Bryan v. Aikin

The Chancellor. The bill in this case was filed by testa- mentary tmstees seeking instructions whether shares of stock distributed by the Delaware Railroad Company, under the circumstances set forth in the statement of the case, belong to the life tenant or are to be held by the tmstees as part of the corpus of the estate. Certain facts are established respecting the new shares: (1) They were part of an increased issue of shares of capital stock described as representing (and in fact representing) earnings of the company which had theretofore been expended by the company in permanently increasing the — 8 — plant of the company, its railroad; (2) the earnings which had been so expended were earned and so expended during certain stated years, which period was since the death of the testator; (3) the market value of the old shares has not been and will not be materially affected by the issuance of the new shares and are in fact salable on the market for more money than they cost either the testator or the trustees. The question as fed the dispostion of these shares of stock is distinctly raised in this case in the courts of Delaware for the first time, and this court is, therefore, untrammeled in deciding the case by any precedent here. There is no testamentary guide. By the will of James C. Aikin the trustees are directed to pay to the life tenant the net income, interest and dividends on the trust fund, and this language does not indicate the intention of the. testator as to the' point disputed. Even the use of the word “dividends” does not, according to all the cases, indicate such intention. Besides, though part of the shares held by the trustees were those held by the testator in his life, there was no express reference to them or gift of them in specie in trust, and the events which made the distribution possible occurred so long after his death that it could not reasonably be claimed that it was contemplated by him or provided for in his will. Among all the contrariety of views relating to the disposition by the corporation of its earnings certain principles are considered to be established. It is within the power of the corporation to distribute or withhold earnings from the stockholders; to use them to extend, improve and increase the plant and material business facilities; and having so made them part of the physical assets of the company to permanently capitalize them by increasing the capital stock and issuing to the-shareholders new shares to represent the accumulations. Within the limits of good faith, the power of the company to so deal with the earnings of the company is not subject to judicial control. A corporation cannot lawfully distribute among its stockholders any portion of its capital as dividends, or otherwise decrease its capital. Dividends must be from the earnings or profits. The respective rights of life tenants and remaindermen in the — 9 — extraordinary and unusual distributions made by a corporation have puzzled the courts for many years, and several more or less well defined rules have been evolved. These rules depend on whether the distribution is of earnings or capital, and some on the character of the distribution even when made from earnings. In any event and in every case the court must base its conclusions on whether the fund distributed represents earnings, pa=t or current, or a reduction or change of capital from the form in which it existed originally, or represents the enhanced value of the capital caused otherwise than by an accumulation of earnings, for it seems to be settled, that whatever may be the rule respecting the division of earnings, the dividends (so called) from other things belong to capital. When a distribution to stockholders represents a reduction in capital in dissolution, or otherwise, or a mere enhancement of the value of its capital assets, due to unusual conditions of a commercial or economic character, or due to other causes than the accumulation of earnings of the company, there is not much disagreement as to the disposition thereof, and in general such distributions, in whatever form made, belong to the corpus or principal and not income. So also it is agreed that such examination will be made of the action of the company as is necessary to ascertain whether the distribution is of earnings or represents that which has been received from other sources, and if of earnings, whether they were in fact turned into capital. In this case the declaration of the resolutions of the company are clear as to the sources from which the distribution was made, and the period within which acquired, as well as the use made thereof. The increase in the value of shares of stock resulting from the accumulations of earnings is clearly part of the corpus of a fund, and if the stock be sold the increase of value is to be added to the fund, the life tenant thereafter receiving