Beeson v. Elliott

Johns, Sr., Chancellor. The questions which the argument and the nature of the case present are, 1. —Did the arbitrators commit any mistakes, which invalidate the award ? 2. —Supposing this Court has jurisdiction, is this a case in which the power of the Court ought to be exercised to set aside the award and stay the proceedings at law ? 3. —Has this Court jurisdiction ? 1. The first question is, did the arbitrators commit any mistake ? [376] ■It is contended that two mistakes in law have been committed, and that against these the Court should grant relief. With respect to one of these, it is said that the right or interest in two rooms in a house, together with certain privileges, which by the.will of Thomas Beeson, the elder, were devised to Rebecca Beeson for life, passed only a right to use and occupy the rooms herself, which right was not transferable, and that she could not sell or rent it to another ; that as she removed from the house in May, 1792, and Thomas Beeson, Jr., and his brother possessed it until March, 1799, without any agreement, arrangement or understanding whatever between them and Rebecca Beeson, she was not entitled to any compensation for the use or occupation thereof; and that the arbitrators, in charging the executors of Thomas Beeson, Jr., with a moiety of £40 per annum for the use of her part of the house during the term of seven years, were mistaken as to the law; and that, in this respect, the award is invalid. This was a reference of '■’■all matters in variance between the parties.” Whether Thomas Beeson, Jr., objected to paying any sum for the occupation of Rebecca Beeson’s part of the house during the seven years, or to the amount to .be paid, and whether this was a question decided by the arbitrators, does not appear. If the right to have any compensation for the use of the two rooms was not a matter in controversy, then the arbitrators would not, and the presumption is they did not, decide the question of law; nor does it appear that there was any controversy as to the amount. But, if the arbitrators did decide that Rebecca had a right to some compensation for permitting her sons to have the use of her part of the house for seven years, without any express contract, they did not mistake the law ; for the law would imply a contract, if they occupied and used the house with her permission; [377] I am of opinion, that a larger interest in the house passed by the will than the complainants’ counsel allow. The extent of that interest it is not material for me to decide. With respect, then, to the charge for rent of a part of the house and the privileges, no mistake appears to have been committed by the arbitrators. The other alleged mistake in law is, that the arbitrators allowed Bebecca Beeson interest on the moiety of the annuity of £40, payable by Thomas Beeson, Jr., up to March 25th, 1814, to which by law she was not entitled. It does not appear whether this was a matter in controversy submitted to the arbitrators. It may be the controversy included only the balance due on the account, the amount of payments and the sum to be allowed for the occupation of the rooms in the house. If so, then there was no mistake. Again, what evidence was before the arbitrators as to interest does not appear. Suppose there had been an agreement, in consideration of forbearance, to pay interest, then it would be no mistake to allow it. But further, conceding that the question of interest was a matter in controversy, and was decided by the arbitrators, and that there was no agreement for it, still was such decision against law ? This is a question not settled by Delaware decisions. The English authorities are not easy to be reconciled. It seems to be laid down in them, as a general rule, that the arrears of an annuity do not carry interest, unless there be a contract for the payment of it. The modern cases establish this principle, as a general rule. 2 Ves. Jr. 163: 4 Bro. Ch. Rep. 320 : 3 Bro. Ch. Rep. 489, 492. But the cases cited show exceptions to the general rule, and that in particular instances the allowance of interest is discretionary. 2 Atk. 211 : 1 P. Wms. 541. As, where the annuity is charged on real estate, and is for maintenance. 3 Atk. [378] 579 : 1 P. Wms. 541. So, where arrears have accumulated,—on the principle of wrongfully witholding the money interest has been allowed. 