St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railway Co. v. Webster

McCulloch, C. J. The plaintiff, R. W. Webster, claims to have received personal injuries while in the service of the defendant, the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railway Company, as brakeman, and sues to recover damages, alleging that his -injuries were caused by the negligence of the defendant in failing to exercise ordinary care to discover and repair an insecure handhold or grabiron on the top of one of the freight cars -in the train which plaintiff was handling. He claims that the gratoiron gave way under his grasp, and that he fell to -the ground, receiving severe injuries on account of the fall from .the moving train. This occurred on January 10, 1910, near Bryant, a station south of Little Rock on defendant’s main line, and only a few miles from the junction with the Bauxite & Northern railroad, which is a short line running from defendant’s main line, a distance of a mile and a half or two miles to Bauxite, a station on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railwa3r, where there is situated a large plant for the reduction of bauxite ore.' The car in question was -loaded with ore for shipment to East St. -Louis, and plaintiff and afiother brakeman assisted in switching it into their train from the track of the Bauxite & Northern Railroad, on which it had been brought from the reduction plant. The junction of the Bauxite & Northern Railroad with defendant’s line is spoken of by the witnesses as “Bauxite,” but the village or railroad station of that name is, as before stated, on the line of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway Company. This action was instituted in the circuit court of Crawford County May 5, 1910. In the complaint it was alleged that on the 10th day of Janitarj'-, 1910, plaintiff “was in the employ of defendant as brakeman on a freight train, and as such was assisting in running a train over the tracks of the defendant’s railway between Malvern and Little Rock, Arkansas, and that as said train was leaving the station of Bryant plaintiff, in the performance of his duty and exercising due care on his part, was boarding a box-car in said train, and, while so engaged, took hold of a grab-iron on top of said car, and that said grab-iron pulled loose from said car, causing plaintiff to fall with great force,” etc. Continuing-, it was alleged that defendant “carelessly and negligently permitted said grab-iron on said car to become loose'and unsafe and the fastenings thereof to become weak aiid imperfect, unsound and unsafe, and that this fact was known to the defendant, or could have been known by reasonable inspection, and was unknown to plaintiff,” etc. On June 25, 1910, defendant filed in the office of the clerk of the Crawford Circuit Court a motion to require the plaintiff to make his complaint more definite and certain by setting forth therein a specification of the particular train on which he was working when injured, whether it was a local or through train, what direction it was going, the number and initials of the car upon which the alleged insecure grab-iron was situated, and the time of day or night when the injury occurred. A copy of this motion was delivered to plaintiff’s counsel on the day it was filed, and on June 30, 1910, the day of trial, plaintiff amended his complaint by stating that the train in question was the “only local freight train that ran daily between Little Rock and Malvern;” that same was going toward Little Rock, and that plaintiff had “no personal knowledge of the number of said car, but that, after the accident, he was informed by those in charge of the train, Mr. Farabee, the conductor, and Mr. Eddy, a brakeman, that the number of same was 350,142 and the initials ‘C., R. I. & M.’ ” Defendant thereupon filed its answer, denying all the material allegations of negligence, and pleaded contributory negligence and assumption of the risk on the part of the plaintiff. Defendant also filed a motion for a continuance, to enable it to prepare for defense by obtaining testimony as to the movements of the car in question prior to the accident, “the age of the car, place and manner of construction, when the several grab-irons thereon were applied, and who applied them/’ as to the inspection of the car immediately prior to the accident on defendant’s line, or on foreign lines, when and how made and by whom, etc., the condition of the grab-irons on said car at the time of the accident, etc. The motion then proceeds as follows: “4. If it should appear that the car now named in the complaint was not the one from which plaintiff fell, then defendant must, in order to maintain its defense,' present evidence along each of the lines hereinbefore mentioned with respect to each car in the train upon which plaintiff was laboring at the time of his injury. “5. The defendant has not completed an investigation either with respect to the specific car named or to the cars in said train, nor has it been possible since the filing of this complaint. The evidence which defendant has not now, but which it can procure if this cause iis continued, will, it verily believes, acquit the defendant of any