Bishop v. Quintard

StoRrs, J. We agree with the counsel for both of the parties in this ease, that the instrument declared on, and of — 403 — which oyer is given, contains two several and distinct covenants; one, that the defendant would keep open, as public - highway, o road of sixteen feet in width, East of the tier of buildings constituting Washington block in Stamford, from the turnpike to a landing-place or basin which the plaintiff' was about to construct in the corner-lot of the defendant, adjoining said block : the other, that the defendant would keep open forever, as public highway, certain other specified ground belonging to him on said corner-lot, from the time when the canal and basin, for the purpose of constructing which the defendant had agreed to convey certain land adjoining said ground to the plaintiff, should be put in navigable condition for sloops of ordinary size; provided, that the boating business is continued on said canal; and that, if it should at any time be suspended, for more than six months at any time, the defendant should have a right to shut up said highway until said business should be resumed, and no longer ; and that if said canal should not be in readiness for navigation within two years from April 1st, 1833, the said obligation should be void. We also concur with them, that, by the true construction of this instrument, these conditions and qualifications, unless it be the last, (which it is unnecessary to notice here,) are to be deemed applicable exclusively to the last of these covenants. The declaration contains two counts. In the first, the covenant is described in the very language of the first covenant contained in this instrument, excepting only that it is alleged, that the defendant therein covenanted, that he would, at all times after the making of it, keep open a public highway or road from the turnpike to the landing-place or basin therein mentioned, which the plaintiff was about to«construct, and which, it is alleged, he afterwards did construct. In the second count, the covenant is described precisely as in the first count, excepting that it is alleged, that it contained a proviso or condition, that the plaintiff would cause a certain canal connected with said basin, to be in readiness for navigation within two years from the 1st day of April 1833; and that the covenant was to keep open said road whensoever after-wards said canal and basin should be put in navigable condition for sloops of an ordinary size ; and that the plaintiff did cause the canal and basin to be so in readiness for navigations within the said two years. — 404 — After obtaining oyer of the instrument declared on, the de-fen(jant p]ea(Jeci non est factum, and four similar special pleas in bar to each of the counts. The first of said special pleas alleges, in substance, that, at the time of the execution of said instrument, the plaintiff was about to construct a landing-place or basin, as mentioned therein, and contemplated and intended to be the owner of the same ; and soon after, and before the 30th of August 1831, did construct and complete it, and became the owner thereof, and as such owner, had and continued to have an interest and estate therein, until about the day last mentioned, when the plaintiff, by his deed duly executed, conveyed to Edwin Bishop and two other persons named, said landing-place or basin, and all his right, title, interest and estate in or to the same, and thereby ceased to have or own any right, title, interest or estate therein; and that, at all times after the execution of said instrument, and until after the execution of said conveyance, the defendant did keep open as public highway in said place mentioned in said instrument, a road of the width, and from the turnpike to the landing-place or basin, therein mentioned. The second special plea is like the first, excepting that it alleges, that the canal with which the landing-place or basin was connected, was also conveyed. The third special plea differs from the first, and the fourth from the second, only in the mode in which they allege that the plaintiff had divested himself of all his interest and estate in the landing-place or basin and canal. To each of these special pleas there is a demurrer. The covenant declared on in both counts being conversant only with a highway or road of the precise width of sixteen feet, on the East side of Washington block, from the turnpike to the landing-place or basin, it is obvious, and indeed is conceded, that the questions involved in the pleadings, depend on the construction and effect of the first covenant contained in the instrument set out on oyer; since the other covenant relates to a highway in another place, and without defining the width of which it shall consist. The second of said covenants may, therefore, be disregarded, excepting so far as, being in the same instrument, it may serve to throw light on the construction which should be given to the first. The pleas in bar are not attempted to be supported, by the — 405 — defendant, on the ground that the covenant in question is a real covenant of that description that it runs with the land; and • that, therefore, an action on it can only be maintained by the assignee, for a breach accruing after the assignment. It is conceded, that it is merely a personal covenant; and that, therefore, no action upon it can be sustained, by any other person than the plaintiff. This supersedes the necessity of an enquiry as to the nature of this covenant. But the ground on which the defendant claims, that the matter set up in the special pleas is an answer to the merits of the action on the covenant in question, is, that by the true construction of the covenant, it lasted no longer than the plaintiff continued to own or enjoy the canal and basin for the use of which the highway was to be kept open; and that, therefore, when he divested himself of them, as stated in the pleas, it ceased to have any