Boardman v. Wood

After argument, the opinion of the Court was delivered by Williams, J. The following questions arise in this case : 1st. Whether Horace Boardman was a competent witness for the plaintiffs. 2d. Whether the testimony of the commissioners who took the evidence in the case between the defendants and Horace Boardman, ought to have been received for the purpose for which it was offered. 3d. Whether the jury were properly instructed in relation to the several demands which had come into the hands of the plaintiffs, and also as to the rule of damages. 4th. Whether the rule adopted by the county court as to the proper inquiry to be made of a juror, in order to a challenge for favor, was correct. The three first questions have not been urged as strongly as the last. They have, however, been insisted on by the defendants, and must be decided by the Court. On the first, we can discover no principle of law which would exclude Horace Boardman from being a witness, either for the plaintiffs or defendants. The contract declared on was a separate and independent contract, between the plaintiffs and defendants, and in no way for the benefit of the witness. The plaintiffs were sureties for him, and he was, and is, bound to indemnify them ; and this is the extent of his obligation to them. This obligation he must fulfil, whether the plaintiffs succeed or fail in their suit against these defendants. Whatever injury the defendants have occasioned to the plaintiffs by the breach of the contract they made with them, they must remunerate the plaintiffs therefor. And as the witness was no party to that contract, he can claim no benefit therefrom. There is no rule of equity, as has been supposed, which would enable the witness in a court of chancery to have appropriated to’ his benefit the damages which the plaintiffs may recover in this suit. IÍ a court of chancery could do any ■thing upon the subject, it must be, to compel the plaintiffs to assign to the defendants their claim against Horace Boardman, on the defendants paying the amount of this verdict. But the liability of Horace Boardman is not, and cannot be, altered by any transaction between the parties to this suit on the subject of their ■Co ntract. The second objection which has been made seems to be foun575 dec! on the idea that the deposition of a witness is like a contract , . in writing,which cannot be explained or contradicted by parol evidence. The admissions of a party, whether contained in a ten deposition or not, are never considered as conclusive evi-rience against him. The rule as to all conversations, declarations, or admissions, is, that the whole must be taken together, and if a witness is precluded form stating the whole of a transaction because it is unnecessary, or irrelevant to the point in issue, there can be no objection against introducing evidence to explain this when his testimony is made use of against him. In this case the plaintiffs,who were the witnesses in the former case,were called to testify in relation to a contract different from the one which they are here endeavouring to substantiate, and between different parties,and their depositions given upon that occasion are made use of, to prove an admission by them, that a contract was made inconsistent with the one which they are here endeavouring to enforce. If at the time they made those depositions, they were about to state this contract between them and the defendants, or did state it, and it was not made part of their depositions, because it was considered irrelevant to the cause in which they were testifying, it was competent for the plaintiffs to shew that fact in evidence. The testimony of the commissioners was, therefore, properly received. The third question arises from the charge of the court on the subject of damages; and the enquiry here must be, whether the jury were misdirected. In stating a case it is not usual to set down all the remarks which the court made in their charge. The directions which they gave must be so stated, that this Court can see whether the jury were misdirected ; and we are not to enquire whether by any possible construction of the case it can be conjectured that a jury may have drawn a different inference from the charge than what was 'intended. The objections to the charge on this point are three. First; that the jury were not properly directed as to the several demands which went into the hands of the plaintiffs, and more particularly the books of accounts. It appears, however, that these books were in evidence to the jury ; they were open to any investigation, or to any comments which might be made in argument, or to any evidence in relation thereto ; and, in fact, testimony was given, not only as to what had been collected, but as to what might probably be realized therefrom. The jury was directed to take into consideration the amount which the plaintiffs had received from Horace [576] Boardman, as well as the prospect of their recovering or securing any thing from him thereafter, and to deduct from what they find to be the claim of the plaintiffs, such sum as they had ab'eady received, or were likely to receive, thereafter. This direction was sufficient, and all the defendants could claim of the court. Second ; as to the costs in the suit, which had been brought against the plaintiffs as sureties for Horace Boardman. The damages which the plaintifls sustained by the breach of the contract made between them and the defendants, might amount to the whole of their claim against Horace Boardman, if he was rendered wholly unable to indemnify the plaintiffs in consequence of the conduct of the defendants, and would have been of ability fully to indemnify them if permitted to pursue bis business. The plaintifls were entitled to a full indemnity from Horace Board-man,for all they had been compelled to pay for him to any amount, not exceeding the amount of the notes which they had taken from him, which would embrace all the costs which they had been compelled to pay in the suits commenced against them as sureties of Horace. If then the evidence warranted a recovery in favor of the plaintifls lor the amount of these demands against Horace Boardman, this must include the costs of the suits which had been instituted against them. We can see no reason why the plaintiffs should not recover against these defendants, the amount which they had been compelled to pay as sureties for Horace, whether it was for debt or cost, if from the evidence it appeared that théy had been injured to that amount by the breach of the contract made between the plaintiffs