actionable negligence. The evidence herein-before detailed, which is material, is not wanting at the present time through the consent, connivance or procurement -of the defendant.” The court overruled the motion and recited in the order a finding that it was “conceded that defendant was informed, on the date the accident occurred and immediately thereafter, by both the plaintiff and his fellow-employees on the train, that the car from which the grab-iron was said to have pulled, and from which the plaintiff was said to have fallen, was the car ‘C., R. I. & M. 350,142’ in the train set out in the complaint as amended.” A trial of the case resulted in a verdict in favor of plaintiff, assessing his damages in the sum of $35,000. The court’s refusal to grant a continuance is made the basis of the first assignment of error pressed upon our attention. It must be conceded now that the defendant knew, immediately after the accident, as much as plaintiff knew, and more, concerning the description of the train and of the particular car on which the alleged insecure grab-iron was situated. The court, on the hearing of the motion for continuance, found this to be so, and the evidence adduced at the trial of the case showed that immediately after plaintiff’s injury he and his fellow employees made report to their superiors in service, giving the particulars as to the injury, the number and initials of the car, etc. Moreover, the evidence in the case shows that the superintendent of the road boarded the train a short time after the injury and received full information about the details of the accident. With this information in -its possession at the time of the institution of the action, defendant ought to have been able to prepare for trial. But counsel insist that,_ notwithstanding .the information in defendant’s possession, they were entitled to have a specification in the complaint of the particular car on which the insecure grab-iron was located before they could be held to be in default for not preparing for trial. They say that the car in question was a “foreign” car, that is, a car which belonged to some other railroad company, that it was very expensive to trace it and get information concerning its condition, the inspections thereof, etc., and that, if defendant 'had proceeded with an investigation before the complaint was made to specify the particular car, the plaintiff might have adduced testimony tending to identify some other car ■ as the one which caused the injury, thus rendering the investigation futile and leaving defendant in a state of unpreparedness after having pursued a useless and expensive investigation. The answer to this is that no such situation is presented for the court to deal with. Defendant had no right to assume that plaintiff would shift his position in the case by attempting to prove a defect in some car other than the one which he and his fellow-employees had reported as the car which caused the injury. If plaintiff, when required to make his complaint more definite, had specified some other car, then defendant should have, been given time to prepare its defense as to negligence with regard to-it, but such is not the state of this case. Plaintiff specified the car which defendant had known all the time was the one which was claimed to be defective. The question of granting or refusing a continuance is, ordinarily, a matter of discretion in the trial court, and this court will not disturb a ruling of the trial court in such matter unless an abuse of the • discretion appears. We think that in this instance the trial court’s discretion was fairly exercised, and no abuse thereof is shown. Defendant moved to suppress the depositions of certain witnesses on the ground that the statutory formalities were not observed in having the testimony reduced to writing in the presence of the several witnesses, and signed by them, and in transmitting the depositions to the clerk of the circuit court. Plaintiff ■responded that these formalities were expressly waived by defendant’s attorney, who was present at the examination of the witnesses. The court heard testimonj'- and found that defendant’s attorney waived these formalities by an oral agreement. There is testimony to sustain the finding of the court on that issue, and we will not disturb it. These statutory formalities are for the benefit of the parties to litigation, to safeguard the integrity of depositions, ¡but the parties may waive them by mutual agreement, either oral or in writing. They may waive the presence of a witness and agree upon the testimonjq or they may waive the oath of a witness, or agree upon any vehicle they may choose for the transmission of the depositon. Counsel contend, however, that there was a written agreement entered into during-the progress of the examination of the witnesses, and that the said agreement did not cover points of objection now urged. It is true that, during the examination of one of the witnesses, the attorneys reduced to writing a stipulation that as to all notations of objections and exceptions not made before the notaiy “all objections and exceptions to any part of direct or cross examinations may be made and submitted to the court when the deposition is