operation. We do not accede to so limited a construction of this covenant. It does not accord with the intention of the parties, as evinced by the language used, the object contemplated by them, and the subject matter of the agreement. Whether it was designed, that the highway should be kept open, after the canal, as such, should be discontinued or cease to exist, it is unnecessary to determine ; but there is no ground to believe, that it was intended that the covenant should operate no longer than while the plaintiff himself continued to be the owner of it. The canal is a species of property, which is not only permanent in its nature, but may naturally be expected to grow more valuable to its proprietors continually, by the increase of transportation upon it; and the ultimate advantages of it could not be expected to be realized by the plaintiff, during the comparatively short time that he could personally enjoy it, even if he should not part with it. But it is also property which may be alienated; and it cannot be supposed, that the plaintiff intended to deprive himself of the benefit of disposing of it, with all the advantages appertaining to it, if his convenience or interest should require it. Ope, and indeed the most important, of those advantages, and which would essentially enhance the valueto the owner, as well as to the public, would be a free communication for the public between it and the great thoroughfares in its vicinity, to last as long as the canal itself should exist. Indeed, no person would be so improvident as — 406 — to embark in the construction of a work of this character, which was destined to facilitate the commerce between the ocean and the adjacent country, if the privilege of landing from it, and embarking upon it, articles of transportation, was to be enjoyed only at the will or caprice of the owner of the land adjoining it. To secure the permanent and unmolested enjoyment of that privilege, must have been the great object of the covenant in question. This covenant, it is true, could not be assigned, so as to enable the assignee to maintain an action uponit, in the name of himself or his representatives ; but it could be enforced by him, in the name of the plaintiff, or his executors or administrators ; and its assignment would be protected in a court of equity. The assignee, therefore, would have the same benefit of it, substantially, as if it were transferable at law, or, if assigned to the grantee of the canal, as if it run with the land over which it was made ; and this power of assignment would enable the plaintiff to dispose of the canal, when he otherwise would not be able to do so, or at least on better terms than he otherwise could. The covenant was clearly intended to benefit the plaintiff', not only by enabling him to use the canal most advantageously, while he should continue to be the owner of it, but also to enable him to avail himself of its full value, by transferring the same use of it to others, if he should have occasion to do so. This construction is strongly confirmed, by the language in which the covenant is expressed. The terms of it as to the time during which the road is to be open, are general and unlimited ; and, if it were otherwise doubtful as to time, the construction should be unfavourable to the covenantor; but the defendant agrees further, to “ keep it open as public highway” — terms strongly implying permanency and indefinite duration ; and it was to be kept open from the turnpike to the landing-place or basin, which also implies, that it was to continue at least as long as it should be wanted for that object. In addition to this, the plaintiff covenants “ for himself, his heirs, executors, administrators and assigns and although the words “ heirs and assigns,” do not change it from a personal to a real covenant, yet they, with the other words with which they are associated, and which imply permanency, are proper to be considered in ascertaining the intention of the parties as to the duration of the agreement. The special — 407 — pleas in bar, therefore, constitute no defence to this action on the merits. The defendant, however, further claims, that there is a variance, in each of the counts of the declaration, between the covenant therein described, and the first covenant in the instrument given on oyer, upon which alone this action is confessedly brought; and that he, therefore, is entitled to judgment. Such must be the result, if this exception is well founded. It is an established rule, that a demurrer by either party, has the effect of laying open to the court, not only the pleading demurred to, but the whole record, for their judgment upon it as to the matter of law ; and that, if two or more of the pleadings be bad in substance, the court will give judgment against the party who committed the first fault. Foster v. Jackson, Hob. 56. 1 Wms. Saund. 285. (n. 5.) If therefore the declaration be bad, there shall be judgment against the plaintiff, although the plea in bar be insufficient. 5 Co. 29. a. Com. Dig. tit. Pleader. M. 1. M. 2. It was indeed stated, by the supreme court of New-York, in the cases of Wheeler v. Curtiss, 11 Wend. 653. Dearborn v. Kent, 14 Wend. 183. and Russell v. Rogers, 15 Wend. 351. that there was an exception to this rule, where the general issue was pleaded together with special pleas : but it was not necessary to decide that point in those cases ; and in Miller v. Maxwell, 16 Wend. 9. it was held otherwise. In that case, the general issue and two special pleas were pleaded, and the plaintiff demurred to the special pleas, which were adjudged to be bad: but the defendant was allowed to attack the declaration, which was also held to be bad, and judgment was rendered against the plaintiff. And in Auburn and Owasco Canal Co. v. Leitch, decided by the same court, in January 1847, (Law Reporter for September 1847. p. 201.) the cases above-mentioned were reviewed, and the above exception was discarded; and it was held, that, under the statute allowing the defendant to plead more than one plea, he takes the right with all its legitimate consequences, one of which is, that whenever there comes a demurrer upon either of two lines of pleading, he may run back upon that line, to see which party committed the first fault which would make the pleading bad on general — 408 — demurrer; and that against that party judgment will be rendered. If is also a well-settled principle in pleading, that if a party, in setting forth in a declaration a deed, on which the action is brought, according to its legal effect, misdescribe it in a material point, the variance constitutes a fatal defect in the declaration, of which the defendant may take advantage, by craving oyer of it and setting it out in hcec verba, and then demurring generally. 