Union Pacific Railroad v. Colorado Postal Telegraph-Cable Co.

Mr. Justice Gabbert delivered the opinion of the court. Defendant in error, as petitioner, instituted an action in the court below against plaintiff in error, as respondent, to condemn a right of way longitudinally through the lands of the latter, upon which to erect and maintain a telegraph line. Such proceedings were had that commissioners were appointed without.objection from either party, who heard the testimony and reported to the court; This report was adopted, and a judgment and decree rendered accordingly. To review the proceedings, respondent brings the case here on error. Some of the errors assigned are predicated upon the matters incorporated in what is termed a bill of exceptions, which petitioner contends cannot be considered. To test this question, its counsel move to strike the bill of exceptions from the files. We shall not determine this motion, for, assuming that the matters in the bill upon which error is based by counsel for respondent are thereby properly presented, we are satisfied that the errors assigned upon what is thus disclosed are insufficient to work a reversal. For answer respondent alleged that petitioner is a corporation organized to take property for the use of a foreign corporation, so as to enable the latter to evade the laws of this state, and that there extended along and adjacent to the lands of respondent through which petitioner was seeking to condemn a right of way, a public road, upon which petitioner is authorized, under the laws of the state, to construct its pro — 136 — posed telegraph, line. After the appointment. and qualification of the commissioners, and before proceeding to hear the testimony, counsel for respondent requested certain instructions, which were refused. At the request of counsel for petitioner, others were given. Those requested by respondent and refused were to .the effect that a corporation cannot take land by the exercise of the right of eminent domain except for a public use, and then, only when a necessity exists for the land so sought to be taken, and that the necessity meant by the statute is not established by proof that such land is convenientfor the purposes for which it is intended to be used, or will lessen the cost of constructing the structures which the petitioner proposes to erect thereon. Inter alia the court instructed the commissioners in substance that in the absence of bad faith or improper motives on the part of petitioner, it had the right to determine the route and location of its line of telegraph, and if its proper officers, in good faith, had determined to build such line, and had selected the right of way in question upon which to construct it, then the necessity mentioned in the statute is established. At the hearing before the commissioners, petitioner introduced its articles of incorporation from which it appears that tire objects for which it is incorporated are the construction, acquisition by purchase or otherwise, maintenance and operation of telegraph lines in the state of Colorado, and the sale or other disposition of such lines. Respondent offered to prove that these articles of incorporation were drawn and executed at the request of The Postal Telegraph-Cable Company, of New York; that no stock had ever been subscribed and paid for, except sufficient to authorize the qualification of directors; that it was not expected the latter would raise any money by subscription to stock, or. otherwise; that all money would be furnished by the New York company; and that both di — 137 — rectors'and officers of petitioner'.would be' under ."the direction and control of that company. Bespohdeht also offered to prove the existence of a highway along, adjacent and near to respondent’s right of way for'the whole distance upon-which a telegraph line could easily and cheaply be constructed. It also offered to prove that the petitioner had not obtained' leave from the corporate authorities of certain towns through which thé proposed line of telegraph must-be constructed in utilizing the right of way sought -to-be condemned, to construct its line- through such towns.’ These offers were refused. On the filing of the report, the respondent moved to dismiss the proceeding's, because ho proofs had been offered by the-petitioner tending to prove-the necessity for taking' the right of way in question, which motion was denied. Counsel for- respondent contend that these several matters present prejudicial error, for the reason that petitioner had failed to prove that the property-sought to be condemned was. to be taken for a public use, -or that there was any necessity for taking it. It is also urged that in view of the issues made by the pleadings, the respondent had the right to introduce at the hearing before the commissioners the testimony refused, for the reason that such testimony tended-to establish a state of facts from which it would appear the taking of the land in question was for a private and.nót a public use, and that there was no necessity for such taking. These matters might well be disposéd of upon the ground that the law does not coni template that commissioners in condemnation pro-. ceedings shall considér or determine" such questions. On the contrary, they are "to be determined by the court or judge, but unless so presentedfor determination before the appointment of commissioners, or the right to do so "is 'in " some way reserved, they-are — 138 — wáived. 