offered.” This did not cover the question as to the formalities in taking or transmitting- the depositions, which, according to the evidence adduced on the motion to suppress, was the subject of a prior oral agreement. No rule of evidence was violated in permitting the oral agreement to be proved, for it did not vary, contradict or enlarge the written agreement, which covered another subject. Authorities are cited to the effect that oral stipulations of counsel made out of court will not be enforced, but this is where a statute or rule of court requires them to be in writing, or where the court in which the stipulation is sought to be enforced adopts a policy of ignoring stipulations not in writing. None of the cases go to the extent of holding that, where a trial court enforces an oral agreement with respect to waiver of formalities in taking testimony, it constitutes reversible error. In the absence of a statute or rule of court, such oral stipulations may be enforced, and where the parties have acted on a stipulation and carried the same into effect, it is the duty of the court to hold it to be binding. 36 Cyclopedia of Law, pp. 1282-1284; Chamberlain v. Fitch, 2 Cowen (N. Y.) 243; Ex parte Pearson, 79 S. C. 306. Here the plaintiff relied on' the alleged agreement, and all the formalities in regard to taking and transmitting the depositions were disregarded. No objection to the depositions was offered until the ease was called for trial, and it would have been unjust to permit a repudiation of the alleged agreement, which would necessarily have resulted in postponing the case to allow time for taking the depositions over again. It is also insisted that the alleged oral waiver of the signatures of the deponents must be disregarded because of the provision of the act of May 11, 1905, relating to depositions, that “if the signature is waived by the parties the officer before whom the same is taken must so certify.” The fact that the statute makes it the duty of the officer to certify the waiver does not exclude other evidence of such waiver. The certificate of the officer is only prima facie evidence of the waiver. Ex parte Miller, 49 Ark. 18; Davis v. Semmes, 51 Ark. 48; Fakes v. Wilder, 70 Ark. 449. The next contention of the defendant is that the evidence does not sustain the verdict in that it fails to show that the condition of the grab-iron before the accident was such that its frailty could have been discovered by diligent inspection. Plaintiff testified that he climbed up the ladder on the end of the car, and grasped the grab-iron -on top first with his left hand, trying it to see that it was not loose, and that when he grasped it with his other hand and put his weight on it, the screw in' one end came out, letting the iron swing loose at one end, and he fell to the ground. An examination shortly afterwards disclosed the fact that there were three screw holes from which the grab-iron had been shifted, and that the wood appeared .to be rotten, the screws which came out having blackened and .rotted wood in the threads. The roof of the car was covered with tin, and the wood underneath the tin could not be seen except at the screw holes. The law applicable to a case of this kind was stated by Chief Justice Cockrilu In the opinion in St. Louis, I. M. & S. Ry. Co. v. Harper, 44 Ark. 529, as follows: “When an injury has occurred to a servant in consequence of a defect in machinery furnished by the master, to warrant a recovery the servant must show negligence or the want of care and diligence on the part of the master in relation to the defect. The onus of proof is not shifted to the master, as in the case of a passenger injured by a common carrier, by proof of the fact that an injury has resulted from the defect.” The following statement is also given in another decision of this court: “The presumption is that the master has done his duty by furnishing safe and suitable appliances for the performance of his work. And when this is overcome by positive proof that the appliances were defective, the plaintiff is met by a further presumption that the master had no notice of the defect and was not negligently ignorant of it. It is not sufficient to show that the plaintiff was injured, and that the injury resulted from a defect in the machinery; but he must go further and establish the fact that the injury happened because the master did not exercise proper care in the premises.” St. Louis, I. M. & S. Ry. Co. v. Gaines, 46 Ark. 555. In a recent case, somewhat similar to this, we said: • “The evidence must have affirmatively established four elements of the plaintiff’s cause of action before a recovery can be sustained, viz: (a) That the ladder was defective. (b) That the defect was unknown to the plaintiff. (c) That the defect was known to the defendant, or should have been known by it in the exercise of reasonable care. (d) That the defecf caused plaintiff’s injuries.” St. Louis, I. M. & S. Ry. Co. v. Andrews, 79 Ark. 437. We think that, without violating the rule stated in those cases, the conditions found to exist. after the grab-iron gave way were such as to warrant a finding by the jury that they should have been discovered before then by reasonably diligent