Pickering v. Day

Ridgely, Chancellor, ad litem,.—The first question presented to the Court for its decision in this case is, whether' Charles H. B. Day, the defendant, consented to the use of the money collected by Clements as Deputy Collector, by the said Clements, or the firm of John F. Clements & Co., in their business of grain buying and speculating, as charged in the bill of complaint. For if such was the fact, it was a wrongful act of the defendant not communicated to, or assented to, by the sureties of Clements, and the consequences of such ivrongful act of the defendant must and ought to fall upon the party committing it. Is such consent of the defendant to the use of the public money proved in this case ? The allegations in the bill on this point are founded solely on information communicated to the complainant and his co-sureties by J. F. Clements after the 10th day of August, 1865, the day of the conference at Day’s office, in Dover, if we except the fact that many of Clement’s payments to the defendant were made' by drafts, drawm by J. F. Clements &>Co., on their factors in Hew York and Philadelphia, to whom they had consigned grain, which is alleged in the bill to be corroborative evidence of the truth of the information furnished by Clements. The answer persistently and unequivocally denies any such consent by the defendant. The answer is clearly responsive as to this point, and, to quote from an authority cited by one of the solicitors for the complainant while discussing the question now under consid — 353 — eration, 3d' Greenleaf on Evidence, Sec. 289, “ An answer “ which is responsive to the allegations, and charges made “ in the bill, and contains clear and positive denials thereof, “ must prevail unless it is overcome by the testimony of “ two witnesses to the substantial fact, or at least.by one “ witness and other attendant circumstances, which sup- “ ply the want of another witness, and thus destroy the “ statements of the answer, or demonstrate its incredibil- “ ity or insufficiency as evidence.” This being the rule laid down by approved writers on the subject, it becomes essential to consider whether there is any evidence in this case to overcome the answer on this point. The only witness adduced by the complainant to sustain the allegation in the bill, as to the consent of the defendant to the use of the public money is John F. Clements himself. His language on this point is as follows : “ I do not recol- “ lect what reply Mr. Day made, but I know that he didn’t “ object; my impression is that he gave his consent; I “ feel very sure Mr. Day did give his consent that I should “ use the public money in my business, as I do not know “ Mr. Prouse’s name was mentioned, but Mr. Day knew “ we were in business together. He did give his consent “ on the occasion of Mrs. Wilson’s funeral.” It is not necessary here to comment on the vagueness of the testimony of Clements in this particular, nor on the hesitancy with which he speaks of the consent of the defendant to the use of the public money. For the sake of the argument, let it be admitted that the testimony of Clements is positive and direct as to the consent of the defendant. How is his testimony on this point to be reconciled with the testimony of John H. Bate-man, a witness for the defendant, in which Mr. Bateman testifies that he was present at a conversation between the defendant and Clements, in which Clements, among other things, told Day that “ if navigation had not closed he — 354 — “ would have had funds sufficient to pay all his dues as “Deputy Collector, and' that he (Day) would not have “ known anything about it,”—referring to the use of the money ? This conversation, says Mr. Bateman, occurred at Day’s office, in Dover, about the latter part of January or the first part of February, 1865, which is long after the time when Clements says Day consented to the use of the public money. If Clements’ testimony is to be credited, how is it that Day would not have known of the use of the money when he had long before given his consent thereto ? But let us go still farther and admit, for the sake of the argument, that Bateman is mistaken and ought not to be credited, and that the testimony of Clements stands in no wise discredited, weakened or impaired. Is the fact that many of the payments made by Clements to Day were by drafts of John F, Clements & Co., drawn on their consignees in Philadelphia and Hew York, such an attendant or corroborating circumstance as, connected with the testimony of Clements, should overcome the positive and direct denial of the defendant in his answer ? I think not. The defendant, in his answer, states that his usual mode of doing business was, that he would go to the Farmers Bank and request of them a check on the Philadelphia Bank; and when he arrived in the city he would draw the money on this check from the Philadelphia Bank and pay the same over to the proper government officer; and J. P. Wild, the Cashier of the Farmers Bank at Dover, in his deposition in this case taken on the part of the defendant, corroborates the answer in this particular. A draft on a Philadelphia or Hew York commission merchant, in good standing, answered the purposes of the. defendant as well as a check on a Philadelphia bank. Mr. Clements was in the grain business before and at the time of his appointment as Deputy Collector, and this was — 355 — known to the defendant; and, being in the business of buying and speculating in grain, it is natural that he or the firm should have, from time to time, funds in the hands of their consignees, realized from the sale of the grain consigned to them; and as the drafts were more convenient to the defendant than the money, and therefore preferred by him, while, at the same time, the taking of them by the defendant as cash enabled the firm of John F. Clements & Co. to draw from their consignees the proceeds of their grain, and thus have the funds in their own hands for use, it was not at all strange that many of the payments were by drafts. In fact, it was a mutual accommodation to both parties, and from it no thought, or even suspicion, would necessarily or probably have arisen in the mind of the defendant that the public money was being used by Clements, or the firm of John F. Clements & Co., in their business. Upon the whole, therefore, applying the rule above quoted, taking into consideration the testimony of Clements on this point, vague and loose as it is, and, to say the least, weakened by the testimony of Bateman, and unsupported by any attendant circumstances that would have naturally created in the mind of the defendant a suspicion of the use of the public money, I am of the opinion that it has not been proved in this case that the defendant consented to the use of the public money by J. F. Clements or John F. Clements & Co., or that he knew of such use until about the first part of February or the latter part of January, A. D. 1865. Having disposed of that question, we will now consider whether the amount, as shown by the books of the defendant to be due from Clements to the defendant on the 10th day of August, A. D. 1865, was entitled to any credits for payments which had been made by Clements to the defendant, and which were not, but ought to have been credited. It is alleged and charged in the bill that two — 356 — checks on the Farmers Bank, at Dover, one dated April 29th, 1864, for $225.62, the other dated February 7th, 1865, for $2,000, drawn by John F. Clements & Co., in favor of .defendant, were payments made by Clements as Deputy Collector, and ought to have been credited to his account as such Deputy Collector. The answer denies that either of these checks was given in payment of any dues from Clements as Deputy Collector; or that his account as Deputy Collector ought to be credited with the amount of said checks, or either of them. The answer then states the circumstances and purposes for which the checks were given to the defendant; the check of $225.62 being given in payment of a note of William L. Hansel & Co., of Philadelphia, against John F. Clements, which note had been sent to FT. B. Smithers, Esq., for collection, but which he, on his departure from Dover, to take his seat as a member of Congress, had left with the defendant to be collected from John F. Clements ; and that the check for $2,000 was given to the defendant in payment