Curtis v. Hurlburt

Swift, Ch. J. All offences at the common law are several — that is, though several join in the commission, of the act, and that act is single, yet each is guilty severally, and is liable to a. separate punishment. If two should jointly take, and, with felonious intent, carry away, the goods of another, each would be guilty of the crime of theft, and might — 313 — be prosecuted jointly, or separately. When a statute creates an offence, it may be joint or several, according to the language made use of. The statute on which tiie present question arises, is, that “ no person shall use any bush-seine in Ousatonnick river, Ac. on penalty of sixty-seven dollars for every such offence.” The question is, whether this is a several offence in each person concerned in it, or only one offence in them all, so that one penalty only can he inflicted ? No words can he more appropriate than the words of this statute to designate a several offence. »Yo person shall do the act, under a certain penalty, for each offence. It is the same as the words, Every person who docs the act — whoever does the act — if any person shall do the act, such person shall suffer a certain penalty. As by the common law, when several join in the commission of a crime, each is considered as severally doing the act $ so here, though several may join in the act, yet every person is considered as severally committing the crime, and incurs a several penalty. The words no persons, or no person or persons, shall do au act under a certain penalty, are proper to designate a joint offence, and will be so construed, unless there is something to point out a several offence ; for in such case, the words of the statute inflict only one penalty on the persons who join in doing a specific act, and not a several penalty on each who may he concerned in it; of course, it is a joint, and not a several, offence in them all. Such is the literal meaning of the words, and this construction is fully supported by the case of Hardyman v. Whitaker and others, 2 East, 573. in a note. The case of Rex v. Clark and others, Cowp. 610. has been relied on by tiie defendant as a direct authority in his favour. That was an information on a statute against several for assaulting and resisting certain custom-house officers in the execution of their duty, and rescuing out of their custody a quantity of brandy, &c. The words of the statute were : •* if any person or persons shall,” Ac. “ the party or parties shall, for every such offence, forfeit and lose 40/.” It was decided, that this was a several offence, and each liable to the penalty, on the ground that this was an offence in its nature several ; for it was said, one might resist, another molest, and another run away with the goods : which were distinct — 314 — acts» and every one’s offence was entire and complete in its nature. On the same principle, in the present case, the of-fence would have been several, though joint words had been used in the statute creating it ; for here it may with equal propriety be said, that the offence was in its nature several j that one could make the seine, another put it into the rive?-, all might draw it, and others take out the fish ; here would, be distinct acts, and the offence of each would be entire and complete in its nature. The case, then, of Rea,- v. Clark, so far from being an authority iu favour of the defendant, is in point against him. The rule, however, respecting the distinction between joint and several offences, is laid clown in that case different from what l have stated in this. Lord MansJield says : “ Where the offence is, in its nature, single, and cannot be severed, there the penalty shall be single, because though several persons may join in committing it, it still constitutes but one offence. But where the offence is, in its nature, several, and where every person concerned may be separately guilty of it, there each offender is separately liable to the penalty, because the crime of each is distinct from the offence of the others, and each is punishable for his own crime.” I should much question the correctness of this distinction, whirl? is no where else to be found ; for it is manifest, whether the crime he in its nature single or several, it must depend on the language and provisions of the statute creating it, to ascertain whether the persons jointly con cerned in doing the act ¿reliable to a joint or several penalty., We must look to the statute creating the offence, to decide w hether it be joint or several j for at common law all offen-ces are several. The case of Boutelle v. Nourse, in 4 Mass, Rep. 431. is against the defendant. That was an action on a statute, providing, that if any person or pci-sons should take or catch any salmon, alewives, Ac. he or they so offending should for - feit and pay as a fine for each and every salmon so taken, Ac. A recovery had been had against one jointly concerned in fishing with other s ; and then an action was brought against another, who pleaded the former recovery in bar. It was decided, that the action could not be sustained, and that the plea in bar was good. Here, the statute not only constitutes a joint offence, but inllicls a particular penalty upon a spe315 oifir, act, whether performed by one or more, which would also constitute a joint offence j of course, there could be a recovery for one penalty only. It has been