Hazard v. Martin

Hutchinson, J. delivered the opinion of the Court as follows» This case must be decided, wholly, upon the validity of the administrators’ deed of the whole farm of Chase, the intestate, subject to the incumbrance of the widow’s dower, which had before been assigned to her. For, the plaintiff produces no other title to the premises : but regularly traces this title to himself. And, immediately upon the decease of the widow, and consequent determination of her life estate, the plaintiff entered upon the premises, that had been incumbered with said dower, claiming under said administrators’ deed ; and the defendant, at the same time, entered upon the same premises, claiming them in the right of his wifé, who was heir at law, or one of the heirs at law, of the said Chase, the intestate. If, then, the deed from the administrators fail, for want of sufficient showing of the right of the administrators to convey, or of their compliance with the prerequisites of law before they conveyed, the verdict must stand. But if sufficient were shown, under all circumstances, to perfect the plaintiff’s title in the reversion of the widow’s dower, a new trial ought to be granted. The objections to the validity of this deed are, that there is found no record of any order of sale from the Court of Probate, authorising said administrators to convey said land, nor any record in the Probate office, showing that the Court directed any order to issue. The plaintiff contends that, by the Probate law then in force, the administrators might convey without any order from the Court of Prqbate. Upon this point there can be no doubt but that a careful Judge of Probate, who should have realized the importance of having every thing, pertaining to the titles to real estate, appear of record, would cause every thing done in his office relating to real estate to be recorded. And, the very circumstance, that the statute, in express terms, directs the recording of wills and distributions, would naturally remind him of that necessity. And, if a record should be made at all, those things should exist which ought to appear of record : And, if any thing should there appear of record concerning the sale of land, it should be the necessity of a sale, and the issuing of an order, which probably ought to be returned into the office with some certificate of the sale upon the same. This is an allusion to matters natural, and proper. But, the statute is so vague in its requisitions, were ! sure there was a general understanding in the Probate Courts, at that period, that no such matters should exist, or should appear of record, but that the administrator might deed without an order¿ I would — 85 — not, at this late day, decide the titles void, that were acquired under views of this kind, entertained by those who then administered the laws, and for which titles a full and bona fide consideration was paid. There is ground to suspect that the Judge of Probate, in this district, entertained such views, and practiced accordingly; but, how general the same course was pursued, elsewhere,'does not appear. But there is no ground to say, that this statute required the order of sale itself to be recorded. And, it is presumed the Most perfect records in the state show no practice of recording such orders. They only show that an order issued to. sell the whole of the real estate of the deceased, or so much of it as would raise such a sum (as the case maybe.) And, when the sale is made, and the order returned, still it is not recorded, but placed on file. And the record, if perfect, only states, that the administrators returned their order of sale, that before issued, with a return thereon that they had sold the estate, &c. for such a sum. That makes the administrators accountable for the amount of sale. And, if that order of sale could now be found among the Probate files, that would complete the title of the plaintiff. Or, if it were found among the waste papers of the administrators, it ought to have the same efiect. The Probate records should show the necessity of a sale of real estate. It is well if they show that a sale has been effected : but the deed conveys the title to the purchaser. There is, however, no necessity for any definite decision upon the requisitions of that statute, with regard to an order, for another point is raised in the case furnishing a salvo for any defects in these Probate records. The case shows the appointment of the administrators — the return of an inventory — the representation of the estate insolvent— the return of the list of claims — that all the property was insufficient to pay the debts — that a minute was found in the Probate files, in the hand writing of the clerk, relating to the administration of said estate, as follows — “ Dec. 22d, 1792, judgment of Court, estate insolvent, and administrators ordered to sell the real estate.” This is such a minute as was'proper for the clerk to make, and from which he ought to have made a record, at large, of what was done, and ordered by the Court; but the production of the records, as they are, without this matter upon them, tends, in some degree, to negative the clerk’s having done his duty in this respect, though he might have recorded it elsewhere. The case further shows, that the widow’s dower was assigned her, in Sept. •1792; and that, on the'24th of Dec. 1792, two days after the dáte of said Memorandum in the hand writing of the Probate clerk, — 86 — the said administrators gave a deed of the whole farm of the de« ceased, subject to the incumbrance of the said dower — That on giving this deed, they received a sum for the land exceeding that at which it was appraised; and, shortly after, accounted before the Probate Judge for all the estate of the deceased; and paid all the debts against the estate, except eleven pence on each pound of the same at the then currency : and that possession was received, with the said deed from the said administrators, of the two thirds not incumbered with the dower, and continued down to, and in the plaintiff, till the time of bringing this action ; and, during all that time, the only defect in the plaintiff’s title of record, was, that the record did not show the existence of an order of sale-Now, if the dispute were about these two thirds, and we had no statute of limitations, and the heirs of the intestate had sued the plaintiff, and he in his defence called upon the jury, under the direction of the Court, to presume, that all prerequisites to the giving of said deed by said administrators were regularly complied with, though the evidence of such compliance cannot now be found, in but few cases could the presumption be urged with such propriety and force. It would be perfectly incredible, if the business were not correctly done in the day of it, that the heirs should let their rights sleep for more than thirty years; that they should make no claim upon the purchasers, nor those claiming under them, till, probably, the administrators themselves, and most of the creditors who had received their debts, have died, and their estates are settled, and no opportunity remains for the present owner to seek remuneration back upon the administrators, if he now loses the land. Such a course is wholly inconsistent with the idea of any radical defectin the proceedings of the administrators, bad they been tested while people connusant of the proceedings were living, and could be sought unto for information on the subject. In such a case there, probably, would be no dispute, but that any thing ought to be presumed to quiet the plaintiff in his possession. It might well be presumed, from the above facts, all was done that ought to have been done to perfect the deed. That an order was regularly made, and acted upon, and returned, but lost by the clerk’s neglect, or that every necessary record was itself regularly made upon a book which is now missing. No matter what was necessary, all ought to be presumed, after so long a possession, and such a lapse of time, during which all possi-bilityof doingjustice to the purchasers must be forever gone. When the lands in the town are divided among the proprietors, in fact, but not by draught, as the statute requires ; after an acquiescence — 87 — in tills irregular division till a share of the proprietors are quieted by the statute, those, thus acqiescing, caiinot afterwards claim a division according to the statute. This would operate an injustice which Courts will not permit. Neither would they permit the heirs to revive their claim to said two thirds, after the above facts existed. The doctrine of introducing presumptions to cure defective titles is founded on that substantial principle of justice, that, when a man’s rights have slept, till the assertion of them would spread destruction among the rights of others, they must sleep forever. That this doctrine is supported by the salutary rule of evidence, that, from a series of facts wholly inconsistent with the right set up, and these facts permitted long to exist, the jury presume that the right itself is in some way extinct, or has passed to those in possession of it, though the testimony which would show this cannot now be found. Thus, when the heirs neglected for twenty years to attack an administrator’s sale, the court so directed the jury, and they presumed, that the administrator had taken the oath and advertised the sale, agreeably to the statute. — 3 Mas. Rep. 399. So in 10 Mas. Rep. 105, there was possession under a collector’s deed of more than thirty years standing. The court said the jury were properly instructed to presume the regularity of tax-bills, calculations, and warrants. So in other cases mentioned in 1 Swift’s Digest, 166-7, in a recovery of forty years standing, a surrender of tenant for life was presumed. So, where a failure of a trustee to convey would have been a breach of trust, his conveyance was presumed after four years. So, from a separate possession of thirty-six years, a deed of partition was presumed. — See 5 Cranch, 262. So in 10 Johns. Rep. 377, Jackson vs. M'-Call, the son inherited his father, who died in possession, and possessed eighteen years after the decease of his father, from which a purchase by the father was presumed. So, in the same case, a patent of a lot to J. C., and a deed from him, were presumed after a possession of about forty-six years, though no patent was recorded, where it ought to have been recorded if it issued. So in 4 Johns. Ch. Rep. 271, a purchaser of a trust estate, without notice of the trust, occupied it 18 years, and devised it in his will. After thirty years from such purchase, it was holden discharged of the trust. So where the mortgagee has never taken possession, nor demanded rent, nor rent nor interest been paid for twenty years, the mortgage will be presumed to be satisfied. Jackson vs. Wood, 12 John. Rep. 242, — and Higginson vs. Mein, 4 Cranch, 415. — And many other cases show the same decision. See also, 17 Mass. Rep. 72. — After a will had been proved twenty years, and the validity of the Probate came in ques — 88 — tion, it was presumed, that the heirs were duly notified to be present at probate, and that the absence of the third witness was prop- “ erly accounted for, though the record does not show it. Those authorities show, that Courts direct the jury to presume any thing in support of an ancient title» followed by a correspondent possession. In this case, if the two thirds only were in controversy, the jury might more rationally presume, from the facts in the case, a deed from all the heirs to the plaintiff, or those under whom he. claims, than presume that they have suffered a good title to sleep for more than thirty years, with a possession continually running down upbn that