of money loaned by the defendant to Clements. It is admitted in the written agreement of the solicitors for both parties, that the check for $225.62 was given to the defendant for the purpose stated in the answer, and no deduction from the amount shown due from Clements, as Deputy Collector, on the 10th day of August, 1865, is now claimed on account of said check. FTotbing is admitted by the solicitors in relation to the chéck for $2,000 above mentioned, and it is for the Court to decide upon the evidence in this cause whether the check for $2,000, dated April 7th, 1865, was a payment made to the defendant by Clements in the course of his business as Deputy Collector, or whether it was a payment made to Day for money by him loaned to John F. Clements. On this point there is but little room to doubt, and nothing is left for conjecture. The answer of the defendant in relation to this matter, is direct and positive, and is corroborated — 357 — in this particular by the testimony of Matthias Day, of John H. Bateman and William S. Prouse, witnesses in this cause for the defendant. Against them we have the weak belief of JohnF. Clements that the amount of said check ought to have been credited to his account as Deputy Collector. It is, I think, clearly proved that the check for $2,000 was given to Day in payment of money borrowed of him by Clements, and had no relation to or connection with the business of Clements as Deputy Collector. I am, therefore, of opinion that the checks referred to ought not to be credited on the account of the defendant against Clements as Deputy Collector, and that no deduction from the amount shown due from Clements as Deputy Collector by the books of the defendant on the 10th day of August, 1865, ought to be made for or on account of the money received by the defendant on the said two checks, or either of them. We are next brought to consider whether the complainant and his co-sureties are properly chargeable for any moneys collected by said Clements, as Deputy Collector, on taxes against the manufacturers of molasses from sorghum, and whether the amount shown due from Clements, as Deputy Collector, on the 10th day of August, 1865, ought to be abated or diminished by the amount admitted by the defendant in his answer to have been collected by Clements on taxes against the manufacturers of molasses from sorghum. This raises the question whether the defendant, as the Collector of Internal Revenue for the District of Delaware or John F. Clements, as his Deputy Collector, had any authority by law to collect any tax assessed on the manufacture of molasses from sorghum ? The bill alleges that neither the defendant nor his Deputy Collector had any lawful' authority to collect such tax, while the answer avers that the defendant and his Deputy Collector had such lawful authority. — 358 — In the discussion of this question at the bar the arguments of the solicitors for the complainant were confined to the construction of the act of Congress entitled, “An Act to provide internal revenue to support the Government, to pay interest on the public debt, and for other purposes,” approved June 30th, 1864; and we will now examine said act to ascertain whether, under the provisions therein contained, any tax is imposed on the manufacturers of molasses from sorghum. By Section 94 of the act aforesaid it is provided: “ That “ upon the articles, goods, wares, and merchandise hereinafter mentioned, except where otherwise provided, “ which shall be produced and sold, or be manufactured “ and sold, or be consumed or used by the manufacturer “ or producer thereof, or removed for consumption or “ for delivery to others than agents of the manufacturer “or producer within the United States or Territories the “ of, there shall be levied, collected and paid the following “ duties, to be paid by the producer or manufacturer there- “ of, that is to say,”—then follows the enumeration of certain articles, goods, wares and merchandise, and among others is, “ molasses, produced from the sugar cane,” and not from sorghum or imphee, “ a duty of five cents per gallon.” It is evident from the language here used that molasses made from sorghum or imphee is not subject to the specific duty of five cents per gallon; for it is, by positive words, expressly excepted from the duty of five cents per gallon; nor is molasses made from sorghum or imphee expressly, by words, taxed in the act. In a subsequent part of the same section occur these words: “ On all manufactures of cotton, wool, silk, worsted, flax, hemp, jute, in- “ dia rubber, gutta-percha, wood, willow, glass, pottery- “ ware, leather, paper, iron, steel, lead, tin, copper, zinc, “ brass, gold, silver, horn, ivory, bone, bristles, wholly or “ in part, or of other materials, not in this act otherwise — 359 — “ provided for, a duty of five per centum ad valorem.” Section 96 of the same act specifies and enumerates articles which are exempted from tax; and in this section, molasses made from sorghum or imphee, is not mentioned ; and it is, I think, clear that by this section such molasses is not exempted from duty. It is now for us to ascertain whether, from a fair construction and interpretation of the words last above quoted from Section 94, a duty of five per centum ad valorem is thereby imposed on molasses made from sorghum or imphee. Is sorghum a “ material” ? and is molasses made from sorghum a manufacture thereof? That these questions can admit of no other but an - affirmative answer is, I think, beyond all doubt. Then is such molasses otherwise provided for in said act ?—for if it is, it is not subject to the ad valorem tax of five per centum. From a careful examination of the provisions of the act relative to the matter now before us, I am forced to the conclusion that such molasses is not otherwise provided for in said act. It would be strange and unnatural to say that the clause imposing a tax of five cents on the gallon on molasses not manufactured from sorghum or imphee was a provision for molasses manufactured from sorghum; yet to such a point we are necessarily brought if we say that molasses manufactured from sorghum is not included in the words last above quoted from Section 94, and is not subject to the ad valorem duty of five per centum. To this I cannot assent; and as molasses made from sorghum is not exempted from tax by Section 96, or any other section of said act, I am of opinion that under the provisions of the act of Congress aforesaid, approved June 30th, 1864, molasses manufactured from sorghum or imphee is subject to a tax of five per centum ad valorem. In this opinion I am strengthened by acts of Congress passed since June 30th, 1864; one approved March 3d, 1865, in which, by the first section thereof, Section 96 of — 360 — the act of June 30th, 1864, is amended by inserting after the words, “ concentrated milk,” the words, “ cider, and “ cider-vinegar, and sugar, or molasses made from other “ articles than the sugar cane,” thereby exempting molasses made from sorghum or imphee; and the other, approved July 13th, 1866, in which, by Section 91 of said last mentioned act, sugar, molasses, or syrup, made from beets, corn, sugar-maple, or from sorghum or imphee, are exempted from all tax. If the Congress of the United States had, at the time of the passage of the act of June 30th, 1864, intended to exempt molasses made from sorghum from any tax or duty, is it not reasonable to presume that they would have' done so by the same expression, or expressions of a similar import as those employed for that purpose in the acts of Congress last above referred to V It will not do to say that the subject was not in the contemplation of Congress at the time of the passage of the act.of June 30th, 1864; for, in said act molasses made from sorghum or imphee is expressly excepted from the specific duty of five cents on the gallon by said act imposed on other molasses, thus conclusively showing that the matter of molasses produced from sorghum or imphee was expressly considered before and at the time when the act was passed. The answer, of the defendant in this case denies that any tax was collected from the manufacturers of molasses from sorghum after the passage of the act of March 3d, 1865;, and, as we have no proof on this point to the contrary, I am of the opinion that the tax collected by John F. Clements, as the Deputy Collector