1 Mills’ Ann. Stats., sec. 1720, provides that the court or judge may appoint a board of commissioners to ascertain the necessity for taking lands sought to be condemned. What proposition may be raised upon the question of necessity will vary according to the circumstances of each particular case. In this instance, however, so far as disclosed by the pleadings, or any matter discussed in the briefs, we are of the opinion that the authority of the commissioners on that question would be limited to a determination of the one of quantity of land, or, more accurately speaking, the width of the proposed right of way sufficient to serve the reasonable physical needs of petitioner, in erecting and maintaining its telegraph line. Ordinarily, the authority of commissioners on the subject is so limited. In effect, this court has so decided in the recent case of Gibson v. Gann, 28 Colo., 499; 66 Pac., 879. It was certainly never intended that commissioners should be required to determine questions the solution of which depends upon the application of intricate questions of law such as would be presented by the trial of issues tendered by the answer of respondent. This court has frequently decided, in eases where the question of damages in condemnation proceedings was submitted to a jury, that the only matter proper for the jury to consider was the one of damages, and that all other questions must be settled in limine. Sand Creek L. I. Co. v. Davis, 17 Colo., 326; Thompson v. Reservoir Co., 25 Colo., 243; Seidler v. Seeley, 8 Colo. App., 499; Colo. F. & I. Co. v. Four Mile R. Co., 29 Colo., 90; 66 Pac., 902. .On principle, the same rule is applicable to the case' at bar. The commissioners were appointed without objection on the part of respondent; there was no attempt upon its part to submit to the court the determination of any of the questions of fact upon — 139 — which it relied to defeát the proceeding, until after the report was filed. Respondent did not seek to prove that petitioner did hot require the quantity of land sought to be condemned, nor by its pleadings was any such defense suggested. None of the matters above mentioned, which respondent sought to submit to the commissioners were of a character which it was the province of that body to determine; and by the course pursued the right to have them determined by .the court was waived. The reason for this conclusion is obvious. If, for any reason, the petitioner in condemnation proceedings is not entitled to exercise the right of eminent domain, or take a particular tract, these questions should be determined by the court in limine. If adverse 'to the petitioner, that is the end of the proceeding. — Sand Greek L. I. Co. v. Davis, supra. In this connection we will call attention to the case last cited. In that case the petitioner sought to have a right pf way condemned through an already existing ditch. It was held that if the .respondent desired to have the question of the feasibility and practicability of taking a right of way through such ditch determined, that the question should have been referred to a board of commissioners appointed by the court, as the law directs. This holding, however, was based upon the provisions of .sections 2261 and 2262,1 Mills’Ann. Stats., which provide that lands improved or occupied shall not-, without the written consent of the owner, be subjected to the burden of more than one irrigating ditch constructed for the purpose of conveying water through _súch property to lands adjoining or beyond, when the object can be feasibly and practicably attained by uniting and conveying all the water necessary through such property in one ditchand, that where it is necessary to convey water for the purposes of irrigation -through the improved or occupied lands of .another, — 140 — the shortest and most direct route practicable upon which such ditch can be constructed shall be selected. These provisions, however, have no application to the case at bar. Neither were they invoked in Gibson v. Cann, supra. Both parties, however, appear to have treated the question of necessity as raised by the pleadings and testimony offered as being proper to submit to the commissioners, and for that reason we shall treat it as properly presented for review. The several assignments of error argned by counsel for respondent, including those based upon the instructions refused and given with respect to what constitutes a taking for a public use, the necessity for such taking, and the right of petitioner to determine the route and location of its line except those specially ■noticed later, may be considered under this proposition: Did the evidence offered on behalf of the respondent and refused, as above noticed, tend to prove that petitioner was not seeking to condemn a right of way for a public use, or tend to establish facts which would defeat the proceeding? Counsel for respond.ent contends that it does, for the reasons (1) that this testimony would have established that the right of way was to be subjected to a private use; and (2) there was no necessity for taking a right of way through the lands of respondent.' In support of the first proposition, it is urged that the articles of incorporation of petitioner disclose that it was organized to sell or otherwise dispose of the lines of telegraph which it might construct or acquire in this state, and that