Robbins v. Harvey

Hosmer, Ch. J. The plaintiff has brought an action of assumpsit founded on a quantum meruit, for services rendered as an attorney and counsellor at law. At the trial, the court below admitted certain testimony, to the admission of which objections are made ; and a question has likewise arisen, whether under the plea of non assumpsit the statute of limitations may be given in evidence. I will first consider the objections to the evidence received. The testimony of Mr. Whipple as to the reasonableness of the — 341 — plaintiff's charges, and declaring, that they were not greater than was customarily paid for such services as were rendered, was unexceptionable ; but the written declaration in the plaintiff’s hand-writing, and signed by him, incorporated with the deposition, and importing that the defendant’s success in her suit was attributable solely to the plaintiff, ought not to have been received. It was an unjustifiable mode of introducing the plaintiff’s affirmation as testimony, in regard to an unproved fact, and which, from its nature, it was next to impossible to prove ; and was precisely as objectionable, as if it had been made to the jury, detached from testimony with which it had no connection. The tendency of the proceeding, if it was not the motive, was to impress the minds of the jurors with prejudice, and stamp a colour on the case, injurious to a fair decision. The deposition, vitiated by such a statement and declaration as were made, ought to have been rejected. The testimony of Mr. Hunter was utterly irrelevant. His services had no identity with those of the plaintiff; and the value of the one furnished no proof as to the worth of the other. Indeed, the evidence did not even prove, what was a reasonable compensation for Mr. Hunter s services. They were rendered on a special agreement for a definite sum ; and the money paid, may have been much above, or much below, a quantum meruit. The poverty of the defendant, when the services were rendered, had no bearing on the question between the parties. What was the worth of the plaintiff’s services, was the only enquiry. There is not, in the determination of this simple question, any calculation of chances or possibilities as to the remuneration of the creditor. It has been an unheard of enquiry, until now, when goods are sold or services rendered, whether the debt is collectible, and to raise or depress the value of the things sold or done, by speculating and conjecturing on the probability of payment. Indeed, the proposition that goods sold to a man of wealth, or services done for him, are to receive an estimate at their precise worth, but that the same demand against a poor man is to he greatly increased, from the moral probability of losing the whole or a part, is a flagrant absurdity. It contradicts every dictate of the understanding, and every feeling of the heart, and is a perfect novelty, never received or acted upon in the intercourse between men. The value of services is entirely detached from the consideration of their ultimate benefit to the person rendering them. The value is — 342 — the benefit of the debtor, and the compensation the benefit of the creditor ; and the questions respecting these subjects is necessarily as separate and disjoined, as is the person of him who does from who receives. The enquiry under a quantum meruit is not, what benefits, immediate and remote, have been derived from the services. If it were, the preserving a man’s life, by stopping a horse in full career, on request, might require as a compensation, a splendid fortune. But the question is what is the general worth of certain services rendered, or goods sold. I do not know, if Mrs. Harvey had been excessively rich, that an unusual compensation for services would have been demanded ; but certain I am, if they were, they would not be as opposed to the common practice of mankind, as the attempt to tax her poverty, by a recurrence to the doctrine of chances. The evidence on the point in discussion was most palpably objectionable, and ought not to have been received. Whether in an action of assumpsit for services ordinarily charged on book, the plaintiff is barred, after a lapse of six years from the time when the cause of action accrued ; and if so, whether the statute may be given in evidence, under the plea of non assumpsit ; are the remaining subjects of enquiry. By the former statute, (ed. 1808. p. 102. tit. 25. c. 2.) book debts, after the lapse of six years from the contracting thereof, were not recoverable in any court in this state. This law had its operation, not on the form of action, but on the debt ; such was its expression, and such its legal and practical construction. Vid. Edwards v. Nichols, 3 Day, 19. It follows from this, that if a creditor brings an action of assumpsit for articles ordinarily charged on book ; the limitation of six years is equally applicable, as if the suit had actually been instituted