of the defendant, from the manufacterers of molasses from sorghum was collected under the authority of law, and that the amount shown by the books of the defendant to be due from Clements on the 10th day of August, 1865, orght not to be lessened or diminished for or on account of any money collected by Clements, as Deputy Collector, from the manufacturers of molasses produced from sorghum. — 361 — I am also of the opinion that the said amount shown to be due on the said 10th day of August, 1865, ought not to be lessened or diminished on account of any money which may have been due from said Clements while he was the Deputy Collector of Division Eo. 9, and before the execution of the bond in the penal sum of $10,000, which is admitted by the answer to have been executed and delivered to the defendant between the 1st and 20th days of October, 1863; because it is clearly manifest, as I think, from the answer of the defendant, and from the testimony of Clements himself, a witness of the complainant, that all the money which was due from Clements, as Deputy Collector of Division Eo. 9, and before the 1st day of October, 1863, was subsequently paid by him to the defendant, out of taxes collected properly applicable thereto, and that no part or share of the balance shown to be due from Clements as Deputy Collector on the said 10th day of August, 1865, had any connection with or relation to any money that may have been due from said Clements, as Deputy Collector of Division Eo. 9, and prior to October 1st, 1863. We are now brought to the consideration of the agreement entered on the back of the bond in the penal sum of $10,000, in which the complainant is one of the sureties, and the effect of such agreement; and in the consideration of this question the principles of law as to the appropriation of payments will necessarily be involved. The agreement is in the following words, viz: “August 10th, 1865. We agree that the true amount due on this “ bond is the sum of seven thousand six hundred and “ eighty dollars and thirty-eight cents, with interest from June 30th, 1865. Witness our hands and seals.” This agreement was signed and sealed by John F. Clements, the principal in said bond, and by each of the sureties therein named, in the "presence of E. B. Smithers, Esqv the subscribing witness thereto, and the formal execution — 362 — thereof is admitted. What are the circumstances that surrounded and attended the signing and sealing of the agreement? It appears that upon the suggestion of the defendant, made to Daniel L. McBride, one of the sureties in the bond in the penal sum of five thousand dollars, on the ninth day of August, 1865, John F. Clements and all his sureties in each of the bonds on the 10th day of August, 1865, met in the office of the defendant, in Dover, about one o’clock in the afternoon of that day. The accounts of the defendant with said Clements, as Deputy Collector, which had been balanced, as of June 30th, 1865, were shown to Clements, and assented to by him as correct. The balance then shown to be due from Clements,as Deputy Collector, was the sum of eleven thousand five hundred and twenty dollars and fifty-seven cents,-with interest from June 30th, 1865. Clements, being asked by one of the sureties what he proposed to do, replied that he was broken and could not pay; and he then offered to the defendant a bill of sale, signed by himself and partner, for three-fourths of a certain vessel,being their interest therein, for the consideration of $1,800. He also proposed to assign to the defendant certain other partnership effects. A discussion arose between the defendant and the sureties relative to these proposed transfers. Mr. Smithers was sent for, who came and expressed doubts as to the validity of the assignment of the partnership property as against the creditors of the firm of John F. Clements & Co. The sureties urged the defendant to enter the bonds against John F. Clements and issue execution, so as to secure for their benefit all that might be realized from the individual property of Clements before his other creditors had learned of his failure. The defendant remarked that as the amount then due from Clements, as Deputy Collector, was larger than the penalty of either of the bonds it was n§Q@gsary that they should agree among themselves what — 363 — amount should be collected on each of the bonds; and if they did not among themselves agree to the amount to be collected on each bond he would enter the bonds severally against the sureties and rest; and that he felt perfectly satisfied with the bonds which he had. The sureties objected to the entry of the bonds against themselves, as by such a proceeding the failure of Clements would be made known, and other creditors would seize upon the property of Clements; and injury to them, without any advantage, must be the necessary result of such a proceeding on the part of the defendant. A controversy then arose between the sureties on the respective bonds as to their liability thereon—the sureties in the bond in the penal sum of $10,000 contending that they were released from all liability thereon by the defendant having taken the subsequent boiid in the penal sum of $5,000 ; while the sureties in the latter bond contended that their bond was additional only, and'their liability therein did not begin until the whole penalty in the other bond had been applied to the indebtedness of Clements. Mr. Smithers was applied to, but declined to express an opinion on these questions, as he was counsel for the defendant. One of the sureties then went for other counsel, and soon returned with Eli Saulsbury Esq. who expressed the opinion, that the taking by the defendant of the subsequent bond, in the penal sum of $5,000, did not release the sureties on the bond in the penal sum of $10,000, and Mr. Smithers concurred in this opinion. Another question then arose, namely, whether the bond in which the complainant was a surety was security for any other taxes collected by Clements than those which were assessed according to the rates prescribed by law existing at the time of the execution of that bond. It does not appear, from any evidence in this case, that either Mr. Smithers or Mr. Saulsbury was, at that time, consulted professionally relative to this matter; but it — 364 — seems, from the testimony -of Mr. Green, that this point was suggested by Mr. Saulsbury. After further discussion and controversy between the sureties, (the defendant all the time expressing his determination not to execute the bonds against John F. Clements unless the sureties would, as between themselves, agree to the amount to be collected on, each of the bonds,) it was agreed that the amount to be collected on each bond should be in proportion to the penalty thereof, and that all questions between the sureties themselves on the respective bonds, as to their liability thereon, and the amount which, as between themselves, they should respectively contribute, should be referred to Messrs. FT. B. Smithers and Eli Saulsbury for amicable adjustment, with power in them, in case of disagreement, to call in a third person. In accordance with this understanding, the entry was indorsed on the bonds, and signed and sealed by the respective obligors therein, and the agreement to refer to arbitration was drawn by Mr. Smithers, executed by all the sureties, and handed t'a Mr. Saulsbury for safe keeping. After this, the parties, who had been together from six to eight hours, left the office of the defendant. Such being the circumstances immediately connected with the execution of the agreement indorsed on the bonds and of the agreement to refer all matters of difference between the sureties themselves to arbitration, let us consider whether there was any consideration ibr the agreement indorsed on the bond in the penal sum of $10,000, or, in other words, whether there was anything due from John F. Clements, as Deputy Collector of Division Flo. 4, under the bond in the penal sum of $10,000. It was contended by the solicitor for the complainant that the bond in the penal sum of $10,000, in which the complainant was a surety, and which was executed sometime in the month of October, 1863, was security for the faithful execution by Clements of the duties of his office of Deputy Collector, and for thepayment by him of all taxes by him collected., — 365 — which were assessed