title; - It was suggested in argument, that the heir claiming has always laboured under a legal disability to pursue her claim; This does not appear in the case. But, it may be suggested, that it ought to be met with great consideration before it should avail, if it did appear. The later Probate laws have made provision, that the accounts of administrators shall not be allowed, till the heirs are all notified to be present, an d that those who are minors shall have guardians appointed, who shall also be notified, that they may be present and object to the accounts : meaning, undoubtedly, that the administration shall not be broken up, or be liable to be broken up, at any period, as the several heirs arrive at full age; At all events, meaning, that the settlements shall not be broken up, so as to injure bona fide purchasers, by defeating their titles. In the case before us, the record shows that guardians were thus appointed, but does not show whether they were notified to be present. And, if this were necessary to perfect the title given by the administrators, this also might be presumed. After these observations, upon the supposition that the two thirds were the subject of controversy, it is proper to enquire whether the case is, or is not, the same, in principle, while the controversy is about the reversion of the widow’s dower ? Here it should be remembered, that one deed only was given by the administrators, and that conveyed the whole farm of the intestate subject to the incumbrance of the widow’s dower. And, if the deed were valid at all, as a deed, it gave as good a title to the reversion of the one third, as it gave of the other two thirds in possession. This reversion was as fully paid for as the other two thirds. The possession of the widow would enure, in making title, if necessary, for the benefit of the owner of the reversion, when such own-ner is ascertained. Neither the plaintiff, nor the heirs, could enter upon this third to the prejudice of the widow, while she lived. But all who could ever set up any claim against the deed given — 89 — by the administrators, could set it up as effectually with regard to the two thirds, at any time before the statute of limitations had run against them, as they could with regard to the one third, after the decease of the widow. And they as fully yielded to the validity of that deed, while plaintiff possessed two thirds under it, as if he, during the same period, had possessed the whole farm under the same deed. The statute of limitations would not affect the title while the widow lived: but the deed acquired validity every year. If this be not correct, we may as well abandon the doctrine of presumptions altogether. If there be a possession, under the deed, of the particular piece of land in dispute, no presumption is necessary to perfect the title. That is perfected by the Statute of limitations, in as short a period, at least, as would be required to have advantage of presumption, indeed, in the present case, the statute has run its course twice over, and more too, with regard to the part in actual possession under the deed. Could that have taken place unless the deed conveyed a good title ? It seems impossible. If it conveyed a good title to any thing, it did so to all described in it. There is a case directly in point reported in Anthon’s Nisi Prius, page 105, and more at large in 7 Johns. Rep. page 5, Jackson, ex. dem. Kip vs. Murray. There the location of Stoughtenburgh"1 s patent was proved ; then a lease of the same for a term of years to Kip, the ancestor of the plaintiff; then a contract, made two years after this lease expired, to wit, in 1680, by which Stoughtenburgh agreed to sell said Kip, all the land in said patent. The plaintiff then proved actual possession, in the descendants of Kip, the elder, of part of the land covered by the patent, and that the remainder, being the very land in controversy, had remained vacant and unimproved about 100 years, till 1788, when the defendant took possession. A nonsuit was moved for by the defendant on the ground that the plaintiffhad shown no title. The nonsuit was refused ; Judge Spencer saying, “ Under these circumstances a deed conformable to the agreement must be presumed.” That is from an agreement to sell the whole, and long possession of part, while the remainder is unimproved, a deed of the whole must be presumed. The jury did presume this, notwithstanding some testimony of adverse possession on the part of the defendant.— And Ch. J. Kent, in delivering the opinion of the Court at bar, in this case, says, “ There was abundant reason for the jury to presume a conveyance from Stoughtenburgh to Kip: on that part there can be no controversy.” That patent was not merely of a farm, but of several farms; some of which were vacant an hundred years, and never possessed — 90 — by the plaintiff, but first possessed by the defendant. In the csss before the Court, the whole tract, covered by the deed, is but one farm. It was so possessed by the intestate. It was sold by the administrators, and purchased of them, as one farm. The plaintiff, and those under whom he claims, have held a vested remainder expectant upon the expiration of the widow’s life estate, and held the rest of the farm in actual possession; and held all this under one and the same deed; and that has been, rising of thirty years, patiently outgrowing all difficulties, that might ever have arisen from the v/ant of punctual accuracy in the proceedings of the officers in the Probate office, for whose proceedings the plaintiff, at the present day, is not responsible. We may here stop and enquire what object could be gained by the defendant’s recovery in this suit ? The heirs have no right to any property of their ancestor, but such as remains after the debts are paid. The case shows, that this property has all gone to pay the debts of the