2 P. Wms. 163. It is my opinion that the allowance of interest is discretionary ; and that every case of an annuity, in which the question of interest arises, must be decided by its own circumstances, according to equity. In this case the will shows that Thomas Beeson, the elder, was the owner of a considerable estate ; that he left several children, to whom much of his estate was devised, besides the land devised to his sons, Jonathan and Thomas; that he charged those lands with the payment of £40 per year to his widow, payable quarterly, in lieu of dower; and that the testator made no other provision for the maintenance of his widow, except the use of two rooms in a house, together with certain privileges, and her choice of part of the personal estate, to the value of £50. This then is the case of an annuity for maintenance, charged on land, the profits of which the person bound to pay takes; and the quarterly payment of the annuity is necessary for the support of the annuitant. The non-payment quarterly is a wrongful withholding of the only means of her support; and the enjoyment of the profits of the land creates an obligation, both at law and in equity, for the allowance of interest. Iam, therefore,. of opinion that if the arbitrators in this case did decide the question of interest and allow it, they did not commit a mistake nor decide against law. Here I might stop and make the decree. But the importance of thq other two questions raised in the case induces me to proceed, and to express my opinion upon them. Besides, some of the counsel may not be convinced of the correctness of my opinion on the question as to mistake, who would be satisfied that on other principles the suit ought to be dismissed. [379] 2. The next question is whether,assuming that the Court has jurisdiction, this is a proper case in which to set aside the award and stay proceedings at law ? The argument of the complainant’s counsel assumes the broad ground that mistakes are sufficient to invalidate awards, with some special qualification. They cite 1 Madd. Ch. Pr. 78-9: 1 Ves. Jr. 364: 2 Ves. Jr. 450: 14 Ves. Jr. 264. They take a distinction between a general and a special reference, contending that in the former the Court will correct errors in law, though not in the latter. 3 East, 18 : 13 East, 356 : 6 Ves. Jr. 282 : 9 Ves. Jr. 364. They also take a like distinction between references to non-professional and to professional men. The defendant’s counsel deny the broad ground assumed for the correction of awards generally, in equity. While they admit that "courts of equity do exercise the power of correcting mistakes in law committed by arbitrators, they insist that its interference must be only for a plain, palpable or gross mistake, as is the rule at common law; that in this respect, equity follows the law; and that at law the merits of an award cannot be inquired into, but it can be impeached only for fraud, misbehavior, corruption, or for such mistakes in law as are called plain, palpable■ or gross mistakes. To show that equity will not, in England, exercise its power, in all cases, to set aside an award made against law or fact, there was cited 6 Ves Jr. 281 : also, 1 Ves. Jr. 365. The defendant’s counsel further insisted upon several special grounds of objection against a decree for relief in this case. These are, 1. That, with respect to the allowance of interest on the annuity, it has been held that, on a question of interest, the courts do not interfere with the discretion of arbitrators. 2 Barn. Ald. 691 : 1 Taunt 151. 2. That our Statute makes awards under references in [380] court available as verdicts; and that a verdict can be set aside only in the court where it is found. That in this State verdicts and awards stand on the same footing,though it is otherwise in England. Dig. Del. Laws, 112. 3. That the acquiescence of Thomas Beeson,Jr., by omitting to object at law to the award, was of the like effect as is neglect to move for a new trial after a verdict, in which case equity will not relieve. 1 Sch. & Lef. 201. 4. That equity will not interfere where, as here, there was a complete remedy at law. 1 Sch. & Lef. 201 : 1 Madd. Ch. Pr. 111 : 9 Ves. Jr. 67. 5. That objections to an award must be made in the. court to which the award is returned. 1 Bac. Abr. 239. 1 Mad. Ch. Pr. 79. Besides the cases cited by counsel many other English authorities have been examined by the Court. It is certain that the law of awards, in England, has undergone much change since the 4th of July, 1776. Many of the modern cases are contradictory, and introduce new principles. They cannot, however, be held applicable to the two species of awards created by our laws, and which were unknown in English jurisprudence. Our system of rules for regulating awards differs from the English, particularly in reference to awards made under the act of 18 Geo. EE, (Dig. Del. Laws, 112,) and the other species of awards returned into court in amicable actions. The latter originated, either in a liberal construction of the statute of 18 • Geo. IT. or in usage, which may be considered as part of the common law of Delaware.