on the book. The plaintiff’s services having been performed in 1811, were barred by the then existing law, in 1817, several years before the commencement of his suit. This preceding law has never been altered in substance ; and by the act confirming the statute laws, as revised by the General Assembly, (Stat. p. 485.) it still remains in force. The existing law, by a construction of its expression in relation to the subject matter, was intended to limit the debt, and not the form of action. The words, “ no action of account, of debt on book, or on simple contract, or of assumpsit founded upon any implied contract, or upon any contract in writing not under seal, except notes not negotiable, (Stat. p. 310. tit. 59. s. 3.) shall be brought but within six years after the right of action shall accrue,” which is the present law, — 343 — place the cause of limitation, not on the form of suit, but on the nature of the indebtedness. By “ action of account, of debt on book or on simple contract,” after examining the entire section of the act, I am of opinion, it was the intention to select one general criterion of limitation ; and that the law. rightly construed, reads in this manner ; “ no action founded on account, on book, on simple contract, or upon any contract in writing.’’ This deviation from the literal phraseology in the two first expressions, gives uniformity of construction, where no diversity can be reasonably intended, and is no strained interpretation of the preposition of, which sometimes signifies concerning or relating to, as in this phrase ; “ all men have this opinion of the man that is, concerning or relating to the man. This discussion, however, I consider as of no moment ; for the plaintiff has brought an action of assumpsit, founded on implied contract ; and by the express words of the act, such suit is limited to six years after the right of action accrues. That the statute of limitations cannot be given in evidence under the plea of non assumpsit, I deem to be unquestionable. If the substance of the issue were the test of this enquiry, it would be too unfounded even to be seriously raised, as it presents this question only, did the defendant promise as the plaintiff has alleged ; and if not, did he promise within six years. Under the plea of non assumpsit, if the plaintiff supports his declaration, it is no matter how far back the promise was made. The promise is all that is denied ; and nothing is set up, by the plea, to bar a recovery. The defendant may waive the statute ; and if the substance of the plea is alone regarded, he does waive it. But upon the plea of nil debet, which puts in issue the existence of the debt at the commencement of the action. the statute of limitations has been given in evidence, although the propriety of it seems to be doubted. Anon. 1 Salk. 278, Draper v. Glassop, 1 Ld. Ray. 153. 1 Chitt. Plead. 476, Duppa v. Mayo, 1 Saund. 283. n. 2. Hodsden v. Harridge, 2 Saund. 63. n. 6. To be more particular: The statute of limitations cannot be give in evidence under the plea of non assumpsit, either at common law, or by the act of this state concerning pleadings, or by virtue of the proviso subjoined to it. 1. The statute is not evidence under non assumpsit, at common law Under this plea, the evidence at first was confined to those defences, which proved, that the plaintiff never had any cause of action ; and matters of discharge were always required — 344 — to be pleaded specially. Upon this rule innovations were, from time to time, made, until at length most matters in discharge of the action, which show, that at its commencement, the plaintiff had no subsisting cause of suit, may be taken advantage of under non assumpsit. But some defences there are, which must be pleaded specially; and in this class is the statute of 21 Jac. 1. c. 16. s. 3. from which our act of limitations is taken. 1 Chitt. Plead. 472. 473. Duppa v. Mayo, 1 Saund. 283. n. 2. Hodsden v. Harridge, 2 Saund. 63. b. c. Puckle v. Moor, 1 Vent. 191. Lee v. Rogers, 1 Lev. 110. Gould v. Johnson, 2 Ld. Ray. 838. In all other cases, except such as are within the above statute, and the 32 H. 8. c. 2. (Foster’s case, 8 Rep. 64. b.) where the law requires the commencement of a suit within a limited time, it is the duty of the plaintiff to prove that he has complied with the terms of it. Hodsden v. Harridge, 2 Saund. 