according to the rates prescribed by law in force and operative at the time the bond was executed, and that the complainant and his co-sureties cannot be held liable, under the bond, for any taxes which might have been collected by Clements, and which were assessed at rates prescribed by laws enacted since the execution of that bond. The solicitor for the defendant admitted, for the sake of this case, such to be the law. In considering the case, therefore, I shall do so on the hypothesis that the principle of law, as above stated by the solicitor for the complainant and assented to in this ease by the-solicitor for the defendant, is correct, and I shall assume such to be the settled law. It was further contended in the argument for the complainant, that as the bond in which the complainant was a surety was only liable for the taxes which were assessed at the rates prescribed by the act of Congress, approved July 1st, 1862, and not for any taxes which were assessed at rates prescribed by any law passed since October, 1863, and as Clements had made several payments to the defendant which neither he nor the defendant had appropriated, the law would apply these several payments of Clements in discharge of the lists of taxes which were first delivered to him for collection, after his appointment.as Deputy Collector of Division Ho. 4; and as all the payments made by Clements since October, 1863, are equal, if not in excess of the amount of the lists of the taxes assessed at .the rates prescribed by the act of Congress, approved July 1st, 1862, nothing remained due from Clements on the bond in which the complainant was a surety, and consequently there was no basis or consideration for the agreement indorsed on this bond. The general rule of law as to the appropriation of payments is, that the debtor has the right, if he pleases, to make the appropriation; if he omits it the creditor may. make it; if both omit, the law will apply the payments — 366 — according to its'own notions of justice; and,in cases of long and running accounts, where debts and credits are perpetually occurring, and no balances are otherwise adjusted than for the mere purpose of making rests, payments ought to be applied to extinguish the debts according to the priority of. time, so that the credits are to be deemed payments pro tanto of the debts antecedently due. United States, vs. Kirkpatrick and others, 9th Wheaton, 720. This general rule, however, like most general rules, is subject to exceptions. In my opinion the present case is an exception to' the general rule; and the rule above quoted is not, I think', applicable to the case before us. In the ease of Stone vs. Seymour and Bourk, 15th Wendall, 19, decided by the' Court of Errors of the State of Kew York, the doctrine. as to the appropriation of payments was very much considered and discussed by the Court; and it was held in that dose, that where payments were made by a Collector of tolls, after a new bond, with new sureties, was given by him, and there were no directions to appropriate, or circumstances from which an intention on the part of the Collector to appropriate such payments to any particular items of .indebtedness could be inferred, and the moneys, when received by the accounting officer, were placed generally to the credit of the Collector, on the general account kept with him, the sureties in the first bond were not entitled to credit for the payments made subsequent to the execution of the second bond—the new sureties being entitled to the benefit of such payments to countervail the claims existing against the Collector for moneys received by him as tolls after the accruing of their liability.■; In the case of The United States vs. January and Patterson, 7th Cranch, 572, it was held that where the receiver is a public officer, not interested in the event of the suit, and whoheceives on account of the United States; where the payments are discriminately made; and where different sureties, under distinct obligations, are interest — 367 — ed, it will be generally admitted that moneys arising due and collected subsequently to the execution of the second bond cannot be applied to the discharge of the first bond without manifest injury to the sureties in the second bond, and, vice versa. Justice between the different'sureties can only be done by reference to the Collector’s books. In that ease the Supervisor had kept one account only against the Collector, and the Supervisor had promised the sureties in the first bond to apply the payments made by the Collector to the first bond, and if all the payments made by the Collector had been so applied, the first bond would have been discharged; yet the Court held that such promise of the Supervisor did not bihd the United States,and the Court would not apply thejpayments made, after the execution of the second bond to the first in discharge thereof. . In the case of The United States vs. Echjord’s executors, 1st Howard, 250; and in the case of Jones vs. The United States, 7th Howard, 681, the rule laid down by the Court in the case of The United States vs. January and Patterson was commented on and reaffirmed; and in the case of Jones vs. The United States, above cited, the Supreme Court of the United States used this language: “In instances of official “ bonds, executed by the principal, at different times, with “ separate and distinct sets of sureties,this Court has settled “ the law to be that the responsibility of the separate sets “ of sureties must have reference to, and be limited by, the “ periods for which they respectively undertake, by their “ own contract, and that neither the misfeasance nor non- “ feasance of the principal, nor any cause of responsibility “ oceuring within the period for which onp.set of sureties “have undertaken, can be transferred to the period for “ which alone another set have made themselves answer- “ able.” Upon sound policy and justice to the different sureties in the two bonds given by Clements to the defendant — 368 — in this case, and from adjudicated decisions, I think that in the absence of any application of payments by the parties themselves the law. would appropriate the payments from collections of taxes assessed under the provisions of law in force at the time of the execution of the bond in which the complainant was a surety, to that bond; and to the bond in which Daniel L. McBride is a surety would apply the payments made from collections of taxes imposed by the provisions of law in force at the date thereof, to wit: October 13th, 1864. And, in the absence of any appropriation by the parties, it would be the duty of this Court to examine into the accounts of the defendant with said Clements, and from the best lights which all the evidence in the case afforded, to apportion the amount of the defalcation of Clements between the two sets of sureties according to the principle announced above. From this duty, however, the Court is relieved in the present case, if the agreements indorsed on the bonds are to remain in force and not be disturbed by this Court. For, in the view which I take'of this matter, the entry indorsed on the bonds is an appropriation of the payments which had been made by Clements, as Deputy Collector, towards each of the bonds, and a division between the two sets of sureties of the amount of the defalcation of Clements, and an ascertainment of the amount for which each set of sureties was liable, so far as the defendant himself was concerned; but as between themselves the proportion which each set was to contribute, with other questions of difference among themselves, was, by an agreement of the sureties entered into at the same time with the indorsements on the bonds, referred to the amicable decision of arbitrators chosen by themselves. Will this Court now disturb the agreement of the parties entered into on the 10th day of August, 1865, And reapply the payments which have been made by C lements ? — 369 — An examination into the accounts of the defendant with Clements, as Deputy Collector, and of the several payments made by Clements, will—applyingthe doctrine now held relative to the appropriation of payments, where there are two or more official bonds with different sets of sureties—show that a breach of the condition of both bonds has been committed, and justice demands that each bond should bear its proportion of the loss. We thus see that there is a basis or consideration for the agreement indorsed on the bonds. Was the agreement indorsed on the bonds illegal in itself? Was it procured by or through the fraud of the defendant ?