further contended, that different words are used promiscuously in sundry statutes, as well as in different parts of the same statutes, where the manifest object is to punish the same kind of offence in the same manner; and that, of course, though the words are different, the statutes should have the same construction ; and if in one instance ii is admitted, that a joint offence is intended to be created, is ought to be admitted in all. But where the meaning of the statute is plain and evident, we must construe it according to the words ; and it can never be admitted to give a construetion to a statute different from the import of the words, from a conjecture that the legislature had a different meaning. Such a power would enable a court to make what they pleased of a statute : and in the present case, it may as well be said, because the legislature, in making laws respecting the same subject, have made use of words in some, which create a several offence, and in some, a joint offence, that they intended all the offences should be several, as that all should be joint. I am of opinion, that the words in the statute under consideration, constitute a several offence ; and that the plea of the defendant is insufficient. TrumhOjTi, J. was of the same opinion. Bratnakd, J. This action is brought: on the 6th section, chap. 1st, of the statute “ for encouraging and regulating fisheries.” The section is “ that no person shall use any bush-seine in Ousatonnick river, or in any way obstruct, encumber or impede the drawing of seines, or taking of fish, in any of the fishing-places cleared as aforesaid, either by felling trees, or sinking logs, or other incumbrances therein, or in any other manner whatsoever, on penalty of sixty-seven dollars for every such offence.” The facts are these. Sundry persons had used a bush-seine in that river, contrary to that section ; separate suits were brought against the individuals using the seine ; and a recovery of the penalty of sixty-seven dollars, had against one. This recovery, with a corresponding satisfaction, was pleaded in bar of the action. — 316 — The question arises upon the sufficiency of this pica— whether the use of a bush-seine is a single offence, and the penalty of 67 dollars to be inflicted on the offence when committed — or on each individual concerned in committing it. ^ aPPcars to me, that the use here contemplated, must be taken to mean a single use; that the offence, when committed, whether by one or more, is single ; that, therefore, the penalty is single. The same reasoning will apply to a log-thrown into the river, to the obstruction of fish ; the offence would be the same, whether thrown in by one man, or by many. It is said, that the peculiar phraseology of the section, contruuls the. construction. It is “ that no person shall use any bush-seine, Ac. on penalty of 67 dollars,” Ac. It is contended, that this is several on each individual; that where the statute says, that no person or persons shall set or draw any seine, Ac. the offence is single, and the penalty single. But this dist inction cannot be consistent with the meaning, of the legislature. The 8th section of the same statute says, “ that no person or persons shall draw any seine or other fish-craft in ({nine-bang river, except, Ac. on penalty of 14 dollars and the 9th section says, « that no person shall draw any seine or other fish-craft in Willhmntic or Nachtmge rivers, except, Ac. on penalty of 84 dollars.” Now, we can hardly suppose, that the legislature intended, that if twenty men drew a seine in (¿uinebaug river, there should be a forfeiture of 14 dollars only, and that if the sanu number of men should draw a seine in Willimantic river, there should be a forfeiture of twenty times 34 dollars. The act is the same in one case, as the other; single in both. Why is not the offence the same in one. case, as the other ; and single in both ? It is. true, these two sections are now repealed, and their places supplied by the second and third sections of the fifth -hapicr, of i he same statute “ for encouraging and regulating fisheries.” The phraseology of these, two last sections, is perfectly similar, and exactly like the one under consideration : it is “ that no person shall draw any seine in ({uin~ (bang river, Ac. on penalty of 100 dollars.” Now, we can hardly suppose, that the legislature intended by the section in relation to ⅝uinebaug, now7 repealed — that if twenty men drew a. seine in that river, there should he a forfeiture of — 317 — 14 dollars only; and that by the section substituted in its place, if twenty men should draw a seine in the same river, Hiere should be a forfeiture of twenty times 100 dollars. I believe the fact to be, that where the legislature intended to inflict the penalty on each individual committing the offence, they have, in every instance, so expressed it. Hence, the clause in all those sections, and in all those cases in which such is their meaning, is added — “ and every person, who shall be convicted of a breach of this section of tiiis act, Ac. shall forfeit and pay,” Ac. I do not see the difference between the use of a seine, as a single act, and the killing of a liare. The act, in either case, when perpetrated, is one and entire ; and 1 cannot perceive, that Lord Mansfield descended from his greatness, when he said, that the life of a hare was single; and that the offence of killing a hare, how many soever might direct their shafts at his life, was still single ; and that on this offence, but one penalty, of course, could be inflicted. Cowp. 612. What is the offence complained of? The use of a hush-seine once. What is the-penalty for one offence ? Sixty-seven dollars. The sum has been paid. In short, it appears to me, that the offence is single, and of course, the penalty single : that, the single use or draught of a seine is one act, and, when perfected, constitutes the offence ; that the legislature intended to inflict the penalty of 6” dollars on the offence when committed, and not on each individual committing the offence. I would advise, that judgment be — that the plea in bar is sufficient.