the income to be received on other investments to be made thereof and the principal being preserved for the tenant in remainder. Stewart v. Phelps, 71 App. Div. 91, 75 N. Y. Supp. 526; Connolly’s Estate, 198 Pa. St. 137, 47 Atl. 1125. So too, it is settled elsewhere, and it has been held by this — 10 — court, that the value of the right to subscribe at par for new shares of stock which are salable on the market for more than par is an accretion to capital and does not go to the life tenant as income. If, therefore, the trustee sells the right to subscribe for the new shares, (which rights are usually represented by certificates called “warrants,”) the money so realized should be added to the principal. Perry on Trusts, § 544; Boardman v. Mansfield, 79 Conn. 634, 66 Atl. 169, 12 L. R. A. (N. S.) 793. There is an irreconcilable conflict between the decisions on the point distinctly raised in the cause at bar and the principles upon which they are based are equally variant. To indicate the variety of views it is only necessary to state that the shares in question would be awarded to the life tenant (a) in Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New Hampshire, becaqse it appears that the distribution was of earnings all of which were made since the death of the testator; (b) also in New York and Kentucky, not because they were earnings made since the death of the testator, but because at the time of the distribution the life tenant was entitled to all the fruits of the ownership of the stock, irrespective of the form in which it was distributed and of the period during which the thing distributed was earned; but the shares would be awarded to the remainderman by the courts in England, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Illinois, Rhode Island and Virginia and in cases in the United States Supreme Court, because though they represented earnings made since the death of the testator they had in fact been capitalized by the company by being used to increase the plant of the company and were part of the new shares distributed to stockholders to represent the new capital. By the Massachusetts and English rule, the character of the dividend, i. e. whether stock or cash, is the criterion and the former goes to the corpus and the latter to income, without inquiring in either case as to the period covered by the accumulations of earnings from which the fund is obtained, i. e. whether the earnings were wholly before or wholly after the commencement of the life estate, or partly before and partly thereafter. — 11 — By the Pennsylvania rule, the character of the dividend is unimportant, but the period when the earnings were made is controlling. If the earnings were accumulated before the life estate began, then in the division thereof the dividend goes as capital to the" corpus, and if earned wholly after the life estate began, then the dividend, goes to the life tenant, and this irrespective of the form of the dividend, i. e. whether in stock or money. If earned in part before and in part after the beginning of the life estate, it is apportioned between the corpus and income after an investigation of the books and affairs of the corporation to ascertain the necessary facts. By the New York and Kentucky rule, the character of the dividend, i. e. whether cash or stock, is not the criterion, nor is it considered important as to when the thing distributed was earned, and no apportionment is made of it. Whoever is entitled to the fruits of the stock at the time the dividend is declared is entitled to every distribution, whatever its form or whenever earned. With the authorities so evenly matched and the reasons for each rule being so plausible, this court must decide the question according as the reasons seem sound. In such matters the rule should be fair to both present and future interests, be clear, easily applied and logical. A full discussion of the different rules and of the authorities supporting them will not be attempted, for it has been frequently done by able judges in other reported cases available to the student, and little, if anything, can be added to the discussion of the subject: The rule adopted in this court is that which has the unqualified support of the House of Lords and the courts in England, the Supreme Court of the United States, the courts of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island and Illinois, and probably of Maine and Virginia, and the dicta of the judges of the courts of other states. This is based on the undoubted power of the company to turn earnings or profits permanently into material, physical additions to its plant, and thus to withhold the earnings from the shareholders. The result of this accumulation of property used in its business is to increase the value of that which represents the collective ownership of — 12 — the assets of the company, its capital stock held