this fact, in connection with the testimony offered to the effect that it was the creature of a foreign corporation, and not its honest intention to operate the line in question except m the interest of, and in connection with, that corporation, established in law an intent to take the property of respondent for .a private use. There is nothing in the spirit or pol — 141 — icy of the law which prohibits the same persons from organizing two or more corporations with the intention that they shall be operated in conjunction with each other. Neither does the law prohibit a corporation from accepting financial assistance from another. It should be the policy of this state to encourage the construction and operation of competing lines of communication between points within its own borders and those located within other states. In many instances, this can only be effected by corporations organized under our laws acting in conjunction with those created under the laws of a sister state. One of the essential attributes of property is the right to sell, and unless this right is limited by law, it necessarily exists. Further, it appears from the articles of incorporation of petitioner, that it is duly organized and existing under the laws of this state, and its charter can not be attacked in a collateral proceeding. Kansas & T. C. Ry. Co. v. N. W. C. & M. Co., 161 Mo., 288; In re N. Y. L. & W. Ry. Co., 35 Hun., 220; affirmed 99 N. Y., 12; Frost v. Frostburg Coal Co., 24 Howard (U. S.) 278; Postal T. Co. v. Ore. 8. L. R. Co., 65 Pac., 735; Postal T. Co. v. Ore. S. L. R. Co., 104 Fed., 623; Ore. S. L. R. Co. v. Postal T. Co., 111 Fed., 842. In the last three cases cited, the identical question presented by the answer of respondent and the testimony offered relative to the good faith and power of petitioner, was raised, in the same manner as in the case at bar, and in each instance it was held that the matters thus presented were wholly immaterial. It is urged that if respondent had been permitted to prove the existence of a highway adjacent to the route upon which petitioner proposes to erect its telegraph line, and also prove that leave to erect such line through certain incorporated towns through which the proposed right of way' extends had not — 142 — been secured from the municipal authorities - of such towns, that then non-necessity for taking the lands of respondent would have been established. In support of this proposition we are referred to sec. 587,1 Mills ’ Ann. Stats., which provides that telegraph companies organized under the laws of this state may construct their line along and upon the public roads; and sec. 588 ibid, which inhibits such companies from constructing their lines upon the streets or alleys of an incorporated town without the consent of. the corporate authorities. The legislature has vested corporations of the character of petitioner with discretion in locating their telegraph lines. Ordinarily, the courts can not exercise supervision with respect to such matters. The discretion which the corporation may exercise in determining the route of its lines can not be interfered with in the absence of a showing of bad faith, a malicious motive, or that the taking of a particular tract sought to be condemned would entail a great loss which might readily be avoided. In re N. Y. & H. R. Co., 46 N. Y., .546; Cal. C. R. Co. v. Hooper, 76 Cal., 404; Chicago E. I. R. Co. v. Wiltse, 116 Ill., 449; Chicago W. I. R. Co. v. Dunbar, 100 Ill., 110. There was no showing of this character on the part of the respondent. True, it did introduce evidence to the effect that the erection of a telegraph line along its right of way would cause some inconvenience, and might possibly increase the hazard' of railroading, but in no greater degree in this particular instance than other railroads must suffer from the erection of telegraph lines adjacent to their railroad tracks — a condition which exists almost without exception along every line of railroad in the United States. On behalf of respondent it is contended that in the absence of leave from the municipal authorities — 143 — of the towns" situate along the proposed right of way to erect and maintain its line through such towns, and through which the lands sought to be condemned extend, petitioner could not take-such lands because the proceedings must be regarded as an entirety. This question does not concern respondent. If petitioner can not erect its line of telegraph through the towns in question, exee.pt it obtain leave to do so from the corporate authorities, and fails to. obtain such leave, respondent is not injured. Petitioner can not use the right ’of way situate within the corporate limits of towns except for the purposes for which it is taken. If it never utilizes the right of way within such limits, respondent can not complain. Petitioner might be able to build its line around such towns, but that certainly can make no difference to respondent. Cal. S. R. Co. v. Kimball, 61 Cal., 90; Chicago W. I. R. Co. v. Dunbar, supra. The motion to dismiss heretofore noticed was also based upon the ground that the petition was insufficient. In support of this claim it is urged: (1) It does not appear from the statements of the petition that the telegraph line of petitioner is to be public; and (2) Property held by one corporation for a public use can not be taken by another for the same purpose and use. The object for which land is taken determines whether or not the use to which it is to be subjected, when condemned, is public. Denver R. L. & C. Co. v. U. P. Co., 34 Fed., 386. _ In the petition it - is alleged- that petitioner is a corporation organized for the purpose of erecting and maintaining lines of magnetic telegraph in this state. The law of the state provides that companies may be organized for the purpose of maintaining telegraph lines. — 1 Mills’ Ann. Stats., sec. 587. The business which such companies are authorized to transact is public in its nature. They must receive and trans — 144 — mit messages from other companies engaged in the same business, and transmit messages tendered by any person.