- Baldwiv and Goddard, Js. were of the same opinion. IIosmer, J. concurred in the opinion delivered by the Chief J ustice. Gould, J. The only question is, whether the penalty, inflicted by the statute, upon which this prosecution is founded, is single, or several. Now, every crime, as far as respects the guilt of the parties, engaged in the perpetration of it, is several : and it is a general rule, that if two or more persons concur, in the commission of an offence; each offender is liable to a several punishment. Tiiis principle extends.. — 318 — generally, as will to statute-offences, as to those, which are punishable by the common law ; nor does there appear to be, in general, any distinction, in the application of it, between the higher kinds of punishment and fines, or mere pecuniary penalties, To this general rule, however, which I take to be universal at common law, some exceptions have arisen, in prosecutions on penal statutes ; and all the difficulty in the case is, in ascertaining the criterion, or line of distinction, by which those exceptions are limited. It seems, at any rate, to be incumbent on the party, who claims, that a given of-fence is not within the general rule, to show, that it falls within the principle of some of the excepted cases. For prima facie, at least, all crimes are, quoad the punishment, several. The question has sometimes, or in one instance, at least, turned upon the nature of the offence, without regard to the terms, in which the penalty is prescribed in the statute ; as in the case of Rex v. Clark & al. Cowp. 610. But the final criterion, as I conceive, if not the only one, is the apparent intention of the legislature, to be collected from the statute, upon which the prosecution is founded. In the case of Partridge v. Naylor, Cro. Eliz. 480., which was an action upon a penal statute, against three, though the words of the act are, that “ every person offending, shall, for every such of-fence, forfeit,” <S;e, ; yet, the action being given only to the party injured by the offence, it was resolved, that only one penalty was incurred ; it being obviously intended by'the legislature, rather as a satisfaction to llic aggrieved party, than as a punishment of the offenders. And upon this ground it is, that Powell, J. distinguishes that case, from The queen v. King, l Salk. 182. The latter was the case of a conviction for deer-stealing, against two ; and the words of the statute being, that the offenders shall “ respectively forfeit 301. and the forfeiture being intended, not as a satisfaction, but as a punishment; the penalty w as awarded against each of the defendants. In Hardyman v. Whitaker & al. 2 East, 573. n., which was an action of debt against nine persons, for a breach of the game-laws, the statute enacts, that(i the person, or persons convicted,” shall forfeit 5L ; and it was resolved, that only one penalty was incurred : Because, say the court, “ the statute itself has made the offence joint, and made them all subject to but one forfeit — 319 — upc i” And it is added, that “ the distinction is, where the offences are made joint,” (i. e. by the terms of the statute) 14 and where not.” And in the same case, the court, in referring to The King v. Weston, in which it was holdeti, that each defendant had severally incurred a statute-penalty, assign as a reason for the determination, that the penalty in the statute is laid upon « every person offending.” The case of Barnard v. Gostling in error, in the Exchequer-Chamber, l New Rep. 245,, was an action of debt, against two, for certain penalties. The words of the statute are, that “ if any person shall,” Ac., si every such person shall, for every such offence, forfeit 50f.” And it was resolved, that the penalties were several ; because the statute declares “ every” offender liable to the penalty, and therefore, that two defendants could not be joined in the action ; it being debt. The King v. Bleas-dale & at. 4 Term Rep. 809., was the case of a conviction on Hie statute 5 Anne, for using a grey-hound to destroy game. The court held, that the question depended upon the statute, which enacts, that if any person, or persons, shall” &c.; the person, or persons, so convicted, shall forfeit,” Ac. 5 and that only one penalty was forfeited. The case of Bon-telle v. Nourse, 4 Mass. Rep. 451. was debt for a penalty, against a sole defendant, who pleaded in bar, a former recovery, with satisfaction, for the same offence, against one Morrill; and upon demurrer, the plea was adjudged sufficient, as only one penalty was incurred. The statute upon which that action, also, was brought, enacts, that “ if any persbn, or persons, shall