by its shareholders. This increase of valúe is part of the corpus. Whether the shares of stock increased in market value or not, the plant (in this case the railroad and its facilities for providing transportation) is increased by physical additions and improvments. This increase of property the company, acting with its undoubted and uncontrollable power, has declared to be capital and has issued to each shareholder an evidence of his interest therein by giving him shares of stock, the amount given to each being proportionate to his prior holdings. As Morawetz, in his work on Private Corporations, says: “The effect of a stock dividend is to capitalize the accumulated profits permanently. The profits on account of which a stock dividend is declared can never afterwards be distributed among the shareholders as dividends, and after the new shares have been issued, the right of the corporation to pay further dividends and the right of the shareholders to demand them, must be considered with reference to the increased nominal capital.” As between the corporation and its shareholders, undeniably a stock dividend is capital. It is also true that the proportions of the holdings of shareholders are not changed by a real stock dividend. “A stock dividend does not distribute property, but simply dilutes the shares as they existed before.” Williams v. Western Union Tel. Co., 93 N. Y. 189. “His (i. e. a stockholder’s) holding after the new issue bears precisely the same ratio to the total of the outstanding shares of the corporation as did his previous holding to the previous total. ’ ’ Green v. Bissell, 79 Conn., 547, 65 Atl. 1056, 9 L. R. A. (N. 5.) 1011. “A stock dividend really takes nothing from the property of the corporation and adds nothing to the interests of the shareholders. Its property is not diminished and their interests are not increased. After such a dividend, as before, the corporation has the title in all the corporate property; the aggregate interests therein of all the shareholders are represented by the whole number of shares; and the proportional interest of each shareholder remains the same. The only change is in the evidence which represents that interest, the new shares and the original shares together representing the same proportional interest that the original shares represented before the issue of new ones.” Gibbons v. Mahon, 136 U. S. 549, 559. See, also Mann v. Anderson, 106 Ga. 818, 32 S. E. 870. — 13 — It is also a characteristic of such a distribution that nothing passes out of the dominion of the company to the stockholders. In Boardman v. Mansfield, 79 Conn. 634, 66 Atl. 169, 12 L. R. A. (N. S.) 793, this characteristic is thus aptly explained: “That principle is, that until there has been some action by a corporation setting apart from the body of its assets some portion of them to become the property of its stockholders, and thus to pass out of the dominion of the corporation into that of the stockholders, there is nothing in existence to which the right of the latter can attach otherwise than as it attaches to the corporate interests as a whole—nothing which can as to them be regarded as partaking of the nature of profits from the corporate investment.” Mr. Justice Gray, of the Supreme Court of the United States, in Gibbons v. Mahon, 136 U. S. 549, 569, quoted as follows from the language of the court below: “A dividend is something with which the corporation parts; but it parted with nothing in issuing this new stock. It simply gave a new evidence of ownership which already existed.” “The simple question in every case is whether the distribution made by the company is of money to be spent as income, or is of capital to be held as an investment in the corporation.” D'Ooge v. Leeds, 176 Mass. 558, 560, 57 N. E. 1025. In lucidly explaining the rule respecting the distribution of a real stock dividend, the court in Connecticut said in Green v. Bissell, 79 Conn. 547, 551, 65 Atl. 1056,8 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1011: “The declaration of a stock dividend involves the creation and issue of new shares of stock. The basis of the issue, in so far as payment into the corporation is not required of the recipient, is surplus assets, which thus become converted into strict capital with all which that implies. From the process there results an increase of both the number of outstanding shares and the amount of the corporate assets which have had that peculiar dedication to the corporate uses which entitles them to the name of capital, strictly speaking. Smith vs. Dana, 77 Conn. 543, 552, 60 Atl. 117. It is also one of the incidents of a stock dividend, that the stockholder who receives his pro rata proportion of the new issue, while he acquires the ownership of more shares adds nothing to his proportionate ownership of the assets of the corporation. His holding, after the new issue bears