Rich v. Elliot

The opinion of the Court was delivered by Redfield, J. The general rule of law upon the subject of admitting oral evidence to contradict, vary or explain a written instrument is too well settled to require confirmation; The only difficulty; as in most cases, consists in the application of the rule, and in fixing the extent of the exceptions. It is well settled that oral evidence may be received to explain a lafent ambiguity, or to define the extent of the subject matter to which any written instrument refers, or to explain the import of equivocal terms. But it is also well settled that a patent ambiguity cannofbe explained by oral testimony. So if a deed, or other instrument in writing, be so expressed, as to leave it wholly uncertain what was the intention of the parties, the instrument must remain inoperative. Life cannot be infused into it by oral eveidence. The words of description used in this deed are, all the [213] right of the first division of Walbridge, “ except 46 † acres off/ of the west end.” The question arises in relation to the' construction of the exception. The terms used do not~ fix the form in which the land excepted is to be separated^' from the lot. It might be done by a line either straight or', curved, regular or irregular, parallel or oblique to the lot( lines. But, although the description does not in terms fix the form of the exception; yet, by legal intendment, the ex- ■' ception is fixed. It was decided by this court, two years ago, in relation to the levy of an execution, that where the lot was in rectangular form, a description of a certain number of acres, off the east end, was a sufficient description, by “ metes and bounds,” and should be intended to be by a line parallel with the lot line. The same was decided in the case of Beecher v. Parmele et al. 9 Vt. R. 352. In the present case, it being conceded, that the lot is in rectangular form, having its sides towards the cardinal points, there is no uncertainty either in the terms, or in thier application to the subject matter. All is definite and certain. And it is well settled, that oral testimony can no more be received to rebut or contradict a legal intendment, than it can to contradict the express terms of a Written instrument.. Hence if a note, payable in specific articles on demand,[mention no place of payment, it is not competent to prove by parol, that the parties intended the note to be payable at any other place, than that which the law implies, which in some cases will be the domicil of the maker, and in others, the place at which the note is made. Under the circumstances Of the case, to admit oral evidence of the manner in which this lot had been formerly holden and occupied, is nothing less than a resort to conjecture, to determine the intention of the parties. It would surely be safer and more rational to receive evidence of the declared intention of the parties at the time of making the contract, which could not be allowed. The situadon of the subject matter can never be resorted to as the basis of construction, except where the terms used may have one import with reference to one condition of the parties or the subject matter, and a different import with reference to a different condition. In the case of the promissory note just [214] alluded to, the place of payment not being fixed, it must depend upon the place of deposit of the articles to be paid, whether they are bulky or easy of transportation, or the domicil of the parties. But when these incidents are ascertained, the law fixes' the place of payment. So in this case, if the lot had not been in rectangular form, or being so, one of the angles of the parallelogram had been due west, it might have required a different rule of construction, or perhaps have rendered the deed wholly inoperative at law. But in the present case no such difficulty occurs, and the deed must have its legal effect and operation. The parties evidently mistook the legal effect of the instrument. The mistake would no doubt find a ready correction in the appropriate tribunal, if properly established. In those states, where no equity jurisdiction exists, mistakes of this character are frequently corrected in the courts of common law. Brown v. Gilman, 13 Mass. R. 161. But to allow of that here, would be to confound the appropriate limits of jurisdiction, between the courts of common law and chancery. It will be readily admitted that some cases exist at common law, not easily reconcileable with the general rule upon the subject, — but such cases have not been followed. The subject is lucidly discussed, and put upon its true ground in Claremont v. Carleton, 2 N. H. R. 373, by Woodbury, J. The suggestion of Mr. Justice Story of an intermediate class of cases, between latent and patent ambiguities, may be in some sense well founded. Terms of indefinite signification may always be explained by oral evidence, as a foreign language may be translated by an interpreter, which is common, and necessary, where the instrument is not in the vernacular. 1 Mason, 11. In mercantile contracts, mere memoranda, or outlines of contracts, have been permitted to be explained by oral evidence of the interpretation given by merchants to such memoranda, which exception seems to belong to the class of Mr. Justice Story. Clark v. Russell, 3 Dallas’ R. 421. But no case, it is believed, will be found, where testimony has been received to vary the l^gal import of the instrument. See the cases cited, 3 Starkie’s evidence, 1026, and note by the American editor. This subject, has been much discussed in the United States [215] supreme court, in relation to what is termed, in the cant language of the west, “ calls.” The term may be well translated into the eastern dialect, by the word “jpitch.” It is a designation of land, where the party has an election. Oral evidence has there been received to ascertain the actual and relative position of the natural objects referred to; but that court have held, that the construction of the instrument and its application to the territory, when that is ascertained, is a mere intendment of law. If the terms used have a definite and intelligible signification, it is not competent to show by proof, aliunde, that they were intended to have a different effect, and to include different territory. Meredith v. Picket, 5 Cond. R. 686. McDowell v. Peyton, 10 Wheaton, 454. Note in Wilson v. Mason, 1 Peters’ Cond. R. 242. Judgment of the County Court reversed, and a new trial granted.