—or was there any ignorance or mistake of facts on the part of the complainant and his co-sureties, which it was necessary or material for them to have known or understood at the time of the indorsement on the bonds ? An affirmative answer to either of these questions would call for the interposition of a court of equity in behalf of the party aggrieved. It was not pretended, in the argument, that the indorsement on the bonds contravened any principle of law, or that it was in itself illegal; nor was it contended that there was any actual fraud on the part of the defendant; but it was contended that there was, on the part of the defendant, constructive fraud, by his not communicating to the sureties certain facts which were in his possession and unknown to them. We have already stated briefly the most prominent facts immediately connected with the execution of the agreements on the bonds, as they appear from the evidence in the case. The answer positively denies that there was any-fraud, actual or constructive, on the part of the defendant, or that he withheld or misstated any facts within his knowledge, which it was material or essential for the sureties to know or understand before the signing by them of the indorsements on the bonds. What was the cause or inducement which led to the signing of the indorsements ? — 370 — The sureties were all anxious that the defendant should enter the bonds against Clements and issue execution immediately, and thus secure all that could be saved to them from the individual property of Clements before his other creditors had learned his pecuniary condition; and they were urgent in their endeavors to get him to do so. The defendant would not consent to this unless the sureties would agree among themselves what proportion of the amount of the defalcation should be collected • on each bond; and at the same time he told the sureties that, unless they would agree among themselves to the amount to be collected on each bond, he would enter the bonds severally against all the sureties and there rest. Was there anything improper in this ? If the doctrine above laid down as to the appropriation of payments on official bonds,where there are different sets of sureties, be correct, it would have been necessary for the defendant,in case the sureties had not agreed to the amount to be collected on each bond,before he could have issued execution on the judgments obtained on the bonds, to have gone carefully over all the accounts of Clements, as Deputy Collector, from the first of October, 1863, until he was removed, embracing a period of about one year and eight months, and to have apportioned the payments to the bonds according to the principle above stated. This would necessarily have required some time. The sureties were very anxious to avoid all delay, lest other creditors might seize upon Clements’ property in advance of them. It is evident, as I think, that the cause or inducement that influenced the sureties to sign the indorsements on the bonds was, that by so doing the defendant would issue execution against Clements and thus save them whatever amount would be realized from his individual property before his other creditors could have execution against him. It was for the benefit of the sureties alone, and no advantage could have accrued to the defendant — 371 — therefrom, unless it be from the time and trouble which he must otherwise have taken to have ascertained the true amount due on each bond. It was contended, in the argument, that there were facts connected with this case of which the sureties, at the time of the conference in the office of the defendant, August 10th, 1865, were ignorant,and which, had they known,they would not have signed the indorsement on the bonds. But what facts are there, material or essential for them to have known, and which they then did not know or understand ? According to the view which I take of this case, the defendant never consented to the use of the public money by Clements, or the firm of John F. Clements & Co., or by any other person; no payments had been made by Clements, as Deputy Collector, which had not been properly credited to his account by the defendant; no payment from collections of taxes, assessed since the execution of the bond in the penal sum of $10,000, bad been applied by the defendant in discharge of Clements’ liability under the first bond in the penal sum of $15,000, and the tax which had been collected by Clements from the manufacturers of molasses from sorghum was, in my opinion, collected under proper authority of law. It is asserted, however., that the defendant concealed from the complainant the true state of the accounts of Clements, as Deputy Collector, and that such concealment amounts to constructive fraud on the part of the defendant. The only evidence we have of any application by the complainant to the defendant for information as to the accounts of Clements, is the conversation which is stated in the answer to have occurred in the early part of June, 1865, on the street, in Dover, as the defendant was going to the Farmers Bank. In that conversation I can discover no misstatement or concealment on the part of the defendant. It is true, the defendant did not inform the complainant — 372 — of the amount Clements was then in arrears; hut he was not interrogated as to the amount, nor did the complainant go to the office of the defendant on that occasion, or make any request to see the accounts of Clements. The defendant responded directly to the questions propounded to him by the complainant, and, as far as there is any evidence to show, truthfully. It was maintained in the argument that the sureties, at the time of the signing of the indorsement on the bonds, did not know that the liability under the bonds extended only to the taxes assessed at rates prescribed by the law in force at the time the bonds were respectively executed. This, at best, is a question of law, and not of fact. But the evidence clearly-proves that this "very matter was discussed by the sureties at the time of the signing of the indorsements, and is one of the questions which, in the agreement entered into by .the sureties themselves, is specially referred to Messrs. Eli Saulsbury and Nathaniel B. Smithers for amicable arbitrament. It is further contended for the complainant that the sureties, on the 10th day of August, 1865, were ignorant that the defendant had not been reappointed to his office, and had not given new bond since the passage of the act of Congress,'approved June 30th, 1864, and that Clements had not been reappointed Deputy Collector since the approval of said act. These questions will be considered hereafter, and all I propose to say at this time relative to these'points is that, assuming the law to be settled that the bond in which the complainant is a surety is only liable for the taxes imposed by law as the law existed at the time of the execution of that bond, it was not, in my opinion, essential or material for the complainant or his co-sureties to have known these facts at the time they executed the agreement indorsed on their bond. In 1st Story’s Equity Jur. Section 157, the author, commenting on the evidence on which a court of — 373 — equity will relieve against contracts, says: “ Relief will be granted in the case of written instruments only where there is a plain mistake, clearly made out by satisfactory proof,”—“ and it forbids relief wherever the evidence is loose, equivocal or contradictory, or is in its texture open to doubt or opposing presumptions.” Is there, in this case, a plain mistake of facts (for it is admitted in the argument that a mistake in law alone will not be sufficient ground to afford relief, and such is the well settled law) on the part of the complainant and his co-sureties clearly made out by proof satisfactory to the Court ? I think not. The parties were together, at the office of the defendant, on the 10th day of August, 1865, from five to seven hours. The books and accounts of the defendant with Clements, ■as Deputy Collector, were open to the inspection and examination of all concerned; the defendant was present, •ready to make any exhibition and explanation of