- I do not know that the statute of William III, creating a new species of awards in England, was extended here by practice. My impression is that the statute of 18 Geo. II, was designed as a substitute, so modified as to suit the convenience of our people. It seems to me sufficient, in deciding upon this as the [381] case of an award and judgment in an amicable action entered in one of our courjts. of common law, to refer to our own Statute relative to this species of awards, and to the construction which has been given to it by the decisions of our courts. This I have endeavored to do, having collected together from memory, and from notes of cases taken by myself for a long series of year's, the decisions of our courts in controversies respecting the validity of awards.* The rule established by them, as to the correction of mistakes of law by arbitrators is, that for a plain, palpable and gross mistake there is a remedy, at law or in equity, according to the circumstances of the case and the nature of the reference. But what is a plain, palpable and gross mistake is not clearly defined. However, in applying the [382] rule to the present case, there can be no difficulty. The mistakes here insisted upon are not plain, but are doubtful ; and the principal one relied on relates to a question of interest, which, it is considered, rests much in discretion. Besides, here is long acquiescence,—four years from the time of the award to the death of Bebecca Beeson,—four years more to the death of Thomas Beeson, Jr.,—and three more before this suit was instituted between the representatives of the original parties,—an acquiescence, in all, of eleven years, with no attempt ever made to object at -law to the award. In such a case, it is my opinion that a court of chancery ought not to interfere, even if it has jurisdiction. , 3. The third question is, whether the Court has juris [383] diction. One of the counsel for the defendant considered that the defendant, having joined in a case stated and submitted the controversy to this Court, had admitted the jurisdiction and was thereby precluded from objecting to it. The Court is of a different opinion. It has been said to be,the duty of a good judge to amplify his jurisdiction; but the Chancellor is of opinion that it is for the good of the people that the Court of Chancery should be confined within its legitimate limits. If the jurisdiction do not exist, consent cannot give it. In such case the proceedings are void and a nullity, as was decided in Bishop vs. Bishop, in 1795, by the Supreme Court, [Read, G. J.) respecting a a case in the Orphans’ Court. The complainants’ counsel, in support of the jurisdic [384] tian, argued that a party must have the right to elect ' whether to object to the award at law or in equity, in order to preserve his right of review by an appeal to the High Court of Errors and Appeals. This argument assumes that a writ of error would not lie to the judgment at law on the award. That is a question not decided, arising under the Acts of 13 Geo. II, and the Act of 1811 (Dig. Del. Laws, 112), and under the Act of 1829 respecting bills of exception. It will depend on the meaning and import of the word “trial” in the latter Act. But suppose it true, that there can be no review of the judgment at law. This may be a defect in our constitution or laws, but it does not prove that the Court of Chancery has jurisdiction in such a case.† [385] I am of opinion that this Court is without jurisdiction of the case before it, upon two grounds : ■ 1st. On the principle decided by the Court of Appeals in the case of Orairís adm’r., and Douglass vs. Lowber’s adm’r., decided in the Court of Appeals in 1813, that where two courts have concurrent jurisdiction, the one which first possesses the cause has the exclusive right of exercising jurisdiction. This is the latest decision, and I believe the only one where the point was expressly adjudged on argument ; and it being a decision of the highest tribunal is considered by this Court a binding authority.‡ I have understood that the late Chancellor, after this decision, dismissed some bills filed for setting aside awards, and required, before he would entertain such bills, some special [386] ground, such as accident, or other reason for the omission of the party to avail himself of his remedy at law. 2d. The other ground is that Thomas Beeson, Jr., had a sufficient remedy at law. By the 20th Sec. of an Act of Assembly, passed between 1726 and 1736, limiting the powers of the courts of equity within this State, the jurisdiction of the present case, (there being a sufficient remedy at law) is ousted. What is the meaning of the word “sufficient” in the above Act is a question which has occasioned some uncertainty as to the dividing line between the common law and equity jurisdictions. In Polk vs. The Farmers’ and Mechanics’ Bank, in the Court of Appeals, June T., 1822, this point was made and much argued. There was no direct decision by the Court, but its opinion [387] was that the Court of Chancery must be kept within the limits of its jurisdiction. The present is a plain case, in which there can be no doubt as to the sufficiency of the remedy