63. c. The late Ch. J. Swift, in his Digest, vol. 1. p. 304. supposes, that one reason of the above diversity is, that the statute was made for the case of those who will take advantage of it; and that the court will not give a defendant the benefit of the law, unless he pleads it. He however subjoins, “ perhaps the better reason is, that as the plaintiff may reply special matter to avoid the operation of the statute, the defendant ought to plead it, to give him an opportunity to set forth such special matter.” As at common law, the rule is incontestible, that the statute of limitations must be pleaded, and cannot be given in evidence under non assumpsit, I am brought to the next enquiry ; has the act concerning pleadings made any difference? By this law it is enacted, that “the general issue of not guilty, owe nothing, did not assume and promise, &c. whereby the whole declaration is put in proof, may be made by the defendant; under which general plea the defendant shall have liberty, on trial of his cause, to give his title in evidence, or any special matter in his defence or justification, excepting only a discharge from the plaintiff, his accord, or some special matter, whereby the defendant, by the act of the plaintiff is saved or acquitted from the plaintiff’s demand in the declaration.” Stat. 42,3. tit. 2. s. 30. For nearly a century, the recited law has been in continued existence. In the revision of 1750, it was digested from two former acts, passed in May, 1720, and in October, 1731. Until the year 1808, notice of the defence, in any case, was never required; and it is most unreasonable to suppose the legislature intended to sanction the admission of every thing, how — 345 — ever unconnected with the issue, to be given in evidence ; and thus, at the moment of trial, to surprise the plaintiff, by matter of defence entirely unexpected. The practice under the statute being of frequent necessity, the court were, soon after its enactment, impelled to fix the limits of it, by an exposition pursuant to the legislative intent. On the one hand, the peril of special pleadings, requiring much nicety of management, and sometimes entangling justice in a net of forms, was suitably to be regarded; and on the other, that there should not be such a departure from the substance of the issue as to produce surprise and inconvenience. The acts of the plaintiff, which the statute was considered as requiring to be pleaded specially, were such as were ex post facto ; (2 Swift's Syst. 208.) while those defences, which showed that he never had any cause of action, were uniformly made under the general issue. In Ripley v. Fitch, 1 Root 404. it was decided, by the superior court, that in an action on a promissory note, under the plea of non assumpsit, payment could not be given in evidence; as “this would he to surprise the plaintiff, when he was prepared only to prove the promise." Thus the letter of the statute was not regarded ; but the court restrained it, in order to promote that justice and convenience, which was supposed to be the object of the legislature. And it is remarkable, that the evidence at common law, under the plea of non assumpsit, now held to be admissible, was not at that time received by the court. In the case of Candy v. Twichell, 2 Root 123, duress and imposition in order to avoid a receipt, were admitted in evidence pursuant to the case of Clark v. Bray, Kirby 237., and on this assigned reason, “ for it goes directly to disprove the obligation or receipt.” This court, in an action brought on a promissory note, under the plea of non assumpsit, permitted usury to be given in evidence. Culver v. Robinson, 3 Day 68; and in giving the reasons of the judgment, drew the line, by which the statute in question was to be construed, with great accuracy. “ The special matter, which must be pleaded, is such as arises subsequent to the plaintiff’s demand, and which saves or acquits the defendant from a right of action, which once existed against him ; whereas usury evinces a total want of any ground of action originally, and may therefore he given in evidence under the general issue.” Here, then, we find the principle correctly stated, and promulged by the court, that definitely settled the law. if the defence consists of special matter arising subsequent to the original cause of action, it must be pleaded spe — 346 — cially; but if it evinces that there never was any right of action, it may be proved under the general issue. That the defence, by virtue of the Statute of limitations, is founded on a fact, happening posterior to the existence of the cause of action, and that it admits the right of suit formerly to have existed; are propositions incontrovertibly clear. Conformably with the principles adopted in the cases cited, the defence must be pleaded specially. The fact, that the law of limitation in question, has ever been taken advantage of under a special plea, and never under the general issue, I believe to be unquestionable, and within the knowledge of every member of the bar; and I can truly say, that the attempt to give the law in evidence under non assumpsit, so far as my knowledge extends, is now made for the first time. There are cases turning on different questions, which shew what the practice has been. Hull v. Minor, 2 Root 223, Smith v. Huntington, 2 Day 563. Bound & al. v. Lathrop, 4 Conn. Rep. 336. And the late. Ch. J. Swift, in his Digest, vol. 1. p. 304 lays it down as a well settled principle, that if the defendant would take advantage of the statute