the accounts that might have been required of him. Discussions arose, between the sureties as to the extent and amount of their liability under their respective bonds. Eminent counsel were sent for and came, and could have furnished any legal information which the parties might have desired in reference to the matter then before them. These counsel remained until the close of the conference. Clements was present; and, if the answer is to be credited, examined the accounts and assented to them as correct. ■ ■ Eo concealment or . misrepresentation of any fact was made by the defendant on that occasion, if the evidence before us is to be believed. Will the Court, maturely .considering all the facts and circumstances- which have been proved in this case, interfere with this agreement, executed on the back of the bond with so much solemnity and after such serious consideration ? I think not. Eor, according to the view which I take of this case, will the different sets of sureties in the bond be aggrieved by the — 374 — apportionment which they made on the respective bonds. A careful examination of the accounts of the defendant with John F. Clements, as Deputy Collector, and of the several payments made by said Deputy Collector, at the same time keeping in remembrance the acts of Congress under which the taxes were assessed, so as not to be misled by the dates at which the lists were delivered to Clements, will, I think—applying the different payments according to the rule laid down above, where there are official bonds, with different sets of sureties—show that the apportionment by them of their liability under each bond is not very far different from what this Court would have made in the absence of any agreement between the parties. At the same time that the indorsement on the bonds was signed, an agreement between the sureties themselves was executed for the purpose of correcting among themselves any wrong or injury which might be done to either set of sureties by the execution of the entry on the back of the bonds; and the same eminent counsel who were present at the conference at the office of the defendant were selected by the sureties to decide, as between the sureties themselves, what proportion of the amount of Clements’ defalcation should be borne by each set of sureties, as well as all other questions of difference between them. If, therefore, the amount indorsed on the bond in which the complainant is a surety is larger than it ought to be, the complainant and his co-sureties can call upon the sureties in the bond in which McBride is a surety for contribution ; and vice versa if the amount indorsed on the bond in which McBride is a surety is more than it ought to be, he and his co-sureties can call upon the complainant and his co-sureties for contribution. This agreement between the sureties themselves was not only proper but eminently wise and judicious under the circumstances. In the anxiety and haste of the sureties to have an exe — 375 — cution issued against Clements before any of bis other creditors had learned of his pecuniary embarrassment, there was neither time nor opportunity to have examined carefully into all the accounts and payments of Clements, and to have ascertained the exact and true amount due on each bond. Therefore, to guard against any act which, as among themselves,might work wrong or injury to the one or the other set of sureties, they entered between themselves into the agreement, stated in the answer, referring their matters of difference to Eli Saulsbury, and E. B. Smithers, Esquires. The indorsement on the bonds and the agreement to refer to arbitration were one and the same transaction concurrent with and dependent on each other. For it is clearly proved, that if the agreement to refer to arbitration had not been signed by the complainant and his co-sureties, the indorsement on the bond in $5000 would not have been executed by McBride. If the Court is to disturb the indorsements on the bonds, it must also interfere with the agreement of reference; for, as before stated, they form parts of one entire transaction. Such an interposition by the Court would destroy the arrangement made by the different sets of sureties amicably to settle all matters of difference between them arising out of their suretyship. After a careful consideration of the agreement on the bonds and the agreement to refer to arbitration, and of all the facts and circumstances connected therewith, I am of the opinion that this Court ought not to disturb or interfere with either the agreement indorsed on the bonds or the agreement of the sureties to leave their matters of difference to reference for amicable adjustment. It was contended, however, that the defendant in this case ought to have discharged Clements from his office as Deputy Collector as soon as he learned of the use by Clements of the public money, which, by the answer, is — 376 — admitted to be about the first of February, 1865. Let us now consider this point. What was the contract of the complainant and his co-sureties ? For this we must look-to the bond itself. It is not necessary here,to set forth the bond in full, but the condition, in substance, is that said Clements shall faithfully collect all rates and taxes which he shall be required to collect, or which may be committed to him for collection, and shall pay over all such taxes at such times and in such manner as said Day shall direct; •and further, that he shall in all respects perform the duties of his office of Deputy Collector with fidelity. It will be seen from the condition of the bond that there were three matters for which the complainant and his co-sureties contracted ;—1st, that Clements should collect the taxes; 2nd, that he should pay over all such taxes; and 3rd, that he should perform with fidelity all the duties of his office of Deputy Collector. The use of the public money by Clements and his neglect to pay it over when required to' do so by the defendant was clearly a breach of the condition of the bond, and against such a breach the complainant and his co-sureties had expressly contracted. Shall it now be said that, because an act has been committed which the complainant andhis co-sureties had given bond should not be done, he and they should be discharged from all liability after the act committed ? It was a breach of the condition of the bond that Clements did not pay over the taxes whenever he was required to do so by the defendant; yet it appears by the answer that it frequently happened that Clements did not pay over when he was required to do so. Would it be pretended that because Clements did not pay at the very first time he was required to pay he should have been discharged from his office by the defendant, and that the sureties are not to be held liable for subsequent misconduct of Clements ? If not in the one case, how can it be in the other? The use of the public money by Clem — 377 — ents in his business was a breach of the condition of his bond, and so was his neglect to pay over his collections when required by the defendant. It is a well settled principle of law that whenever a creditor, without the knowledge and consent of the surety, makes a valid contract with his principal debtor, thereby extending the time for payment, the surety is discharged. And why ? Because the surety may well say, “ non in heecfcedera veni.” It is also well settled that the mere consent to the delay of payment because the principal debtor had not the ability to pay presently, and without any new consideration, does not discharge the surety (Sailly vs. Elmore, 2 Paige Chancery Reports, 500; McLemore vs. Powell and others, 12 Wheaton, 554). If the defendant in this case, when he learned of the use of the public money by Clements had consented or agreed to such improper use, the argument of the solicitor for the complainant on this point might have had force, and it might well have been a question whether the sureties were not discharged. But the evidence is that when the defendant was apprised of the improper use of the money he reproved Clements for such official misconduct, and did so more than once. Besides, there is no proof that the public money was used by Clements in his business, or the business of John F. Clements & Co., after the first of February, 1865. In fact, the presumption is that the public money was not used by Clements after that