and these defendants. There was no misdirection in this particular. Third ; to the instructions to the jury as to what subjects were proper for their consideration in assessing the damages. The jury were directed that the plaintiffs were entitled to recover such damages as they had sustained by the breach of the contract. In estimating these damages, a variety of considerations would necessarily present themselves. The contract on which the plaintiffs declared was not a contract for the ultimate security of their demand against Horace Boardman. The ability of Horace to pay the plaintifls at the time the defendants, in violation of their undertaking to the plaintiffs, arrested him in New-York, and broke up his business, together with the prospect, from his youth and habits of business, of their realizing any thing thereafter, were proper considerations to influence the jury in reducing the damages. On the other hand, if the defendants, by a violation of their engagements, had availed [577] themselves of the means which Horace had to indemnify the . * plaintiffs, and had occasioned such a sacrifice of his property as to put it out of his power to indemnify them, and had thereby ed a loss to the plaintiffs of the whole of their claim against him —they were entitled to recover to that amount of the defendants. The consideration for the contract, on the part of the plaintiffs, was their relinquishing the attachment which they had laid on the property of Horace. If their debt against him was of no value, and if they had given up nothing as a consideration for the undertaking of the defendants, they could have had no claim against the defendants for damages for not fulfilling that undertaking. The jury, therefore, should take that subject into consideration in estimating the damages. The amount of the damages which the plaintiffs sustained, from the nature of the case, must have been, in some measure, a subject of conjecture, depending upon considerations which would strike the minds of different individuals in a different manner. We think the jury in this particular were properly instructed to take these different subjects into consideration, confining them in their estimate of the damages, to those which the plaintiffs had sustained by the breach of, and not by making, the contract; and if there was any difficulty in their doing justice, it resulted from the nature of the case, and not from any misdirection. If the defendants have been condemned in too large an amount, it has arisen from the impossibility of arriving at any accurate conclusion, and from the conduct of the defendants at the time they violated their engagements with the plaintiffs, which was calculated to induce a jury to give damages to the full amount which the plaintiffs had suffered. The fourth question which arises in this case has been the most relied on in the argument, and it is in effect whether the court were bound to have excluded the juryman challenged. It does not often become necessary for the court to decide what shall be a legal objection to a juror. There are usually a sufficient number of jurymen present, and the court, in the exercise of their discretion, frequently direct another juryman to be called when there are objections to those named, which do not amount to a legal cause of challenge. But when it becomes necessary to resort to talismen by rejecting a standing juror, there ought to be some legal cause of challenge before he is rejected. In this case, if the challenge had been allowed when there was no legal objec-ton, it would have been a ground oí exception on the other side. While it is important that every juror should be free from all rea578 sona^0 exceptions, it is also important that trivial objections should not be listened to. The court cannot with propriety set afiside a juryman and call on a talisman, unless it is upon a legal objection. If the juror who was challenged in this case ought to have been set aside because he had formed an opinion, either party could have challenged him. And, indeed, it would have been the duty of the court to have rejected him, without waiting for a challenge, unless both parties mutually consented to his remaining in the seat. Considering this a question to be determined by authorities, we have examined the cases which have been presented. At common law, it is a good cause of challenge to a juryman that he has declared his opinion beforehand ; yet this has been adjudged to be no cause of challenge, when it has appeared to proceed not from ill will, but from a knowledge of the cause.-2 Hawk. P. C. c. 43, s. 28, p. 589. In a case in the Year Books it was said by Babington, J., “ that if a juror say twenty limes that he “ will pass for one party for the notice which he has of the party, “ and of the truth, he is indifferent; but if he say so for any af- “ fection of the party, he is favorable, and the challenge must be “ allowed.”—21 Viner, 266. Without going into an examination of all the cases, it will be sufficient to refer to the case of the King vs. Edmonds, (4 Barn, and Ald. 471,) where the subject was considered, and many of the cases examined. In this case, in my opinion, it was clearly shown that the rule of the common law was,, that in order to exclude a juryman, it must be shown, not only that he has declared his opinion beforehand, but that it proceeded from ill will towards the party challenging, or from a preconceived opinion of his guilt. And it is for this reason the question is not permitted to be asked of a juryman, in a criminal case, whether he has expressed opinions unfavorable to a respondent, as it would tend to his dishonor to express ill will towards a party accused of a crime in regard to the matter of accusation. Rut in a civil cause, a juryman maybe asked, “if he has not given his opinion beforehand ; for he might have done it as an arbitrator.”—1 Salk. 153. Among the causes for challenge to a juror, we find this, that if he had been a juror in the same cause, or had been an arbitrator, it is a good cause of challenge, although it has been said, that it is no cause of challenge to a juror, “ if he was “ indifferently chosen as an arbitrator by both the parties, though “ he has treated of the matter ; although itw’ould be if he wascho- “ sen by the plaintiff or defendant, if he had been informed of, or “ treated of, the matter.” — Complete Juryman, 120. And a re579 Terence Is made to 1 Inst. 157, and several cases in the YeaBooks, as authorities for this position. No case has been read to show, that it is a good cause of challenge to a juror, that he formed an opinion in the case; but all the English authorities, which we have seen, establish the contrary doctrine; and it would be impossible to reconcile it with the decision of the Supreme Court of the state of New-York, in the case of Durell vs. Mosher, (8 Johns. 