Anderson v. Grand Valley Irrigation District

Mr. Justice Campbell (after the preceding statement) delivered the opinion of the court: The foregoing summary of the law, though omitting many details, is sufficient for our present purpose.' The chief objections which the appellant landowner, who appeared below to defeat the object of the proceeding, urges upon this appeal to the decree of confirmation are constitutional in character. Apparently the board of directors of the district has strictly complied with — at least, there is no contention that it has disregarded — the procedure which the act of 1901 prescribes for the organization of the district, and has properly taken the various subsequent steps thereunder, up to and including the issuance and order of sale of the bonds. Bonds to the amount of $585,000 were issued and ordered sold by — 531 — the district board, but, as no proposal for the purchase was made, in order to facilitate their sale this proceeding for confirmation was brought. In view of the observation of the courts in the Nebraska case and Kinkade case from Washington, in Tulare I. Dist. v. Shepard, infra, and in Tregea v. Modesta I. Dist. infra, and Miller v. Perris I. Dist., 85 Fed. Rep. 693, with respect to this special proceeding, it is pertinent to say that we are not defining the scope and effect of, or specifying the persons who are bound by, the confirmatory decree rendered herein. Necessarily we pass upon the objections to the decree which appellant interposes, only so far as they bear upon the propositions whether the proceedings had for the organization of the district and the issuance of bonds thereby after the organization, are, or are not, in harmony with the constitutional and statutory provisions which they are said to violate. That is, and obviously must be, the extent of our present holding, for anything beyond that would be mere dictum. The errors assigned.may thus be stated: (1) The act contains various provisions which are not embraced in the titlethereby is violated section 21 of article V of our constitution, which is that no bill except general appropriation bills shall be passed containing more than one subject, which shall be clearly expressed in its title; (2) that the necessary effect of the act is to deprive the owners of land included in the district of their property without due process of law; (3) that the trial court erred in holding that in issuing bonds the board of directors of the district properly proceeded in accordance with the methods prescribed in the act of 1901, instead of conforming to the essentially different amendatory act of 1903, found in the Session Laws of that year at page 265. — 532 — 1. Colorado is properly classed among the arid states of the West. Large tracts of land within its boundaries are not at present cultivable. They can be made fully productive only by irrigation. The conditions are much the same here as in the state of California, and the other arid regions. The object of this act, as even a casual reading shows, is compulsorily to provide means, at the expense of those landowners within the proposed district primarily benefited, for bringing into cultivation the arid lands of the state and making them highly productive by the process of irrigation. The general and sole subject of the act concerns the organization of irrigation districts. The title is cumbersome, involved and unnecessarily prolix. The opening clause reads: ‘ ‘ An act to provide for the organization and government of irrigation districts and to provide for the construction of canals and reservoirs and the acquiring of canals already constructed or partly constructed.” The first part of the clause, viz:’ “An act to provide for the organization and government of irrigation districts,” is broad and comprehensive enough to include every provision found therein. The remainder may be entirely disregarded as surplusage, and what is left covers every provision which the body of the act embraces. Every part of the act, including that for this proceeding, is strictly germane to the one general subject. The constitutional provision' upon this subject must have, as tjais court has repeatedly announced, a reasonable construction. This act contains only one general subject, and that concerns irrigation districts, and this is clearly expressed in the title. While the general assembly is again cautioned about attempting to make of the title a general index, still we are of opinion-that this constitutional provision has not been violated in this instance. 1. — 533 — , 2. The so-called Wright act, -which, in all substantial particulars, is the same as the one now under consideration, has repeatedly been construed and upheld by the supreme court of California and the supreme court of the United States in the following', among other cases that might be cited: Irrigation District v. Williams, 76 Cal. 360; Irrigation District v. De Lappe, 79 Cal. 351; Board of Directors v. Tregea, 88 Cal. 334; In re Modera Irr. Dist., 92 Cal. 296; In re Central Irr. Dist., 117 Cal. 382; Merchants’ Bank v. Irr. Dist., 144 Cal. 329; Fallbrook Irr. Dist. v. Bradley, 164 U. S. 112; Tregea v. Modesta Irr. Dist., 164 U. S. 179; Tulare Irr. Dist. v. Shepard, 185 U. S. 1. The supreme court of Washington in Board of Directors v. Peterson, 4 Wash. 147, and Kinkade v. Witherop, 29 Wash. 10, reaches the same conclusion, and in Board of Directors v. Collins, 46 Neb. 411, the doctrine of the California cases is approved. It seems to ns that all of the objections urged upon this hearing under the general head of “due process of. law, ’ ’ so far, at least, as they affect the appellant, or are involved