time; for on the first day of February, 1865, the amount of the indebtedness of Clements, as Deputy Collector, was nearly two thousand dollars larger than the amount he admitted to be due on the 10th day of August, 1865. In the case of The United States vs. Kirkpatrick and others, 9 Wheaton 720, it was held that where the law requires quarterly or other perodical accounts and settlements, a mere omission to bring suit upon' the neglect of the officer or agent to account will not discharge his sureties; and the Court in commenting upon this branch of the case then before — 378 — them, among other things, say: “ It is admitted that mere loches, unaccompanied with fraud, forms no discharge of a contract of this nature, between private individuals.” Such is the clear result of the authorities. In the case of The United States vs. Vanzandt, 11 Wheaton, 184, it was held that the omission of the proper officer to recall a delinquent paymaster under the injunction of the 4th section of the act of 24th of April, 1816, does not discharge his surety. The provisions of said act required that a paymaster who failed to render his vouchers to the paymaster-general for settlement of his accounts for more than six months after he had received funds should be recalled, and another appointed in his place. In that case the paymaster had failed to render his accounts to the paymaster-general for settlement within the time required, and he had not been recalled, and additional funds had been subsequently placed in his hands; yet it was decided by the Court that his surety was not discharged from any liability which had occurred after his failure to render his vouchers for settlement. If the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in the case just above cited be correct, and its soundness, so far as I know, has never been questioned, how can the complainant and his co-sureties complain because the defendant did not remove Clements from office as soon as he had learned of the improper use of the money ? There is no provision of law requiring that a Deputy Collector should be removed under such circumstances; nor was it any part of the contract of the complainant and his co-sureties with the defendant. I can discover no wrong or injury done or committed to the complainant and his co-sureties in this case by the continuance of Clements, as Deputy Collector,after the defendant had learned of the use by him of the public money. On the contrary, it seems that the complainant and his co-sureties were benefited by his being continued in office ; for, as before stated, the indebtedness of Clements, as Deputy Collector, to the de — 379 — fendant, was nearly two thousand dollars in excess of the amount agreed to be due from him on the 10th day of August, 1865. Besides, it appears by the answer that Clements was actually removed from office on the 15th day of July, 1865, and that no lists of taxes had been committed to him for collection after June 30th, 1865. I am of the opinion that the continuance of Clements as Deputy Collector and the delivery to him of new lists of taxes for collection, after the defendant had been apprised of the improper use by Clements of the public money, are not sufficient grounds for the discharge of the complainant and his co-sureties from any of the liability under the aforesaid bond. I now propose to consider the necessity of the defendant in this case giving new bond after the passage of the act of Congress of June 30th, 1864. I will first premise, however, by stating that, according to the view which I take of this case, and as hereinbefore expressed, I do not think it incumbent on the Court to express an opinion on the question before us in the present case. But as this point was pressed with great force, and argued with much ability by one of the solicitors for the complainant, and as it is a vital point in the case of McBride vs. this defendant, in which case I do not propose to give a written opinion, I feel it my duty here to express, in writing, my views in relation thereto. It was contended by the solicitor for the complainant, that Section 173 of the act of Congress of June 30th, 1864, repealed the act of July 1st, 1862, entitled, “ An Act to provide internal revenue to support thé “ Goverment and pay interest on the public debt,” under which the defendant was appointed Collector of Internal Bevenue for the District of Delaware, except certain portions thereof, which are expressly saved by the repealing section; that the effect of such repeal, except as to the savings, is a complete deletion or wiping out of the act — 380 — repealed, as fully to all intents and purposes as if said act had never existed. Of the truth and force of this argument there cannot, I think, be any doubt. But let us see what are the savings in the act of July 1st, 1862, which are excepted from the consequences of the repeal thereof. It is not necessary to enumerate all of them, but only such as bear upon the case before us. We find in Section 173 of the act of June 30th, 1864, among other exceptions, the following : “ and, excepting further, all provisions of said act which “ create the offices of Oommisioner of Internal Revenue, “ Assessor, Assistant Assessor, Collector, Peputy Collec- “ tor, and Inspector, and provide for the appointment and “ qualification of said officers. The same section afterward continues as follows : “ Provided that all the pro- “ visions of said acts shall be in force for levying and col- “ lecting all taxes, duties and licenses, properly assessed “ or liable to be assessed, or accruing under the provisions t‘ of former acts, or drawbacks the right to which has al- “ ready accrued or which may hereafter accrue under said “ acts, and for maintaining and continuing liens, fines, “ penalties, and forfeitures incurred under and by virtue “ thereof,” and for “ carrying out and completing all pro- “ ceedings which have been already commenced, or that “ maybe commenced, to enforce such fines, penalties, and “ forfeitures, all criminal proceedings under said acts, and “ for the punishment of crimes of which any party has been “ or shall be found guilty. And provided further, That no “ office created by the said acts and continued by this act “ shall be vacated by reason of any provisions herein con- “ tained; but the officers heretofore appointed shall con- “ tinue to hold the said offices without re-appointment.” It will be seen, as I think, clearly by the language above quoted from the repealing section of the act of June 30th, 1864, that the office of Collector of Internal Revenue was continued, and the Collector himself continued in office, and saved from the effect of the repeal of the act July 1st, 1862, — 381 — Indeed, it was admitted in the argument of the solicitor for the complainant, that the defendant in this case was continued in office by the savings aforesaid, and that his re-appointment by the President of the United States after June 30th, 1864 was not necessary. But it was contended that before he could perform any of the duties of his office, or legally continue therein, it was necessary for him to give a new bond, and the argument was founded on the words used in Section 9 of the Act of June 30th, 1864. What does Section 9 say ? “ Be it farther enacted, that before any collector shall enter upon the duties of his office “ he shall execute a bond for such amount' as shall be pre- “ scribed by the Commissioner of Interna;! Revenue, un- “ der the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, with “ not less than five sureties,to be approved by the Solicitor “ of the Treasury, conditioned that said collector shall “ faithfully perform the duties of his office according to law, “ and shall justly and faithfully account for and pay over “ to the United States, in compliance with the order or “ regulation of the Secretary of the Treasury, all public “ monies which may come into his hands or possession; “ which bond shall be filed in the office of the First Comp- “ troller of the Treasury. And such collector shall, from “ this time, renew, stregthen and increase his official bond “ as the Secretary of the Treasury may direct, with such “ further conditions as the said commissioner shall prescribe.” Was it the intention of Congress, to be gathered from the words last above quoted, to require that every collector who had been continued in office by