-^l Mills’ Ann. Stats., secs.- 589-590. Counsel for respondent recognize that property held for a public use is subject to the eminent domain power of the state, but contend that such property can not be taken by. another to be used for the same purpose, for which it is already held. The case made does not fall within the exception claimed. Proceedings in condemnation may be maintained by a telegraph company against a railroad corporation —Laws 1885, p. 358. It appears there is already a line of telegraph along'the respondent’s, right of way. The evidence discloses, however, that the proposed line of petitioner will neither interfere with this line, nor with the operation of respondent’s railroad. There is ample, room for all. No property of respondent will be taken which is already devoted to, or néeded for, a public úse, and it is, therefore, not in a position to insist that property held by it for a public use will be taken by another for the same or a different use. The mere fact, therefore, that petitioner seeks to condemn a right of way through lands belonging to a railroad-company does not render the petition insufficient. The respondent can not successfully resist the condemnation of such right of way unless it appears that its use was necessary to the maintenance and operation of its railroad and the lines of telegraph already erected thereon, or is needed for such purpose. That property held for a public use may be taken under the exercise of the right of eminent domain for the same or a different public use, when such taking does not materially interfere with the uses for which it is already held, has been recognized in a great number of cases in which this subject has been considered. M. & O. R. Co. v. Postal T. C. Co., 120 Ala., 21; Southern P. R. Co. v. — 145 — Southern Cal. R. Co., 43 Pac., 602; S. W. T. & T. Co. v. Gulf C. & S. F. Ry. Co., 52 S. W., 106, Postal Tel. Co. v. Ore. S. L. R. Co., 65 Pac., 735; Salt Lake City v. Salt L. City W. & E. P. Co., 67 Pac., 672; Colo. E. Ry, Co. v. U. P. Ry. Co., 41 Fed., 293. The final question to he considered relates to an instruction on the question of damages. This instruction is to the effect that the declarations in the petition covering the manner of the construction of the telegraph line were binding upon the petitioner, and if right of way was granted, the construction of the line must be in accordance with such, declaration. It is said this instruction is erroneous, because, according to the statements in the petition, it-was only sought to condemn an easement.' Counsel for respondent contend that, under the eminent domain act, nothing less than a fee can be taken, and that the damages should have been assessed upon the basis that the title taken by petitioner was of that character, Neither of these reasons is tenable. The statute which authorizes telegraph companies to condemn part of the right of way belonging to a railroad company — Laws 1885, supra — must be construed in connection with the chapter on the subject of eminent domain. While it is true the latter seems to recognize that the title taken in condemnation proceedings is a fee, the act above referred to was passed subsequent to the section containing this provision, and therefore, must control the title which telegraph companies may take by eminent domain proceedings in the right of way of a railroad company. ‘ The language of the act clearly imports that an easement is the character of title which a telegraph company may condemn in such way for it expressly provides that the line shall be so constructed and maintained as not to obstruct or hinder the usual' operation of the 'railroad along the right of way on which the line is — 146 — constructed. The spaces over which the wires are strung from pole to pole are not taken by petitioner. The language of the petition relative to the use to which the right of way is to be subjected, and the manner in which the telegraph line is to be constructed and maintained, as well as the act of 1885, supra, recognize that an easement only is claimed and can be taken; and that the respondent still has the right to use its right of way for railroad purposes except so far as the poles erected may interfere with that use, subject, however, to the right of petitioner to enter for the purpose of erecting and repairing its line. Under statutes similar to our own —Laws 1885, supra — it has been decided in other states that the title acquired by a telegraph company by condemnation proceedings in the right of way of a railroad company is merely an easement. St. L. & C. R. R. Co. v. Postal Tel. Co., 173 Ill., 508; M. & O. Ry. Co. v. Postal Tel. Co., 76 Miss., 731. The judgment of the district court is affirmed. Affirmed.