deceased. If this property should thus be wrested from the purchaser, by the defendant as heir, it would be leaving the debts unpaid ; not the exact debts, but the amount, that some person must lose, if the defendant holds this land. The case shows the plaintiff to be the person who would thus be the loser. And no doubt can be entertained, but that the facts in this case would support a bill in chancery, in favor of the plaintiff, to compel the defendant to quit this title, or respond her portion of the purchase money and interest. This full expression of the plaintiff’s right leads to the enquiry, whether the trial so proceeded that a door of relief is yet open in this action ? The case shows that the Court refused to charge the jury as requested by the plaintiff’s counsel — and then states the charge, which, in general, was contrary to what was requested. The Court instructed the jury, that an order of the Court of Probate was necessary to the validity of said sale; and also that such order of sale should be actually recorded; and that the jury could make no presupmtion as to the premises, unless they believed the fact to accord with the presupmtion: nor could they legally presume that said sale was ordered by the Court of Probate, unless they were satisfied that such order was actually made and recorded* This instruction, viewed in the abstract, seems definite, yet viewed in reference to the case, it is wholly indefinite. The request to charge loses sight of the merits, and claims more than the case required ; and the charge is intended to be, and is, nearly the opposite of the request. The charge, as it appears in the case, is decidedly against the plaintiff: and, it is rather to be inferred from the charge, that the — 91 — Couft considered the possession of the two thirds, under the administrator’s deed, as forming no part of the facts necessary to afford a presumption in favor of the deed, as respects the holding of the reversion ; for the Court do not refer to that and other facts In the case, and instruct them, that, if they believed such facts, they might fairly presume an order of sale in fact issued. And that was the only fact necessary to be presumed to render the deed valid. In the case of Bright, Executor, vs. Eynon, 1 Burr. Rep. 396, Lord Mansfield says, that he left the question of fraud to the jury, but left it without any express direction that the circumstances spoke fraud apparent: andjfor this reason he was for granting a new trial. In the present case, though the plaintiff’s counsel asked too much of the Court, yet their request included something to which they were entitled, but which was not afforded in the instruction to the jury. And the charge required the actual recording of the order, which the statute did not require. The jury ought to have been instructed, that if they should find the several facts, stated in the case, and relied upon by the plaintiff, such as the necessity of a sale of all the property to pay the debts, the minute in the hand writing of the register and among his files, stating the judgment of the Court, the estate insolvent, and administrators’ order to sell the real estate, and that the deed in question was given two days after the date of that memorandum, and that shortly after, all the estate, including the avails of such sale, as accounted for before the judge of Probate, and yet the debts not wholly paid : if they believed all this, and the possession under the deed of the two thirds, as before recited, they might well presume that there was an order of sale, and that all things were as they should be at the time of the transaction, although a record, the most proper evidence of the same, cannot now be found; and notwithstanding the records -of that period are produced which do oof. contain the fact the plaintiff wishes to prove, as there may have been some other book of records not found at this late period. Add also, that this presumption applies as well, to render the •administrator’s deed valid, as a deed to hold the reversion of the widow’s dower, as to hold the other two thirds; and that the order of sale need not be recorded; but it was sufficient if they were convinced that an order issued. For the want of this, or some similar instruction to the jury, a •a new trial must be granted, and the cause pass t-o the County Court for such new trial. It will be seen that the Court have attempted no labored distinction between the different kinds of presumptions, contended for ia — 92 — argument; but have treated this case as one in which the jury are to find the facts, and draw the presumptions from those facts j " and yet a case in which it is the duty of the Court, as much as ira any other case, to instruct the jury as to the tendency of particular facts, if proved, to raise the presumptions contended for.* Hawley and Phelps, for plaintiff Woodbridge and Bates, for deiendant. A new trial granted. Footnotes [*] 1 will here addjhat we have examined the Probate records,' that were Used on trial, to see how far they tended to rebut the presumptions urged by the plaintiff. We think it selfevident, on inspection of gthe record, that no record whatever was made, concerning' tire estate of the intestate, Chase, tmtil the ,whole was settled; and then the whole was recoiled at once. The several matters do not succeed each other in the record according to their true dates. There are two chasms in the record, each large enough to admit the recording that an order of sale issued. The record shows the amount allowed the administrators for, services and expendí* tures; but does not contain the items of their account. The whole is by no means formal, nor perfect in substance. And so the same record appears with regard to other estates, at*nearly the same^period.^The defects in such a record do not at all rebut the presumption that facts existed that ought to be recorded,