at law. With such views of the questions arising in the case, the bill must be dismissed. This decree was, on appeal, affirmed by the High Court of Errors and Appeals, at the June Term, 1831. See 1 Harrington’s Rep. 394. n. Footnotes [*] The Chancellor here cited from his notes the following as the course of decisions in Delaware, touching the powers of the Courts over awards. Chandler vs. Springer’s Exr’s :—Common Pleas, Féb. T. 1785. Bayard, for plaintiff; Bedford, for defendant. Action on the case. Reference, and award for £221, 14s. Objected to. The Court decided that the merits of an award could be inquired into ; and it did inquire generally into the merits of this award. The grounds taken were the words in the Act of 18 Geo. II, ■1 approved by the Court,” which were considered to import that the Court must inquire, in order to approve or disapprove ;—also the words, “to be available as the verdict of a jury,” which must be understood to import not more available than a verdict; and, therefore, that an award might be set aside on the same grounds as a verdict. Miers’ Ex’rs., vs. Speer’s Ex’rs :—Common Pleas, 1788. Action of debt. Reference, and an award. The rule was admitted by counsel as to an inquiry inte the merits ; and the Court did inquire, and examined an arbitrator as a witness. Price vs. Jefferes:—Common Pleas, 1790. Amicable action. The rule was insisted on that awards could only be set aside on the grounds of misbehavior or corruption. The Court considered this to be an award within the Act of 18 Geo. II, and set it aside because one of the arbitrators was not sworn. McKinley vs. Reynolds :—Supreme Court, 1791; Filien, C. J. Bayard and Bead, for plaintiff; Bedford and AeM/,for defendant. [382] Reference in a suit pending. The referees were examined, and the merits of the award inquired into generally. The principle decided in Chandler vs. Springer’s Ex’rs. was admitted, and the award was impeached on the ground of its being against fact and law. Gilpin vs. Gilpin :—Supreme Court, 1793 ; Read, C. J. An amicable action held to be a reference under the Act of Assembly. Lewd bn vs. Sawyer •.-■Court of Errors and Appeals, Equity side, 1799. Van Dyke, for appellant; Read, for respondent. Award in an amicable action entered in the Common Pleas. The Court of Appeals inquired into the merits, and for mistakes as to law corrected the award and ordered a perpetual injunction. (Johns, C. J., having been counsel for the appellants, did not sit.) Copes and Wife vs. Wilson and Wife :—Supreme Court, 1802. Van Dyke, for plaintiff; Bayard, for defendant. Action of waste, and reference entered. It was admitted by counsel that this was a species of reference at common law, and it was so considered by the Court. Crain vs. Lowber :—Supreme Court, 1804 ; Read, C. J. Bayard and Rail, for plaintiff; Van Dyke and Ridgely, for defendant. The Court refused to permit an arbitrator to be a witness to support* or impeach the award, or to suffer his declaration to be proved. [383] The Court also decided that it would not inquire generally into the merits. Other witnesses were examined, and the award was attempted to be impeached for mistakes of fact and law. The Court held that no mistakes were proved and confirmed the award. Armstrong and .Wipe, vs. Windsor’s Exr’s. :—Supreme Court, 1811. A majority of the Court inquired into the merits, and set aside an award for a mistake in not allowing a discount. Johns, C. J., dissenting. Phillips vs. Rees:—Court of Errors and Appeals; 1311. Appeal from, a decree of the Court of Chancery dismissing a bill to set aside, on the ground of mistake, an award which had been made in an amicable action. The decree was affirmed, because the Court of Appeals was of opinion that no mistake had been committed. It was considered un necessary to decide the question as to the power of the Court to afford relief. In the argument it was admitted that for a gross mistake a court of equity would set aside an award; and the power to inquire as to mistakes under some limitations, seemed not to be questioned. Pratt and Kintzy vs. Bradun and Rees :—Court of Errors and Appeals, 1811. Bayard and Rogers, for appellants; Van Dyke and Read, for respondents. This case came before the Court upon an appeal from an interlocutory order of the Chancellor for an account. There had been an [384] award in an amicable action and judgment thereon, which was relied on as a bar to the right to an account. The Court considered that the award was not conclusive. The objection to it was misbehavior. The Court also expressed an opinion that the arbitrators had committed a gross mistake ; but observed that the Court was not to be understood as deciding the general principle, that, in every case of awards ; a mistake of law will make it obligatory on a court of equity to interfere and set aside the award. The Court considered the exercise of this power to