1 Wms. Saund. 9. a. 316. 317. 1 Salk. 72. 2 Ld. Raym. 715. Sty. 459. The defendant claims, that the covenant, as described in the first count of the declaration, is, that the highway therein mentioned, shall be kept open by him forever; for that it is alleged, that the defendant covenanted to keep it open at all times after the execution of the instrument; but that such at least is not the construction of the covenant as given on oyer ; and that if the meaning of the latter is, that it shall be kept open only during the existence of the canal, there is a variance between them. We think that the defendant has mistaken the import of the covenant as set out. It is not merely that the defendant will keep open the road at all times there - after; but that he will at all times thereafter keep it open from the turnpike to the canal. The true import of this expression is, that he will thereafter keep it open between these two termini, constantly and uninterruptedly ;■ — that it shall not, for instance, be kept open one day, and shut the next j and that, we have no doubt, is the true meaning of the covenant declared on. The words “ at all times thereafter,” in the connexion in which they are here used, would not, in the covenant itself, neither does it in the covenant as described in the declaration, vary or add to what would be the meaning of either, if those words were omitted. An agreement merely to keep open the road between the two places mentioned, would mean, that it should be kept open constantly, and at all times, during the period for which the covenant was to operate. That it should operate as long as the canal shall continue to exist, we have no doubt. Whether, by a fair construction of it, it should last forever, even after it may cease to exist, it is unnecessary to consider. That would depend on the question, whether the words “ turnpike,” and “ landing-place or basin,” are to be deemed as designating the things or — 409 — the places between which the road was to be kept open. If the former, which would limit the operation of the covenant to the time during which the canal should exist, it is, according to the construction we put on it, to be kept open, uninterruptedly and constantly, during that time; and this is also the construction of the description of it in the first count. If the latter, which would import that it was to be kept open forever, the description of it in that count, is in the very words of the covenant, and consequently, carries the same import; and the words, “ at all times thereafter,” in any view, do not limit, but in that taken by the defendant, only defines or expresses that meaning with greater precision. The objection of variance, therefore, is not well founded, as it respects the first count. It is also claimed, that the covenant, as described in the second count, is variant from either of the covenants in the instrument set out on oyer. It is claimed to be variant from the first of said covenants, for that, in the first place, it is stated that the covenant is qualified with a condition that the plaintiff would cause a certain canal connected with the basin, to be in readiness for navigation within two years from the first of April 1834 ; and that it is also restricted in its operation to the time after which said canal and basin should be put in navigable condition for sloops of an ordinary size; whereas the said covenant is not thus qualified nor restrained. These exceptions are well taken. As has been already mentioned, we are of opinion, and it is conceded by the parties, that the two covenants in the instrument declared on, are distinct and separate from each other ; and the qualifications in the second are clearly not attached to the first. The covenant described in the second count, is also claimed to be variant from the second covenant contained in said instrument, in several particulars, and among others, because it is stated that the covenant is to keep open a road of a specified width, viz. sixteen feet, whereas no particular width is designated in that covenant; and also because that covenant provides for keeping open a road in a different place from that described in the second count. These variances are very palpable, on inspection. And a reference to the authorities clearly shows them to be material and fatal. Clarke v. Gray, 6 East 570. Lees v. Manchester and Ashton Canal Co., 11 East 653. & — 410 — seq. Miles v. Sheward, 8 East 7. 1 Saund. Pl. & Ev. 120. seq. 145. The defendant further claims, that the first covenant in said instrument, is void for uncertainty, because it neither limits, nor refers to any thing, by which to ascertain the time for the continuance of the way therein mentioned. The view which we have already expressed, respecting this covenant, shows this objection to be unfounded. The result is, that the special pleas to the first count are insufficient, and those to the second count are sufficient; and the superior court is advised to render judgment accordingly. In this opinion the other judges concurred. Demurrer to special pleas to first count, sustained; to second count, overruled.