take any salmon, Ac. he, or they, so offending, shall forfeit, Ac. as a fine for each and every salmon,” Sec. Here the words, « he or they shall forfeit,” clearly import, that if the offence should be committed by several, there should be but one penalty inflicted : and more especially, as a specific forfeiture is prescribed for each fish taken. The five cases, last cited, all turned, expressly, upon the construction of the statutes, upon which the prosecutions were founded ; and adopting this criterion, (for I am not satisfied with any other,) it appears to me, that the penalty, in the present case, is several. The act upon which the prosecution is brought, provides, that “ no person shall use any bush-seine, in said Ousatounick river, Ac. on penalty,” Ac. These words, according to their proper acceptation, must be taken distributively : and if so. — 320 — the clause requires the same const ruct inn, as if it were* “ each person offending shall forfeit or, í: all persone offending shall respectively forfeit.” Another case cite:! at the bar, is that of Hill v. Davis, 4 Mass. Rep. 137., which was an action of debt, for a penalty, against two executors, for not presenting a will to the judge of probate, as required by a statute of the state of Massachusetts. Tiie determination, i:i that case, has no relation to the present question, it proceeded solely upon the farm of the action. The statute, bo wet or, enacts, that « every executor so neglecting. Ac, shall, for his, or her neglect, forfeit,” Ac, But Fursons, C. J. in delivering his opinion, observes, obiter, i( If both executors neglect, a joint forfeiture is incurred by both.” Now, upon this supposition, it would seem, the. neg led of one of the executors must be, in law-, the neglect of the other : a proposition, which, I confess, is to me not perfectly obvious. I am not, however, questioning the observation cited ; but there being no reasons assigned, for this part of the opinion, I do not understand the grounds of it : And not, knowing upon what principle it was advanced, I cannot decide bow far it is relative to the question now before the court. It may lie proper to observe, that in those cases, in which the construction of the statute del ermines, whether the pm alty is joint or several, the question, whether one penalty only, or several, can be recovered, in a particular case, may, nevertheless, depend upon the form of the prosecution. For though several penalties may he indicted upon one indictment, or public prosecution, where they are, by law, several; yet, in a civil action, as I apprehend, and especially in the action of debt, there can, regularly, be but one judgment, and one entire recovery. This was the fatal objection to the action, in Barnard v. fíostlmp;. That, difficulty, however, docs not exist in the present case : as the action is against a sole defendant. The distinction, arising out: of the nature of the offence, as pointed out by Lord Mansfield, in Rene v. Clarke, certainly exists ; but upon wluit principle, it can he adopted, as a criterion in questions of this kind, Í am at a loss to perceive. That was an information upon the statute, 8 Geo. 1. c. 18. s 25., for assaulting and resisting certain custom-house oilmens., hi the execution of their duty; and upon conviction, the — 321 — question was. whether the penalty should be indicted upon mth of the defendants, severally, or one penalty only, upon allot’them. The court determined, that each had incurred a several penalty ; and Lord Mansfield stated the distinct ion thus : ei Where the offence is, in its nature, single, and cannot be several, there the penalty shall he single ; because, though several persons may join in committing it, it still constitutes but one offence. But where the offence is, in its nature, several, and where every person concerned may he, separate % guilty of it, there each offender is separately liable to the penalty; because, the crime of each is distinct from the of-fence of the others, and cadi is punishable for his own crime. For instance : the offence, created by stat. 1. and 2. Ph. & M. c. 12. is the impounding a distress in a wrong place. On", two, three or four, may impound it wrongfully; it is still but one act of impounding ; it cannot be several. It is but one offence; and therefore, should be satisfied by one. forfeiture. So under the slat. 5 .inn. r. 14. for the preservation of the game, killing a hare is but one offence, in its nature ; whether one, or twenty, kill it, it cannot be killed more than once. If partridges are netted by night; two, three, or more may draw the net; but still it constitutes but one offence. But this statute relates to an offence, in its nature, several; a several offence at common law ; and the statute adds a further sanction. One may resist, another molest, another run away with the goods. One may break the officer’s arm, another put out his eye. All these, arc distinct acts ; and every one’s offence entire, and complete, in its nature. Therefore, each person is liable to a penalty, for his own separate offence.” The meaning of the distinction, thus pointed out by Lord Mansfield, is, that in the latter case, (that of resisting custom-house officers,) each of the acts, supposed to be done, by the different persons concerned, is, of itself, a resistance— which is the offence prohibited : so that each of those acts, taken