precisely the same ratio to the total of the outstand — 14 — ing shares of the corporation as did his previous holding to the previous total. Terry v. Eagle Lock Co., 47 Conn. 141, 165.” If the power of the corporation over its assets is uncontrolled so that it may and does turn earnings into capital, and if the corporation having capitalized earnings distributed them not as earnings but as capital, then logically the thing distributed belongs to the person who is entitled to capital or principal, viz., the remainderman. This is clearly stated by Vice Chancellor Stevens in the latest ease in New Jersey, Ballantine v. Young, 79 N: J. Eq. 70, 74, 81 Atl. 119: “As a matter of logic it is difficult to resist the reasoning leading to the conclusion that stock dividends are in fact principal; for the life tenant as is universally held, is not, in the absence of fraud, or improper conduct, entitled to the earnings until they are distributed. They are not, in fact, distributed, but, on the contrary, put permanently into capital account where new stock is without any money equivalent allotted to the whole body of the stockholders.” The rule here adopted was- approved and'used in the following cases, where, as here, earnings or profits had been used by the company to increase the plant of the corporation and had subsequently increased its capital stock and issue to its shareholders new shares representing earnings so capitalized. In England: In the case of In re Barton’s Trust, L. R. 5 Eq. Cas. 237, the company engaged in transportation by ships, used part of its earnings to buy new boats and new shares were issued to the shareholders to represent the money so used and the new shares were held to be capital. Said Vice Chancellor Wood: “When the company * * * has said that they would not divide this money [i. e. the earnings of the previous half year] but turn it into capital, capital it must be from that time.” This case, and the principle stated in it, were expressly recognized and approved by the House of Lords in Bouche v. Sproul, L. R. 12 App. Cas. 285 (1857), and the rule has never since been questioned there. Massachusetts: The case of Minot v. Paine, 99 Mass. 108, announced the rule in its broadest and simplest form, thus: “A simple rule is to regard cash dividends however large as income, and stock dividends — 15 — however made as capital.” But in this bald form the rule is too comprehensive and has not been followed, even in Massachusetts, for even there the court very properly inquires as to the circumstances under which the distribution was made, in order to ascertain whether there has in fact been a capitalization of earnings. In all the many subsequent cases in Massachusetts, capitalized earnings distributed in the form of shares of stock have been held to be capital, and in this the décisions of the courts of Massachusetts are consistent. United States Supreme Court: Gibbons v. Mahon, 136 U. S. 549; Connecticut: Spooner v. Phillips, 62 Conn. 62, 24 Atl. 524, 16 L. R: A. 461; Boardman v. Mansfield, 79 Conn. 634, 66 Atl. 169, 12 L. R. A. (N. 5.) 793; Bishop v. Bishop, 81 Conn. 509, 71 Atl. 583. Rhode Island: Petition of Brown, 14 R. I. 371. Illinois: De Koven v. Alsop, 205 Ill. 309, 68 N. E. 930, 63 L. R. A. 587; Blinn v. Gillett, 208 Ill. 473, 70 N. E. 704; Billings v. Warren, 216 Ill. 281, 74 N. E. 1050. Virginia: Kaufman v. Charlottesville, etc., Co., 93 Va. 673, 25 S. E. 1003 (1896), where the Supreme Court of Virginia followed the reasoning of Gibbons v. Mahon. Also probably in Maine: Richardson v. Richardson, 75 Me. 570, Gilkey v. Paine, 80 Me. 319, 14 Atl. 205, though in the latter case the court said: “The effort in this country has been generally to maintain the integrity of the capital and give all surplus earnings, in whatever form distributed, to the life tenant. And perhaps no better rule than this can be adopted.” Opposed to this rule are the decisions in Tennessee: Pritchitt v. Nashville Trust Co., 96 Tenn. 472, 36 S. W. 1064, 33 L. R. A. 856. Kentucky: Hite v. Hite, 93 Ky. 257, 20 S. W. 778, 19 L. R. A. 173. The last two cases are especially valuable to the student of the question, for they are able opinions and were decided by courts unembarrassed by prior decisions of their respective states, and were rendered after the decision of the United States Supreme Court in the strong case of Gibbons v. Mahon. Pennsylvania: Ear p’s Appeal, 28 Pa. St. 368 (1857), the authority of which has not since been shaken and which established the rule of apportionment. New Hamp — 16 — shire: Holbrook v. Holbrook, 74 N. H. 201, 66 Atl. 124, 12 L. R. A. (N. S.) 768. New York: McLouth v. Hunt, 154 N. Y. 179, 48 N. E. 548, 39 L. R. A. 230. New Jersey (probably): Van Doren v. Olden, 19 N. J. Eq. 176, which followed Earp's Appeal and favored apportionment; Ashhurst v. Field, 26 N. J. Eq. 1, affirmed without discussion in 29 N. J. Eq. 