in or bear upon the issues raised in this special proceeding, have been met and sufficiently answered in the foregoing decisions, and to repeat the argument of the opinions would be a work of supererogation. Some of these decisions hold that the landowners, whose property is affected by the act, are thereby afforded a hearing, on due notice, upon the questions as to whether their lands shall be included in the district, and the correctness and validity of the tax or assessment which it authorizes to be laid upon the same, and, as those are the only questions upon which they are entitled to be heard, their property is not taken without due process of law; others declare that the special proceeding under which this cause is pending, being one to se — 534 — cure evidence, does not result in the violation of any right protected by the state or federal constitution. Counsel for appellant apparently concede that, were our constitution substantially the same as that of California, these decisions would be squarely against their contention; but they say that due process of law is ignored in this act under our constitution in that its material provisions are inconsistent with, and contravene, article XVI of our organic law, under which the right to the use of water for irrigation is the result of an appropriation and not of a grant, and that this article is further violated by our statute which expressly authorizes the acquisition or appropriation of a water right for a public use, because this court has repeatedly held that a water right can be acquired only for a private, and not for a public, use. Just what bearing these constitutional provisions, even if they mean everything’ appellant claims for them, have upon this statute, is not made entirely clear to our minds by the argument of his counsel. Certainly, the act itself does not purport to be or to contain a grant to irrigation districts formed thereunder, of water, or right to its use, or of any other property except the franchises of 'a public corporation. Provision is made therein whereby irrigation districts, when organized, may acquire a right to use water by making an appropriation under the laws of the state, and also by purchase or condemnation thereof. This, however, is not equivalent to saying that by the act the state purports to grant property to public corporations for a public, which can be devoted only to a private, use. The property rights which are spoken of are such as are to be acquired by the districts after their formation, in accordance with constitutional and statutory methods by which water rights and other kinds of property' — 535 — may be obtained by a public corporation. The use of the water which the act contemplates is thereby declared to be a public use, but, in one sense, the water rights are private property to be utilized for the benefit of individual landowners, and all the property acquired by the districts, including water rights, in equity belongs to them. While we do not find in the constitution of California provisions like those in article XVI of our constitution, concerning irrigation, we are not advised, and our investigation has not disclosed, that there are such essential differences between the constitutions and laws of the two states with respect to water and-water rights, or the methods of their acquisition, as would make such a law as that now under review contravene our constitution while in harmony with that of California. By this decree, which confirms the regularity, and shows conformity to the provisions of the act, in the proceedings of the district in its organization and in the subsequent proceedings of the district and its board in the issuance and order of sale of bonds, we think there is no infringement of any right of appellant which is protected by the state or federal constitution, both of which enjoin due process of law in the taking of private property. This conclusion, of course, is on the assumption that the procedure prescribed by the act of 1901 has not been changed by a later act. 3. It is admitted that the district board, in issuing the bonds, followed the directions applicable to that subject contained in the act of 1901, and entirely disregarded the kindred directions of the amendatory act of 1903, which materially differ from the former. Justification therefor by the board is that the law of 1903 is void because, in the passage of the bill through the senate, that branch of the general assembly disregarded a mandatory provision of the consti — 536 — tution, compliance with which is essential to the validity of an act. The particular defect pointed out is that in the senate the bill was not read a third time or placed upon final passage, but, if so, the journal fails to show that the vote on final passage was taken by ayes and noes, and the names of those voting entered in the journal, which section 22 of article V expressly requires shall be done. In Marean v. Stanley, 21 Colo. 43, this court decided that a party who seeks to question the validity of a statute upon the ground that either branch of the general assembly has not complied with some manda-. tory constitutional requirement in its passage must, in some proper way, present to the trial court the facts upon which he relies to show such non-compliance, and, if he desires to have the decision of that court reviewed, he must, by bill of exceptions, make such evidence a part of the record. Zang v. Wyant, 25 Colo. 551; Sargent v. La Plata County, 21 Colo. 158; Rice v. Carmichael, 4 Colo. App. 84; and Hill v. Bourkhard, 5 Colo. App. 58, are to same effect. If the proceeding is an original one in the supreme court, the attacking