singly, constitutes the offence : whereas, if several join in killing a hare, and each one does some distinct act, to accomplish the- purpose, (as, by giving the animal a separate wound :) each of those acts, taken separately, is not a killing, and therefore, does not, of itself, constitute 'the of-fence : there being, in the whole, hut one killing, am! consc322 quenily but one crime committed. All this is certainly true ⅝ but how does it prove, that each individual concerned, is not, in law, separately guilty of that one crime ? Or, that each is not liable to a several punishment lbr it ? The general rule certainly is, that when several persons unite, in committing an offence, the act of one is the act of all, and of every other, respectively ; and that each is punishable for what is done by all, or hy any one of the parties concerned. If ten persons join in committing a murder, and each one commits a distinct act of violence, with his own hand; each several act does not, hy itself, constitute the murder. There is, in the whole, only one killing, and consequently, but one felony ; as in the case of killing a hare, under the game-laws, there is but one statute-offence. In this respect, therefore, the two cases are precisely alike. Rut in the former case, each person concerned is, in law, severally guilty of the crime of murder ; though there is but one murder committed and each is severally punishable for it. What: reason, then, arising out of the nature of the offence, can he assigned, why the same rule does not apply to the killing of a hare, by several ? I am constrained to acknowledge, that I am utterly unable to discover any reason. That the offence, in ttie one case, exists at common law, and is created by statute, in the other, can, surely, make no difference in the question, whether the crime, or the punishment, is, in the nature of the case, single, or several; though, where the statute is in affirmance of the-common law, as in Rex v. Clarke, the former circumstance may assist, in discovering the intention of the legislature. But with regard to the three instances, referred to by Lord Mansfield, in which the penalty is single, it appears decisively, from the statutes themselves, that a single penalty only was intended hy the legislature: and they all correspond, exactly, with Use rule of distinction, which I have been endeavouring to support. The penalty for impounding a distress in a wrong place, is given as a satisfaction to the party aggrieved hy the offence. And in the statutes, relating to the killing of a hare, and the netting of partridges, the penalty is made single, hy the words, “ the person or persons shall forfeit.” If may also he worthy of consideration, that when the punishment of an offence, in which two or more persons join, is — 323 — not several, all the offenders, except one, however numerous they are — may, and often will, escape all punishment. For the whole penalty and costs may be collected from one of them; and no contribution can he enforced against the others. Is this consistent with the general principles, and ends, of criminal law ? Where, indeed, a statute creating an offence, evinces, by its phraseology, or otherwise, an intention in the legislature, to inflict but a single penalty, (as where it is given, by tvay of compensation, to the individual, injured by the offence; or where the language of the act makes it single,) there is a plain positive ground of exception to the general rule ; and the will of the legislature, is a sufficient reason for it, without enquiring further. In almost all the decided cases, in which this question has arisen, the intention of the legislature, as collected from the statute itself , has been resorted to, as the criterion : and I am satisfied with it, as the true one. But even according to the distinction in Rex v. Clarke, the penalty in this case, is, in my judgment, clearly several. For the statute does not require, as essential to the offence, the actual catching, or taking, of fish, in a bush-seine : the mere “ using,” of such a seine, incurs the forfeiture. And each act, of each individual in fishing, (i. e. in endeavouring to take fish,) with such a seine, is certainly “ using” it, for that purpose, within the principle of the distinction in Rex v. Clarke. Every such act, therefore, constitutes, of itself, the offence, prohibited in the statute. But I will not occupy time, in further applying that distinction to the present case : as I fully approve of the criterion derived from the construction of the statute. My opinion is, that the judgment ought to be reversed. In what I have said of Lord Mansfield’s opinion, in Rex v. Clarke, l would not be understood to suggest a doubt of the correctness of the determination in that case : though the words of the statute, upon which the action was brought, are, “ the party, or parties,” shall forfeit. For the circumstance, that the offence incurred a several punishment, at common law, and that the statute sanction was only cumulative, was sufficiently evincive of the intention of the legis-lare, that the penalty should be several, notwithstanding the particular phraseology of the act. That circumstance re» — 324 — polled the conclusion, which (he words,- “ party nr parlies,’* might otherwise have furnished. Kiimoxd and Smith, Js. gave, no opinion, being reiat?« to one of the parties, Plea in bar insufficient.,