625. But in neither of the cases in New Jersey had the exact point here raised been considered, so that when it did arise there squarely, in Ballantine v. Young, 79 N. J. Eq. 70, 81 Atl. 119 (1911), Vice Chancellor Stevens said logic favored the application of the rule of the United States Supreme Court, though he felt controlled by Ashhurst v. Field, the decision of the higher court. His remark on the subject is quoted elsewhere in this opinion. The decisions in Maryland are inconclusive, for in Thomas v. Gregg, 78 Md. 545, 28 Atl. 565, the court seemed to consider it important to ascertain whether a stock dividend represented earnings and whether the company intended to make the earnings part of the capital, “or merely to be used temporarily with the intention on the part of the directors of refunding them to the shareholders as income.” This would imply that if earnings had actually been turned into capital, then a dividend of stock representing them would be capital also. But as a fact, though the corporation had in fact so treated earnings, the court, held that the earnings had been declared as income and gave the stock dividend to the life tenant. The courts of Iowa, if Kalbach v. Clark, 133 Iowa 215, 110 N. W. 599, be followed, will agree with Tennessee and Kentucky. In Minnesota the court in Goodwin v. McGaughey, 108 Minn. 248, 122 N. W. 6, followed the Pennsylvania rule. The majority of the writers on the subject in text-books take a view different from the rule here adopted, but no attempt will be made to review them, or to further review, or even mention, the many other cases on .the subject. The rule here adopted has merit, not only as being concededly simple and direct, but represents a logical conclusion from established premises. It gives weight to the action of the company, because the corporation has the power to settle — 17 — the premises upon which the question is to be decided. It avoids an investigation into the transactions of the company to determine the period within which the earnings were made, and on numerous occasions it has been pointed out by courts which have'rejected the apportionment rule of Pennsylvania that this is always troublesome, usually expensive, seldom satisfactory and sometimes practically impossible, as in the case of a foreign corporation. Of course these references to some of the difficulties of adopting a rule as to apportionment, according as the earnings were made in whole or part during the life of the testator,- or wholly or partly thereafter, do not apply in the case at bar, because it affirmatively appears that all the earnings represented by the stock dividend in question were made since the life tenancy began. Still a plain, simple rule is sought, and one that is workable in all cases to prevent controversies and to guide in the administration of other estates respecting other distributions of capitalized earnings. The'rule has been criticised because it gives too much weight- to the action of the corporation, but this is a necessary result of the character of the investment and of the necessary power of the corporation respecting the management of the assets of the company. The rule here adopted is clear, easily applied and logical and as fair to present interests as the nature of the case will permit, in view of the corporate control of corporate property. It follows, from what has been said, that the peculiar feature of the case at bar, viz., the maintenance of the market value of the shares of stock, notwithstanding the increase in the value of the shares, is an unimportant one and has no bearing on the case. The conclusions here reached are applicable only to a state of facts similar, or substantially similar, to those in the case argued, which may be thus concisely stated: Where shares of stock of a corporation are held by trustees as an investment of funds bequeathed in trust to pay the income and dividends to one for life, and then to pay the principal to others, and, as'appears by its corporate action, the corporation had during the life tenancy used earnings to permanently increase the business plant of the company, and had increased its capital stock by issuing new shares to represent — 18 — such increase in the plant, and distributes the new shares pro rata among its shareholders as a stock dividend,-the new shares belong to the corpus of the fund as an accretion to the principal thereof, and do not belong to the life tenant. Therefore the trustees will be instructed’ to hold the new shares of the stock of the Delaware Railroad Company as an investment of part of the principal of the trust estate, the dividends thereon to accrue in the future to be treated in the same way as the dividends on the old shares were dealt with. Let a decree be entered accordingly. * Footnotes [*] Note. On appeal the decree of the Chancellor was reversed by the Supreme Court. See post p 446.