the saving clauses of Section 173 should give a new bond béfore he could lawfully perform any of the duties which devolved upon him under the provisions of the Act of June 30th, 1864? The "words are that “ before any collector shall enter upon the duties of his office, he shall,” &c. The. words “ any collector” certainly are broad, and taken by themselves would — 382 — include collectors continued in office as well as those who were newly appointed; but the other words, “ before he .enters upon the duties of his office,” to my mind have a .restraining effect, and limit the words “any collector” to those newly commissioned. How can it be said that a collector who is continued in office and already in enters upon the duties of his office? The defendant in this case entered upon the duties of his office in 1862, and has continued in the discharge thereof up to the present time by virtue of the savings in Section 173 of the Act of June 30, 1864. The whole argument of the solicitor for the complainant, who pressed this point with so much earnestness upon the Court, was based on the assumption that by the repeal of the act of July 1st, 1862, the defendant was out of his office of Collector, and had to commence anew; find the illustrations referred to by him under the statutes of our own State were cases in which a failure to give bond within the time prescribed were by the terms of the .law itself ipso facto a forfeiture of office. In the present case, as we have before seen, the office and officer were both continued by the savings aforesaid. In the case of the Bank of the United States vs. Dandridge, 12 Wheaton, 64, it was held that where a cashier was duly appointed and permitted to act in his office for a long time under the sanction of the directors, it was not necessary that his official bond should be accepted by the Board of Directors as satisfactory according to the terms of the charter in order to enable him to enter legally upon the duties of his office. In that case one of the fundamental articles of the charter required that each cashier or treasurer, before he enter on the duties of his office, should give bond, with two or more sureties, to the satisfaction of the directors, in a sum not less than $50,000,with a condition for his good behavior and the faithful performance of his duties to the corporation. The Supreme Court of the United States say that the — 383 — charter and by-laws of the bank must be considered as directory to the Board of Directors, and not as conditions precedent, and that the cashier could legally discharge the duties of his office without first giving bond, as directed by the fundamental article. It will be seen that the words in the fundamental article of the bank charter are very similar, and certainly as; strong as the language in Section 9 of the act of June 30th, 1864. In the case of The United States vs. Vanzandt, heretofore cited on another point, the language of the act of Congress requiring the recall of a paymaster who failed to render his accounts for settlement to the paymaster general within the time prescribed by said act was equally as sti-ong, if not stronger, than the language of said Section 9. Yet the same Court say, that this provision is merely directory to the officer, and intended for the security and protection of the goverment by insuring punctuality and responsibility; but they form no part of the contract with the surety. In the ease of The United States vs. Kirkpatrick:, above cited from 9 Wheaton, 720, the same principle is announced by the Court. I can discern no difference,in principle, between the cases last above cited and the point now under consideration in this case; and from principle and adjudicated decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States and of other States, I think that the provision of Section 9 of the act of Congress of June 30, 1864, are directory only, and not conditions precedent, and.that such provisions were inserted in the said act for the benefit and protection of the Government. A contrary doctrine would place in the hands of the Secretary of the Treasury the power to clog the wheels of the Government and to destroy the whole machinery for the collection of the necessary funds to support the Government and pay the interest on the public debt. And, although the consequences which might result should never influence a court to decide a case contrary — 384 — to the well established principles of law, yet it will scarcely be pretended that the Congress of the United States intended to place such unlimited powers in the hands of the Secretary of the Treasury, or any other of its officers. At the time of the passage of the Act of June 30th, 1864, there were a large number, some two or three hundred collectors of internal revenue in the country, who were continued in office by the said act; and, if the doctrine of the solicitor for the complainant is correct, none of these officers had any legal authority to collect any tax imposed by said act until they gave new bonds. The amount for which the bond is to be given must be prescribed by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury. Suppose the Secretary of the Treasury failed or neglected to give any instructions ? We have some three hundred collectors in office, but without the authority to collect one cent of the taxes intended for the support of the Government. I do not think that Congress ever intended to place it in the power of any officer to throw the whole country into such a dilemma; nor do I think that the words of the act itself will sustain the construction given by the complainant’s solicitor. It is to be presumed that the Secretary of the Treasury is acquainted with the duties of his office and with the laws relating thereto; and that if he considered it necessary for the defendant in this case to have given new bond after June 30th, 1864, he would have required one of him. We know not what the condition of the official bond of the defendant may be; but it was competent for him and his sureties to have contracted for the faithful discharge of the duties of his office under the law as it then existed,- and under- all future laws that might be enacted by Congress. Such may be the condition of his official bond, and the Secretary of the Treasury may deem it sufficient. But, to lay aside all surmises and presumptions, I am of — 385 — the opinion that, according to the settled principles of law, as I understand them, it was not necessary for the defendant in this case to have given a new bond after the passage of the act of June 30th, 1864, to enable him lawfully to continue in the discharge of the duties of the office of Collector of Internal Revenue for the District of Delaware, and that the sureties of the said John F. Clements on his two aforesaid official bonds as Deputy Collector are not discharged from any liability by reason of the said defendant not giving new bond after the passage of said act of June 30th, 1864. I have now considered all the questions raised by the bill, answer, and proofs, which were necessary and material to be ’ considered by the Court for a correct decision of this case. There were other grave points pressed upon the Court by the counsel, upon which I have not deemed it necessary to express an opinion, as I did not consider them material for me to decide upon, according to the view which I have taken of the case. I have also expressed, as briefly as I could under the circumstances, and I know very imperfectly, some of the principal reasons which have influenced my mind in the conclusions at which I have arrived. The case was ably argued at the bar, and pressed with much force and earnestness by the solicitors for both parties; and the learning exhibited in the arguments has materially assisted me in my consideration of the subject. I have felt less embarrassment in deciding the case than I should otherwise have experienced if from my decision there were no appeal; but'if the complainant and his co-sureties feel themselves aggrieved by the conclusions to which I have arrived, they can seek their redress in another tribunal, where the decisions of this Court may be reviewed, and where the experience, learning and ability of the. — 386 — judges who there preside will correct any errors into which I may have fallen. Let the injunction be dissolved, and a decree entered ■ accordingly.