be discretionary. The question of jurisdiction was not considered. The interlocutory decree was affirmed. Crain’s Adm’r. and Douglass vs. Lowber’s Adm’b. :—Court of Errors and Appeals, 1813. Rodney, for appellant; Sail, for respondent. This was an appeal from a decree of the Court of Chancery setting aside an award which had been returned in an action referred in the Supreme Court. Exceptions to the award had been heard in the Supreme Court, the award confirmed and judgment entered upon it. [385] Rodney relied on the want of jurisdiction in the Court of Chancery, insisting on the principle that where two courts have concurrent-jurisdiction, the Court first possessing the cause ousts or excludes the other. Hall answered, that the Court of Chancery had exercised the power. The Court unanimously reversed the Chancellor's decree. Johns, O. J., and Hall, Cooper and Warner, Justices, were of opinion that the Chancellor had no jurisdiction. Booth, C. J., did not express an opinion on this point, but concurred in the reversal. Spear vs. Jarrell : — Court of Errors and Appeals, 1814. This was an appeal from a decree of the Chancellor staying proceedings on a judgment at law entered upon a bill obligatory which had been given for the payment of a sum of money, according to such award as might be made under a paroi submission. The decree in effect set aside the award. It was reversed on the appeal, because the Court considered the award conclusive, inasmuch as it had not been impeached on any of the usual grounds of misbehavior, corruption or of plain and gross mistake. Saunders’ Bxr’s. vs. Haughey :--Supreme Court, 1815. An amicable action, referred to counsel and report returned. The Court set aside the award for a mistake of law. The.point seems to have been submitted by consent of counsel. Clayton vs. Williams :—Supreme Gourt, 1815. There was a general judgment against an administrator on a [386] report, and this was an action of debt on the judgment. Parol testimony was offered to prove a want of assets, and was rejected by a majority of the Court. Johns, G. J-, contra. Hudson, et ai.., vs. McDonough (a guardian), et al. :—Supreme Court, 1816. McLean and Read, for plaintiff; Van Dyke for defendants. A.n amicable action to settle the lines of certain land, and report returned. The award was objected to. 1st, for a mistake. 2nd, that a guardian could not bind his ward by such an action. An arbitrator (not objected to) was offered as a witness. The Chief Justice asked if the Court were to re-try the merits. The plaintiffs’ counsel answered in the negative. The defendants’ counsel said, the evidence was offered only to prove the nature of the case. Read objected to a general inquiry. This was an inquiry into the merits. The Court directed the counsel first to discuss the question, whether the minor would be bound by this reference on the part of his guardian. This question being argued, the Court decided it in the negative and set aside the award. Wiltbank’s Exr’s vs. T. & P. Maull :—Supreme Court, 1826.' Robinson, for plaintiffs ; Wells, for defendants. Reference in an action pending, and award returned. By consent, witnesses were examined as to the merits. Wells contended that the referees had not sufficient evidence, and that awards were only as available as verdicts. Robinson replied that a verdict [387] would not be set aside on such ground. The Court held that no plain mistake was proved and that the decision of the referees ought to bind the parties- Award confirmed. Silvers and Wife vs. Ford’s Admr’s :—Supreme Court, 1827. Johns, for plaintiffs ; Bead, for defendants. In an amicable action, on report returned, the Court decided that the principles on which the award was made could not be inquired into ; for this would be to re-toy the merits. Sprdanoe vs. Poovy :—Supreme Court, 1829. Booth, for plaintiff; Black, for defendant. Reference in an action pending, and award returned. Booth offered a referee as a witness, and proposed to inquire into the merits. Black objected to'the competency of the witness. Booth insisted that the witness was competent for some purposes. The Court decided that a referee was not a competent witness for the purpose of inquiring into the merits of the award or to impeach it for misbehavior or corruption. Award confirmed. [†] The Chancellor, in the margin of his manuscript opinion, has a note that a writ of error will lie to a judgment at law on an award, and cites Gilpin vs. Gilpin decided in 1793. But from his memorandum of that case, among others collected on the general subject o'f the powers of the courts over awards, it appears to have been in the Supreme Court. Perhaps he intended, in the marginal note, to refer to Lewden vs. Sawyer, in 1799, which was in the Court oí Appeals, on error to the court of Common Pleas, and was the case oí an award. See ante, p. 382. Note. [‡] See this case, ante, p. 384. Note.