party, of course, would be required to make proper proof of the impeaching facts. There was no decision in these cases how this fact is to be proved. But in Peckham v. The People, 32 Colo. 140, it was expressly said that it is not within the power of counsel to enter into a stipulation, the effect of which will render a law void, and the court will not consider admissions of parties or their counsel that a law has not been passed in accordance with the mandatory requirements of the constitution, or admissions of facts as to the contents of the legislative journals. At the trial here counsel stipulated that the senate journals showed certain things, and nothing more, bearing on the passage of the bill through that — 537 — body which, if a proper way to prove facts, shows-that, on final passage, the ayes and noes and the names of the senators voting were not entered on the journal. On this review it is only fair to say that counsel of both parties are willing to be bound by the stipulation, and do not question the propriety of thus bringing to the attention of the court the alleged facts which the senate journal is said to contain. But this is the sort of a question which the court will s%ia sponte raise, and will not tolerate a practice which allows counsel to disregard salutary rules of evidence in the manner of proving a fact on an issue concerning which, as in .the.case before us, the public, as well as private litigants, are so vitally interested. Learned counsel for appellees vigorously attach the doctrine of the Marean and Peckham cases as unwarranted and against the weight of authority. Notwithstanding the ingenious argument, we are persuaded that, rightly understood, both of them are correct, and should be strictly adhered to. By section 13 of article V of our constitution, each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and may, in its discretion, from time to time-, publish the same. It is not obligatory, however, upon either house to publish its journal. In the Marean case, it was held that the court will not, on the mere assertion of counsel that a statute is invalid because of non-compliance with some constitutional requirement in its passage, proceed to make an examination of the journals of the respective houses to ascertain how that fact may be. If counsel wishes the court to pass upon the issue, he may, if the journals are not published, present as evidence of their contents bearing on the point in issue, a proper certificate of the secretary of state, in whose legal custody they are; or, if published by proper authority, such portions of the — 538 — published journals themselves may be brought directly, and in that form, to the attention of the court. The court, however, will not make such investigation for itself. The reason for the rule announced in the Peck-ham case, and the necessity for its observance, seem almost too obvious for argument. Of course, learned counsel in this case would not be guilty of any impropriety ; but to permit parties to a suit to stipulate impeaching facts of this kind would be dangerous, and afford opportunities for falsifying, ©r suppressing parts of, the journals. It may be suggested, that the possibility of this danger is too remote on which to ground a rule of evidence, but we do not think so. The safer course, in a matter of such importance to the state and to the public interests, is to require that proof of the impeaching facts should be made in the orderly way which experience has demonstrated to be attended with the least possibility of danger. As a practical question, where the legislative journals have not been published, it would be manifestly unfair and attended with great inconvenience to require trial judges holding court in counties remote from the capitol to examine the legislative journals upon the mere assertion of counsel that some mandatory provision had been disregarded by one or both branches of the general assembly, nr to base their decisions on the agreement of parties as to the contents of the journals. In State v. Boise, 5 Idaho 519, the court said that it knew of no authority for recognizing the stipulation of counsel whereby it was agreed that certain writings therein contained constituted a copy of -the journals of the house of representatives or senate of the state. We believe this to be a wholesome rule, and that the Marean and Peekham cases, supra, should both be approved.' — 539 — It may be true that the stipulation of counsel correctly reproduces all that the senate journal contains relating to the passage of tbe bill in controversy through that body. But that method of proof, in a case of this sort, was condemned in a decision of this court which was published before the final hearing below was had. It is not insistence on an unimportant technical requirement, but the enforcement of a settled and salutary rule of evidence, that compels us, because of its violation, to reverse the judgment which was predicated solely, as to this branch of the case, on the forbidden agreement of parties. Because the trial court was in error in resting its judgment that the act of 1903 was unconstitutional on the stipulation of counsel whereby, in effect, it was agreed by them that the mandatory constitutional requirements in the passage of the bill were ignored by the senate, the decree for that reason, and as to that point, must be reversed and the cause remanded for further proceedings in harmony with the views expressed in this opinion. In all other respects the decree is affirmed for the reasons given, and the matters so adjudicated and hereby affirmed will not be submitted for a rehearing. Reversed. Decision en banc.