of limitations, he must plead it. The reasons assigned are, because the defendant may waive the law, and shall be taken to have waived it, unless he insists on it by plea ; and more especially, because the plaintiff may reply special matter to avoid its operation. The learned Judge, whose long experience, undoubtedly, made the above, as a matter of practice, perfectly familiar to him, may be considered as attesting to it, and to the construction of the statute by the court. A different exposition, even with notice of the defence, would be highly inconvenient. Until the moment of trial, the defendant could never anticipate on what the plaintiff would place his reliance. Whether he founds himself on lunacy, coverture, new promise, or other fact invalidating the operation of the statute, the defendant is liable to be taken by surprise, and the interests of justice to be defeated. It is too late to recur to the act, and to settle the construction of it, as being a novelty, when nearly a century bears evidence to its meaning, in the practice of the bar, and a sanction of that practice by the courts. But were I impelled to this unnecessary task, I should, without hesitation, require the law to be pleaded specially, in order to fulfil its object, and to prevent the most palpable inconvenience. Lastly, the statute of limitations is not evidence under non — 347 — assumpsit, by reason of the proviso subjoined to the statute regulating pleadings. By the proviso referred to, it is declared, “that the defendant shall not give in evidence, under the general issue, any special matter, which, by the rules of the common law, ought to be pleaded specially, unless at the time of making his plea, he gives notice thereof in writing, stating such special matter. Stat. 43. By some, it has been supposed, that if notice is given of the intended defence, the defendant may, by virtue of the above proviso, give in evidence under the general issue, any special matter, which, by the rules of the common law, ought to be pleaded. This, undoubtedly, is a misconstruction of the proviso. It expounds the clause as if it had positively enacted, that, on notice, any special matter might be given in evidence ; and thus it converts a negative expression into a positive enactment, and entirely mistakes the object of the provision. The proviso, neither in its expression nor intendment, enlarges the antecedent enactment, but, in both particulars, restrains and nullifies it, unless notice in writing shall be given. The words of the proviso are in the negative. The law, having imparted the right of adducing certain evidence under the general issue, comes in with its negation, and says, this right you shall not have, unless you comply with the prerequisite of notice. The precise object of the proviso was not, in any event, to extend the law, but, by the requisition of a condition precedent, to prevent surprise.on the plaintiff by the adduction of evidence not clearly applicable to the plain meaning of the issue. Thirty years since. Ch. J. Swift, in his “ System of the Laws of Connecticut,” after having eulogised the statute in its enactment concerning pleading, (vol. 2. p. 207, 208.) particularly, in its extension, of the right of evidence under the general issue, very appositely observed, that “while we approve of the advantages resulting from this mode of pleading, we ought to state the only inconvenience to which it is liable.” “ On the general plea, the plaintiff cannot tell what is the point of defence on, which the defendant relies, until he comes to the exhibition of his proof in the course of the trial, when the plaintiff may be surprised with some unexpected proof, which he might have counteracted, had he known, in due season, that the defendant intended to avail himself of such special matter.” To supply this desideratum, the supreme court of errors, in the year 1808, promulged a general rule, requiring notice in writing “ where the defendant pleads the general issue, and intends to rely on a — 348 — defence, which, by the rules of the common law, ought to be spread on the record, by special pleadings.” This rule, which, in practice, was found extremely beneficial, at the late revision of the law was incorporated into the act concerning pleadings, by the pen of Ch. J. Swift. After this, he compiled his Digest, in which he asserts, as a rule of practice, that the statute of limitations must be pleaded, and cannot be given in evidence under the general issue. 1 Swift's Dig. 304. On the whole, it is unquestionable, that the proviso contains no enlargement of the right of pleading, but is a restraint on power before delegated, unless on compliance with a specified condition. Peters and Brainard, Js , were of the same opinion. Bristol, J., thought, that under non assumpsit with notice, the statute of limitations might be given in evidence. On the other points, he concurred with the Chief Justice. New trial not to be granted.