347 and we are fully satisfied that the rule is otherwise. A reference to the American cases, where this question has been considered either directly or incidentally, confirms us in this opinion. In the trial of Callender before Judge Chase, it was decided that the proper inquiry to be made of a juryman was whether he had formed and expressed an opinion of the guilt of the person charged. It is true, the conduct of the judge in this trial was much animadverted on at the time, and was made the subject of one of the articles of impeachment prefered against him ; but his decision of the question has always been sustained, and was confirmed by Chief Justice Marshal in-the trial of Burr. In the last mentioned trial the chief justice says that the proper question to be propounded to a juryman is, “ have you made up and delivered the opinion that the prisoner is guilty or innocent of the charge laid in the indictment ?” And it is worthy of notice, that, although the counsel for the United States adverted to the trial of Callender, and declared that he should not contend for the rule as laid down in that trial, but admitted that it might be a good cause of challenge if a juryman had formed an opinion, yet the Chief Justice, whenever he mentions the subject, is careful to say “ formed and expressed or formed and declared an opinion, &c.and in the opinion then given by him, this expression is made use of a number of times. The impeachment of Judge Chase had then but recently been decided, when this same subject had been in controversy ; and Chief Justice Marshal, both by his decision in the case, and by the cautious and guarded manner in which he expresses himself,lea ves us in no doubt that he recognized the rule laid down by Judge Chase, as the rule oflaw to be adopted in all similar cases. C. J. Swift, in his digest, 775, says, that if a juror have formed and expressed an opinion upon the merits of the case, it is good ground to set aside the verdict, if unknown to the party, &c. In this state the subject was fully considered in the case of* Godfrey, (Brayton’s Rep. I70,j a case which excited great interest, and in which every question was carefully and cautiously [580] investigated, and it was decided that a person who had expressed , , , his opinion was not a competent juror. In the trial of Vermilyea, in the city of New-York, a challenge to a juryman who had formed and delivered an opinion upon the merits of the cause, was overruled atthe circuit. This decision,however,was set aside by the Supreme Court of the state of New York.—Ex parte Vermilyea, 6 Cowen, 555; and People vs. Vermilyea, 7 Cowen, 108. In the opinion of the court in the two cases last mentioned, Judge Woodworth sometimes makes use of the expression, that if a juror had formed or expressed an opinion, it might be a good cause of challenge; and he refers to the opinion of C. J. Spencer, in the case of the People vs. Van Alstine, and Coleman vs. Hagerman, and also the opinion of Judge Story, where the same expression is made use of. It may be observed,however, that in every case mentioned the juror had declared his opinion, and in the case of Vermilyea it was a preconceived opinion of the guilt of the persons accused ; and in the case of Coleman vs. Hagerman it clearly indicated ill will. He mentions no case, however, where a challenge has been- allowed against a juror on the ground of his having formed an opinion on the merits of the case, when he had not made known by his declarations for which party that opinion was formed. It is very evident that the expressions made use of by the judge in that case must be understood as equivalent to formed and declared. And indeed if this was not his opinion, it would be altogether superfluous to say any thing about an opinion declared, if an opinion formed was a good cause of challenge. An opinion declared must be an opinion formed. From an examination of the authorities, we are inevitably led to the conclusion that the decision of the county court on this question was conformable to the common law as found in the English Reports, and as recognized in the courts of the United States and in this state, and must be considered as correct so far as any principle can be settled by authorities. It has been strongly urged that there is no reason for this distinction. It is sufficient for us to declare the law as we find it, though we may not know why it was so established. Possibly the reason urged at the bar may have had some influence, that men are more tenacious of an opinion which they have declared, and are less likely to listen to any reasons which may be urged against it. Further, every opinion which a juryman had formed in relation to a cause would not afford a good reason for challenging him. The opinion must be declared to enable the court to judge whether it should [581] disqualify him Irom serving as a juror. In many cases of a pub-lie nature almost every one who has heard of the transaction will have formed some opinion upon the subject, and it would be ficult, if not impossible, to procure a jury who had not formed an opinion. In the case under consideration the opinion which the juror had formed is not now known : it may have been in favor of the party challenging; and the same reasons, which are now urged why he should have been set aside, would probably have operated to exclude every person who had been in the court house during the former trial of this case. But if there are no sufficient reasons for the law as we find it, we do not feel at liberty, against the weight of all the authorities, to change the rule which was adopted in Godfrey’s case, and subject parties hereafter to the difficulties and hazard which may arise from conflicting decisions on this subject. Very probably, if we should alter the rule, we might learn from experience that it was founded on good reason. It is said, “ that it hath been an ancient observation, that when- “ ever a standing rule of law, of which the reason perhaps could “ not be remembered or discerned, hath been wantonly broken “ in upon, by statute or new resolutions, the wisdom of the rule “ hath in the end appeared from the inconveniences thathave followed the innovation.” Bates & Phelps, for plaintiffs. Linsley & Bailey, for defendants. The judgement of the county court is affirmed.