inspection. The wood was rotten, and the condition of the old screw holes indicated that the grab-iron had been shifted on account of the rotten wood. The covering of tin obscured a view of the wood, but this called for a more rigid inspection by testing the strength of the grab-iron. There is no testimony that an inspection had been made at all, but it is a reasonable inference that if an inspector had tested the strength of the grab-iron by-throwing enough weight on it to ascertain whether it would bear a man’s weight in ordinary use, it would have given way. It cannot be laid down as a rule of law that where there is a duty of inspection this may be discharged by reliance entirely on external appearances. “Whether or not the duty of a master with regard to proper inspection has been performed by the application of any given test is to be determined by considering whether that test will give indications as to the actual condition of the instrumentality in question. In the application of this principle the courts have usually proceeded upon the theory that a merely visual or ocular inspection of-external conditions does not satisfy the full measure of a master’s obligations where the servant’s safety depends upon the soundness of the material of which an instrumentality is composed, or upon the firmness with which the separate parts of an instrumentality are attached to each other.” 1 Labatt on Master & Servant, § 161. Nor can physical laws with respect to the natural decay from age and exposure be disregarded in determining the question of sufficiency of inspection. Length of time the appliance has apparently been in use may be considered. 1 Labatt on Master & Servant, § 159; Campbell v. L. & N. R. Co., 109 Ala. 520. We think the evidence was sufficient to show a defect which should have been discovered by reasonably diligent inspection. The following cases sustain that view: St. Louis & S. F. Rd. Co. v. Wells, 82 Ark. 372; Ultima Thule, A. & M. R. Rd. Co. v. Calhoun, 83 Ark. 318; Kansas City S. Ry. Co. v. Henrie, 87 Ark. 451; Mammoth Vein Coal Co. v. Looper, 87 Ark. 217; St. Louis, I. M. & S. Ry. Co. v. Holmes, 88 Ark. 181; St. Louis S. W. Ry. Co. v. Lewis, 91 Ark. 349; St. Louis, I. M. & S. Ry. Co. v. Reed, 92 Ark. 357; St Louis, I. M. & S. Ry. Co. v. Rogers, 93 Ark. 566. The question was one for the jury, as different minds may reasonably -reach different conclusions as to whether or not the defec-t was a discoverable one. Error of the court is assigned in giving instruction No. 5 and in refusing to give defendant’s instruction No. 6. These instructions are as follows: “V. The plaintiff is required to use ordinary care for his own safety, but this does not include inspection of the cars and appliances for defects; that duty being upon the defendant, and the law permitting the plaintiff to rely upon the defendant for the performance of that duty for his safety. The plaintiff is only required, in the exercise of ordinary care, to take notice of such defects and dangers as are patent to ordinary observation without the inspection which the law requires at the hands of the defendant. “VI. If plaintiff knew that Bryant was not a point at which defendant kept an inspector, and plaintiff, either in entering or remaining in the service of the defendant, has assumed the duty of inspecting or seeing for himself at such a point that the grab-irons on cars delivered there to defendant by another line were safe, and failed to do so, but attempted to use the grab-iron without ascertaining whether it ivas safe or not, and fell and was injured, your verdict should be for the defendant.” The fifth instruction, above quoted, which the court gave, states the well-settled rule of law as to relative duties of master and servant, that is, that it is incumbent on the former to inspect for the purpose of discovering and repairing defective appliances with which the servant is to perform, the work, and that the latter is only required to look for patent defects which are open to ordinary observation. This applies to foreign cars taken into a train as well as cars owned by the defendant. 1 Labatt on Master & Servant, § 174; 2 Labatt on Master & Servant, § 584; 3 Elliott on Railroads, § 1279; Texas & P. Rd. Co. v. Archibald, 170 U. S. 665; Dooner v. D. & H. Canal Co., 164 Pa. 17. In Texas & P. Rd. Co. v. Archibald, supra, Mr. Justice White, speaking for the Supreme Court of the United States on this subject, said: “The elementary rule is that it is the duty of the employer to furnish appliances free from defects discoverable by the exercise of ordinary care, and that the employee has a right to rely upon this duty being performed, and that, whilst in entering the employment he assumes the ordinary risks incident to the business, he does not assume the risk arising from the neglect of the employer to perform the positive duty owing to the employee with respect to appliances furnished. * * * The employer on the one hand may rely on the fact that bis employee assumes -the risk usually incident to the employment. The employee on the other has the right to rest on the assumption that appliances furnished are free from defects discoverable by proper inspection, and is not submitted to the danger of using appliances containing such defects because of his knowledge of the general methods adopted by the employer in carrying on his business, or because by ordinary care he might have known of the methods, and inferred therefrom that danger of unsafe appliances might arise. The employee is not compelled to pass judgment on the employer’s methods of business or to conclude as to their adequacy. He has a right to assume that the employer will use reasonable care to make the appliances safe and to deal with those furnished relying on this fact, subject of course to the exception which we have already stated by which, where an appliance is furnished an employee in which there exists a defect known to him or plainly observable by him, he cannot recover for an injury caused by such defective appliance if, with the knowledge above stated, he negligently continues to use it.” Mr. Labatt states the rule thus (vol. 2, § 584) : “As regards instrumentalities not belonging to the master, but temporarily placed under his control for the purpose of facilitating the transaction of business in which both he and the owner have a common interest, the only rational and logical doctrine seems to be that a servant, inasmuch as he has nothing to do with the arangement which the master may make with a third party for their mutual convenience, should be entitled to hold the master responsible for the negligent inspection of the thing so transferred, in all cases in which he would have been able to recover if that thing had been owned by, or permanently in the possession of, the master.” Defendant introduced in evidence one of the standard rules of the company to the effect that “trainmen must examine and know for themselves that the * * * appliances which they are to use are in proper condition.” The evidence establishes the fact that the rule was always construed to mean that a brakeman is required to malee only such cursory inspection in the course of his regular duties as will discover defects open to ordinary observation, and not to search for hidden defects. Such is the legal construction of a rule of that kind. On this' subject Mr. Labatt says (Vol. x, § 417): “The general effect of express contracts to examine instrumentalities is to narrow the domain of facts within which the servant is entitled to claim the benefit of the principle that he is entitled to rely upon the proper performance of the master’s duties. But it seems to be a legitimate inference from the decisions that, in regard to such examination as may be undertaken in compliance with contracts of this description, they do not impose upon him the obligation of using a higher degree of diligence than that which would otherwise have been incumbent upon him. He is required to take notice of apparent defects like those involved in the cases cited in note 5 to this section. But he is not bound to look for concealed defects.” The instruction given by the court was not only in accordance with the law on the subject aside from any particular rule or custom, but it accords with the rule of the company as ordinarily interpreted. St. Louis, I. M. & S. Ry. Co. v. Rogers, supra. Appellant’s requested instruction, quoted above, which the court refused to give, was erroneous for more than one reason. In the first place it was incorrect in assuming that Bryant (or the junction with the Bauxite & Northern Railroad) was a point where any rule of the company requiring the trainmen t.o inspect appliances and cars was applicable. In other words, the instruction erroneously assumes that because the junction was not an inspection point the alleged rule requiring trainmen to inspect cars was applicable. This .was incorrect because there is evidence showing that for purposes of traffic in transporting ore from the Bauxite reduction plant, the Bauxite & Northern Railroad was treated as a spur, even though it was in fact an independent line. Plaintiff and McDonald, another brakeman, testified that in the shipment of ore from the reduction plant the defendant took out only cars which it furnished for that purpose. The only inference from their testimony is that* defendant, in receiving shipments of ore, treated the Bauxite & Northern Railroad merely as a spur for the purpose of delivering cars to the reduction 'plant and in getting them back loaded with ore for shipment. Other witnesses in the case speak of the Bauxite & Northern Railroad as a part of the reduction plant. Mr. Murphy, the superintendent of the Arkansas division of the defendant’s road, who was introduced as a witness by defendant, testified to that effect. He speaks of the reduction plant as being owned by the Bauxite & Northern Railroad, and stated that that road was engaged in no other business except of handling ore from the .reduction plant. Now, if it is true that defendant furnished cars from its own line to be loaded with ore, and only received back the same cars loaded for shipment, the rule of the defendant company requiring trainmen to inspect at noninspection junction points would not apply. The master’s duty of inspection applies to cars furnished in that way, for, under those circumstances, the defendant’s control over such cars was never relinquished. The fact that the cars were switched over to the reduction plant by an engine of the Bauxite & Northern Railroad, an independent line operated for the benefit of the reduction plant, does not change the rule as to the duty of the defendant, as master, to inspect the cars. The circumstances are substantially the same as where a railroad furnishes cars to any manufacturing plant on a spur, to be hauled to the plant for loading by an engine owned by the plant. Under that state of facts cars remain in control of the railroad company, and fall within the duty of the master to inspect. The testimony is undisputed as to the manner in which the cars were furnished for shipment of ore, and received back on defendant’s line — that it received back only the cars which it had furnished. It is contended ■that the testimony of Mr. Murphy, the defendant’s superintendent, is to the contrary, but we do not think so. Murphy was examined only as to the custom, generally, as to getting cars from other lines; he was not questioned with reference to the cars received from the reduction plant at Bauxite, and he made no statements as to them. So it was improper to' submit to the jury the question as to the duty of plaintiff to inspect at what is termed “noninspection” points. Another reason why this instruction was erroneous is that there is no testimony to show that there was a rule of the com-pan)r, of which plaintiff was informed, or of which he was bound to take notice, requiring trainmen to inspect at non-inspection points. Plaintiff testified that he had been working for defendant several months, and had not heard of such rule; that he had worked as brakeman and conductor on railroads in other States for about thirteen years, and never heard of any such rule in railroad service. The only other testimony on that subject was that of Mr. Murphy, who stated that during January, 1910, “it is a rule and understood that trainmen will know that a car is safe to handle before they take it at point where inspectors are not maintained.” It was not claimed that this was one of the published rules of the company, nor was it stated in testimony how long a time it had been a rule or custom for trainmen to inspect cars at what they called non-inspection points. Plaintiff was not bound by a rule or custom which had not been brought to his attention, and he is not presumed to have notice of a rule not regularly promulgated or of a custom not shown to have prevailed for some considerable length of time. Little Rock, M. R. & T. Ry. Co. v. Leverett, 48 Ark. 333; St. Louis, I. M. & S. Ry. Co. v. Holmes, supra; St. Louis, I. M. & S. Ry. Co. v. Puckett, 88 Ark. 204. We conclude, therefore, that the trial court committed no error, either in giving instruction No. 5, or in refusing to give defendant’s requested instruction No. 6. We do not find error in any of the rulings of the court in giving instructions or in refusing requests therefor. We think the case was submitted to the jury upon correct instructions, and that the testimony sustains - the verdict as to liability of the defendant for plaintiff’s injury. The final contention is that the assessment of damages was excessive. Plaintiff was, at the time he received the injury, 35 years of age, and was and had always been in perfect health and free from any bodily ailments or defects. He had been in railway service as brakeman and conductor about 13 years; had worked for defendant as brakeman several months, and was earning $79 per month. The fall from the train caused a marked lateral curvature of the spine, the whole trunk was bending over toward the left side, and the body was bulging out on the right side, as stated by one of his physicians. It was, at the time of the trial, impossible for him to stoop or bend downwards so as to pick up an object off the floor. He suffered great pain all the time, and was unable to perform labor of any kind. He suffered pain in the small of the back, and that part of the body was decidedly swollen. The injury resulted in the loss of his sexual power. Physicians testified that the injury was permanent, that he had not improved since he received the injury and would never improve. They stated that on the contrary the indications were that he would grow worse. One of the physicians testified that he would not only not be able to perform manual labor, but that the tendency of the injury would be to destroy all of the patient’s energy and inclination to work. The treatment which had been administered, though unavailing, was necessarily very painful. While the amount of the verdict seems to reach the limit, yet we cannot say it is excessive. The man’s life is permanently wrecked physically and otherwise. Considering hig loss of earning capacity, and the pain and suffering he has endured, and will continue to endure as long as life lasts, together with the other elements which may properly be considered in estimating the damage, he is entitled to a vastly larger amount of damages than his widow or next of kin would be entitled to recover if he had been killed. The evidence is, we think, sufficient to sustain the assessment of damages, and we do not feel justified in disturbing it. The judgment is affirmed.