Friedmann v. McGowan

Eorr C. J:— We do not think that a non suit should be granted in this case. The questions of law can be considered in the charge of the Court. The Court charged the jury upon the various propositions of law raised by the prayers of the respective counsel as follows : Dorr C. J., charging the jury : Gentlemen of the jury :—The plaintiffs, Morris Friedmann and Yetta Friedmann his wife, seek to recover in this action damages for personal injuries alleged to have been sustained by said wife, as the result of being bitten on December 3, 1896, in the defendant’s saloon in this city, by a vicious dog then owned and kept by the defendant. In order to recover, the plaintiffs must show to your satisfaction that the defendant kept this dog; that he did so knowing he would bite or was of such a vicious or ferocious nature that he had a propensity or was likely so to do, and that the injuries complained of resulted from the bite of the dog. We are asked in this case to instruct you to render a verdict in favor of the defendant, on the ground that the averments in the second count of the narr, (which is the only count upon which the plaintiffs now stand,) 1 ‘That the vicious dog owned by the defendant, and then and there known by the defendant to be vicious,” and the other averments thereof are not sufficiently specific to support this action. We cannot so instruct you. We have already passed upon this in the admission of evidence, and now adhere to the ruling then made. The defendant claims that as the alleged injuries were received on the third day of December, 1896, and that the action was not brought until January 5, 1898 more than a year after the happening of the injury, that you should render a verdict in his favor; that the action is barred by the Act of Assembly passed May 28, 1897, ( Vol. 20, Del. Laws, 712), which limits [442] the time in which such actions may be brought. The language of the Act of Assembly is as follows : ‘ ‘That from and after the passage of this act no action for the recovery of damages upon a claim for alleged personal injuries shall be brought after the expiration of one year from the date upon which it is claimed that such alleged injuries were sustained.” In order to sustain the view contended for by the defendant, a retrospective operation must be given to this statute. It is a sound rule of construction that a statute should have a prospective action only, unless its terms plainly show a legislative intention that it should operate retrospectively, (Cooley on Constitutional Limitations, 370.) This doctrine has been repeatedly affirmed by the Courts of this State and is therefore no longer an open question. We are unable to find in this statute any such clear legislative intention, and therefore hold that the statute is not retroactive in operation and does not apply to causes of action accruing prior to its passage. Such interpretation, gives full effect to the language of the statute, and seems logical and just. It leaves all causes of action; arising prior to the act of May 28, 1897, subject to the limitation of three years theretofore existing under the laws of this 'State. The case at bar, may be distinguished from cases like Sohn vs. Watterson, 17 Wallace 596; where such a construction would have left a large class of actions unprovided with any limitation whatever. Taking "therefore the plain language of the statute, it is reasonable to infer that the legislature intended by this act, only to affect causes thereafter arising, and to leave all others to the reasonable limitation existing at the time the cause of action accrued. Even if it could be held that the statute was retroactive, there is authority for holding, “That it will not be presumed that the Legislature in passing the act of May 28, 1897, limiting the time in which actions for the recovery of damages, for alleged personal injuries shall be brought to the period of one year from the date of said injuries, intended to effect an absolute [443] bar to the bringing of such an action, the right to bring which accrued more than the limited time before the statute was passed —that such an intent would be unconstitutional, and that the proper construction of said statute is,, that it limits the bringing such actions to the period of one year from the date of the passage of said act.” Lewis vs. Lewis, 7 How., 776; Cooley on Const. Lim., 367; Sohn vs. Watterson, 17 Wallace, 576. In either event the statute would be no bar to the action,, and we so instruct you ; that is, the statute does not stand in the way of recovery in this case. We have been asked to instruct you, “That the jury cannot find a verdict for the plaintiffs unless they are satisfied from all the evidence that Yetta Friedmann was bitten by the dog in the saloon of the defendant as alleged in the second count of the narr.” We cannot so instruct you. The rule is clearly laid down in 1 Greenleaf on Evidence, Section 6: “In trespass to the person, the material fact is the assault and battery,” (in this case the biting), “time and place not being material unless made so by the nature of the justification and the manner of pleading”— which is not this case. The law is uniformly laid down that if the plaintiff’s injuries result from the bite of a vicious dog that that dog must be known by the defendant to be vicious, in order to make the defendant liable. / Scienter or knowledge of the vicious disposition of a dog 1 may come to a person in two ways: either from actual know- { ledge, from observation or from reports made to the defendant of ) the vicious actions of the dog; or it may also, be gathered or j known constructively. For instance, if a dog is generally known !to be vicious, and for a long time being thus vicious has been kept in the possession of the master or owner, it is a fact to go to the jury as to constructive knowledge. We may say to you that where the dog is commonly kept confined, while it is not in i itself conclusive evidence of viciousness, it is a fact to go to the j jury, connected with other matters, for whatever it is worth | bearing upon that point. The mere fact that a dog accompanies [444] or is in the possession of a servant, and that the servant has knowledge of the dog’s viciousness, is not in itself evidence of knowledge on the part of the owner. The knowledge of the servant is not knowledge on the part of the master, unless the servant was made the agent of the master for the particular purpose of taking charge of the dog. In the matter of reputation, where the reputation is generally known and prevails in the neighborhood, it is a matter to go to the jury, from which—giving it just whatever weight it is entitled to—they may reasonably infer the knowledge of the master. Constructive knowledge depends upon all the circumstances surrounding the case, and must be such as to satisfy your mind that the master of the dog from those circumstances ought to have known or was bound to know, under the law, that the dog was vicious. So that, in order to recover in this case the plaintiff should show you that these injuries of which she complains resulted from the biting of that dog, that the dog was vicious, and that he was known to be vicious by the defendant in this case, either actually or constructively, as we have designated. If you should conclude from all the evidence in this case, of which you are the exclusive judges, that the plaintiffs are entitled to recover at all, then the measure of damages would be such a reasonable sum as will compensate the plaintiffs for the injuries of the wife, and for her pain and suffering in the past, and such as may come in the future, resulting from the injury, as from all the evidence the jury may believe she has sustained. Expenses in nursing and loss of service to the husband by sickness of the wife, are excluded from this case. The plaintiffs qan only recover for the injuries of the wife, as above stated, if you should believe them entitled to a verdict at all. If you should not be satisfied that the injuries resulted from the bite of this dog or that the dog was vicious and' that the owner or keeper knew he was vicious, then the plaintiff is not entitled to recover in this action. Verdict for defendant.