them to make that arrangement and if it was satisfactory to Potts, Birmingham cannot complain. As far as-record shows, Potts was content to rely solely upon Slack’s obligation to hold him harmless,and Birmingham cannot claim to be subrogated to any greater right than his debtor, Potts, is shown to possess. The fact that these defendants joined in making the payment of the first instalment of the purchase money for which Potts had given his notes, and in entering into a personal obligation to pay the second, after.the execution of the deed to Slack by Potts, does not, of itself, establish a ratification of Potts’ acts so as raise a promise to pay the residue-of his indebtedness. It may have seemed to their interest,, at that time, to discharge that part of the incumbrance and relieve iheir title to that extent; but the discharge of a part of the purchase money incumbrance which they were under-no legal obligation to pay, raises no presumption of' a promise to pay off the residue. The. act is consistent with their non-liability. Williams v. Gillies, 75 N. Y. sup., (p. 201.) They became personally bound to Birmingham to the extent of their written obligation to him to discharge Potts’ second note, and to that extent the court was warranted by the record in rendering a personal judgment against Benjamin, Dill and Kidder’s administrator. Counsel have not touched upon the question whether the proof shows that Kidder, unlike the others, confirmed all that Potts did by acts in pais, and we therefore waive it. 4. Bill Exceptions: When not necessary. The appellee argues that we should presume that decree is sustained by sufficient evidence because the record discloses that oral testimony was adduced at the hearing, and there is no bill of exceptions. But the oral testimony heard by the court was reduced to writing and embodied as a recital in the record of the decree, and is thus brought upon the record with as much certainty as could have been done by means of a bill of exceptions. The decree shows affirmatively that all the evidence considered by the court is in the record. No bill of exceptions was necessary. No suggestion of error as to Potts has been made. The decree will be reversed as to Slack and Hellmich. As they have entered their appearance by prosecuting the appeal, no attorney ad litem need be appointed for them in subsequent proceedings. Their appearance in the cause is general. Hodges v. Frazer, 31 Ark., 58. The judgment in personam against Benjamin, Dill and the estate of Kidder, in excess of the amount due on the note executed by them and Kidder to Birmingham, is reversed. Otherwise the decree is affirmed. The cause will be remanded to the Logan circuit court for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion..