Olmstead's Appeal from Probate

Foster, J. This is an appeal from the doings of the commissioners on the estate of Joseph Olmstead, deceased. Three reasons are assigned for the appeal: 1st. The disallowance of sundry claims presented by the appellant against said estate: 2d. The allowance of a certain claim in favor of Isaac Drew against said estate: 3d. “ Because the said Joseph Olmstead, deceased, was, at the time of his death, a legal inhabitant, tax-payer, and elector of {he town of Soutlibury, in the probate district of Woodbury; and neither the probate court for the district of Bridgeport, which took cognizance of the settlement of said estate, had jurisdiction thereof, nor did the commissioners appointed by said court have jurisdiction to pass upon said claims, nor any claim against said estate; but the probate court for the district of Woodbury had the jurisdiction of the settlement of said estate. The appellant therefore claims that this honorable Superior Court has no jurisdiction of this case; and he therefore prays that the said report of the coimmissioners may be reversed and set aside.” The lack of jurisdiction in the Superior Court is the last point made by the appellant in assigning his reasons for appeal, but if that point be well taken it is quite idle to examine the validity or invalidity of the claims presented against the estate. Time so spent would, at the best, be ■wasted, as was the time of the commissioners, and the probate — 113 — court which appointed them, if the allegation of the appellant be true. If the settlement of Joseph Olmstead’s estate did not by law belong to the court of probate for the district of Bridgeport, but did belong to the court of probate for the district of Woodbury, the action of the court of probate for the district of Bridgeport was utterly void, and all subsequent proceedings, whether by commissioners or otherwise, necessarily void also. As a ground of appeal, such a reason is as insufficient in law as the appeal itself is unnecessary in fact; and were an issue made upon it, it would clearly be bad on demurrer. Why appeal from a decision which is no decision, but a mere nullity, and especially why appeal to a court that has no jurisdiction to right the wrong complained of, whether fancied or real ?—a court alike powerless to allow the claims which have been improperly rejected, and to disallow the claims which have been improperly approved. If it be true, as the appellant alleges, that the Superior Court had no jurisdiction, so far from constituting a reason for an appeal to it, it constitutes a conclusive reason why an appeal should not be so taken. Besides, an appeal, from its very nature, supposes a wrong decision, and the object of the appeal is, that on a re-hearing that wrong decision may be righted. As this question of jurisdiction was not made in the court below, no decision, right or wrong, was made upon it. No action whatever was asked upon it; none was taken; and so no legal reason exists for an appeal on the matter of jurisdiction, either on the ground of action or of omission. The jurisdiction however of the probate court and of the Superior Court is put to question in such a manner, in this motion for a new trial, that we deem it proper to give it more full consideration. The motion discloses that on the trial in the Superior Court, the appellant, in support of the third reason for appeal, denying the jurisdiction of the court, offered evidence to prove the facts as above set forth under said third head of reasons. To the admission of this evidence the appellees objected, on the ground that this was not the proper time or mode of trying — 114 — the question of the jurisdiction of the court. The court sustained the objection, rejected the evidence, overruled said third reason for appeal, and rendered judgment for the appellees. Among the elementary rules of pleading it is laid down that good matter must be pleaded in right form, apt time, and .due order. The objection to entertaining this question of jurisdiction was, that it was made too late, and in the wrong court; that it should have been made in the inception of the proceedings in the court of probate; and that the proper motion in this court would be to erase from the docket. Common sense indeed teaches that a question so vital as that of jurisdiction should be decided preliminarily to all others. Accordingly all treatises on pleading direct that pleas to the jurisdiction are to be filed first. Such, manifestly, is the natural order of pleading, for if any other plea be filed, the jurisdiction of the court is admitted. If the want of jurisdiction' appears on.the record, no plea need be interposed. The court, when the fact is brought to its notice, by motion or otherwise, in any stage of the case, will take proper action, and strike the case from the docket. If the want of jurisdiction does not appear of record, and the parties appear and go to trial on the merits, it is matter of discretion with the court, whether, on suggestion of facts going to show a want of jurisdiction, the trial on the merits shall or shall not be suspended, and the evidence shall or shall not be heard. Courts must necessarily have the power to establish rules and orders of pleading, and if parties fail to comply with them, it cannot be a ground of error if the court refuses to entertain a plea not filed in proper time. Considering this as a plea to the jurisdiction, it would seem to be within the discretion of the court either to receive it or reject it, at the time when it was offered. But we are not satisfied that full justice is done to the question that is raised on the record by regarding this as a mere plea to the jurisdiction. It is not matter of an adversary nature, to be regarded with disfavor, like a dilatory plea. It is for the interest of the court, and must be the desire of the court, to know as early as possible that it has no jurisdiction, if such be the fact. If the information does not come — 115 — early, it must, not be rejected if it comes late. Whenever and however it comes, it should be received as the suggestion of an amicus curies, and the proper legal action promptly taken. It is asserted that these pi'inciples, if correct, are not applicable to this case on account of the manner in which it found its way into the Superior Court. It came there by appeal; and like other cases of similar character is usually, though inaccurately, styled an appeal from probate. It is not such, but is an appeal from the doings of the commissioners appointed by the .court of probate to receive and decide upon the claims of the creditors of the estate above named. The powers of these commissioners are defined by statute; and it is claimed that they must be restrained to the exercise only of the powers granted, and that among those the power of deciding the question of the validity or invalidity of the order of the court of probate which gave them their appointment is not found. And inasmuch as these commissioners have not passed and could not pass upon the question of their jurisdiction, or of that of the court of probate which created them, so the Superior Court can have no power to entertain this question of jurisdiction; that it would be a usurpation of power, by that tribunal, to pass upon the question of jurisdiction, either of the commissioners’ court, or of the probate court. To this claim we reply, in the first place, that there are various doors through which suitors may enter into the Superior Court. When once before that tribunal, no matter by what door they gained admission, the jurisdiction of the court must always be a legitimate subject of inquiry. The suitors can come in by no door which shuts off inquiry into the jurisdiction. That question being properly presented, the court is bound to hear it, and if it has no jurisdiction, it must say so, no matter how that decision may affect proceedings in other courts, or elsewhere. The Superior Court in this case sits, it is true, as an appellate tribunal; but the appeal takes the case up, not for the purpose of affirming or disaffirming the acts of the commissioners, all of which are vacated by the appeal, — 116 — but for hearing and trial as though brought there originally. The whole case is in the Superior Court; its legal existence is there, and no where else; and that court holds it precisely as it holds any case that has been legally brought to it. The question of jurisdiction therefore pertains as fully to such a case as to any conceivable case in that court. Nor are we prepared to admit that these commissioners had no power to entertain and pass upon this question of jurisdiction, though the case does not necessarily involve a decision of this question. Sitting as a court, these commissioners are quite independent of the court of probate. Though appointed by that court, they are not an arm of it, in the sense that an auditor or a committee, appointed by the Superior Court, is an arm of that court. The court of probate has no power to revise, alter, or modify the doings of the commissioners. Their report stands in the court of probate, having the same force and effect that it would have if made by a tribunal appointed by the General Assembly. So this court, in Moss's Appeal, 36 Conn., 212, held that the action of the commissioners, on an insolvent estate, could not be revised upon an appeal from the decree of the court of probate accepting the commissioners’ report. The appeal must be taken from the doings of the commissioners. Now courts of probate, acting under a mistake in fact, have sometimes granted administration on the estates of persons •who turned out to be alive. All proceedings had under such * circumstances were of course void, as the law does not authorize probate courts to grant administration on the estates of the living. Suppose such an event had happened in this case. Suppose Mr. Olmstead having gone abroad, had been reported dead, and on satisfactory evidence that he was dead, that the court of probate had granted letters of administration and appointed commissioners on his estate. While they were in session, discharging the duties of their appointment, suppose Mr. Olmstead had appeared in court, thus by irresistible «evidence proving that he was not dead, and so that their action, and all the action of the court which appointed them, — 117 — was utterly void. Would not all proceedings be suspended—■ dropped? Would any body claim that the commissioners were still bound to go on, hear the evidence to support or contradict the claims presented against the estate, and make their report to the court of probate ? If not, and if such a course would be admitted by all to be frivolous and foolish, what is it but saying that the commissioners decide, and decide rightly, that they have no jurisdiction; that the court of probate which appointed them had no jurisdiction. That the evidence in the case thus supposed amounts to demonstration is of no consequence. That has nothing to do with the question of the power of the commissioners to make a decision. If they have not the power, no matter how conclusive the testimony may be, they cannot pass upon the question, and if they have the power, they may hear the testimony and decide as they shall find the fact and the law to bo. For instance, if several of Mr. Olmstead’s neighbors of unquestionable veracity, who had known him intimately all their lives, should come into court and testify that he was alive; that he had just returned home; that they had seen him and conversed with him that very day; would not the commissioners hear this testimony, and if they believed it true, would they not stay all further proceedings for want of jurisdiction ? The evidence would not be of the demonstrative kind, as in the case first supposed, super visum corporis, but would it not, in its effects and consequences, be the same—a perfect end to all farther action because there was no jurisdiction ? Again, suppose proof were offered to tlie commissioners that the deceased, Mr. Olmstead, lived and died in the town of Southbury in the probate district of Woodbury, and that he never had any residence in Trumbull, or in any other part of the probate district of Bridgeport. Should this evidence be rejected for want of power to make the inquiry? Would it be a legal impertinence for tlie commissioners to inquire into a decision of the court of probate which appointed them, when the question involved their jurisdiction? We think it too plain to be argued, that if Mr. Olmstead were in full life, and were so shown to be by irrefragable testimony before the com — 118 — missioners, the proceedings would drop, must drop, from utter want of jurisdiction. But Mr. Olmstead must not only be dead to give the commissioners jurisdiction in this case; he must have had his home, his domicil, within the district of Bridgeport at the time of his death, to give that court jurisdiction. If at the time of his death he belonged in South-bury, in the probate district of Woodbury, though now dead in fact, he is not dead, in law, in the probate -district of Bridgeport, so as to give that court jurisdiction to settle his estate. That court has no more power to grant administration on his estate than if he wero-still a living man. Proceedings by the commissioners, under such circumstances, would be vain and useless, because utterly void. That being so, who shall sa.y that the commissioners are bound to go on, and hear and decide on claims presented against an estate on which the court which appointed them had no power to place its finger ? Surely the old and salutary maxim, Lex neminem cogit ad vam seti inutilia, cannot he so utterly disregarded. If it be necessary then that the commissioners should have power to pass upon this question of jurisdiction in order to give the Superior Court power to entertain the question, we think we should not find that fact a serious obstacle in our way. But the result to which we come does not depend at all on the power of the commissioners. That we regard as wholly another question, which it is not necessary for us to decide. Granting that they have no such power, our decision with regard to the power of the Superior Court in the matter is unaffected. The objection then, that this ease came into the Superior Court by appeal; that the question of the jurisdiction of that court depends on the question of jurisdiction in the probate court, where the question was never raised, and which court must first decide it, cannot prevail. But the party who takes this exception, the appellant, asks the Superior Court that the report of the commissioners may be reversed and set aside, because there is no jurisdiction, either in the Superior Court or the probate court. It is quite obvious that if the allegation of the appellant be — 119 — true, and there is no jurisdiction in the Superior Court, no such powers as those invoked by the appellant can be exerted by that court. But are the facts set forth by a party, which he offers to prove, and which, if true, show an entire want of jurisdiction, to be wholly disregarded because the party asks the court to render a judgment, or pass a decree, beyond its powers ? Suppose there was apparent on this record a palpable want of jurisdiction which had chanced to pass unnoticed till the hearing was closed, and judgment was about to be rendered in the Superior Court. The attention of the court being called to it, one course only could lawfully be taken, that is, to dismiss the case. If one party, or if both parties, insisted upon a judgment on the merits, it would make no difference, the court could do nothing lawfully but dismiss the case. The feet then, that the appellant, in this case, invoked the court to set aside the report of the commissioners, or reverse any decree of the court of probate, constituted no reason why the Superior Court should not have heard and duly considered anything going to show a want of jurisdiction. The record as it now stands makes allegations which, if time, show that neither the probate court, nor the commissioners, nor the Superior Court, had any jurisdiction whatever of this case. These allegations the appellant offered to prove, and the evidence was rejected. Eor the purposes of this motion we must consider the allegations to be proved. The result then, as we have seen, would be a dismissal of the case for want of jurisdiction. In the case of Wildman v. Rider, 23 Conn., 172, Waite, J., in giving the opinion of the court, (p. 176,) says: “It is finally said that the motion to erase the case from the docket of the Superior Court was made by the party that carried the case there. But this can make no difference. It was the duty of that coiirt to dismiss the case whenever it discovered that it had no jurisdiction over it, and it was immaterial by whom a knowledge of that fact was communicated.” It is suggested that this is a clear encroachment on the powers of the court of probate ,* such a usurpation of author — 120 — ity as will be of no binding force, and that it will leave that tribunal empowered to go on and settle this estate, taking no notice at all of this action of the Superior Court. We think the law is quite otherwise. If, on a new trial of this case, the appellant should fail to prove his allegation, that the deceased at the time of his death belonged in the probate district of Woodbury, and not in the probate district of Bridgeport, the claim as to jurisdiction would be ended, and the case would proceed, regularly, on its merits. If the appellant proved his allegation in regard to evidence, the court would dismiss the case for want of jurisdiction. Could the court of probate still go on in the settlement of this estate? The commissioners had acted on the claims presented, and made their report.. From their doings an appeal was taken, which vacated all their proceedings, and took the whole subject matter into the Superior Court. Until the action of the Superior Court upon that appeal goes back to the court of probate, that court has nothing before it on which it can take action in the way of settling the estate. It might as well attempt to settle an estate on which administration had never been granted. If the case is dismissed in the Superior Court for want of jurisdiction, it is a perpetual suspension of proceedings in the court of probate. The subsequent course to be pursued is a plain one; to take administration in that probate court which has jurisdiction, and proceed according to law. The views expressed and the principles here put forth are sustained, we think, by many decided cases of the highest authority. Among them are the cases of Cutts et al. v. Haskins, 9 Mass., 543, Holyoke v. Haskins, 5 Pick., 20, and Same v. Same, 9 Pick., 259. The question involved in these cases was the title to certain real estate, which, it was agreed, liad belonged to Silence and Sarah Eliot, deceased. The plaintiff claimed as heir at law, the defendants as purchasers under a sale made to pay the debts of the deceased, by order of the Court of Common Pleas of the county of Suffolk, founded on a certificate of the judge of probate for the same county. The question turned on the validity of the letters of administration. Those were taken out in the probate court of Suffolk — 121 — County in 1790, and the sale of the estate, under which the defendants claimed title, was made in 1791. The first of these suits was decided in 1813, the next in 1827, and the last in 1830. The plaintiff, the heir at law, recovered in each case, and on the ground that the letters of administration which had been granted were void for want of jurisdiction. The plaintiff proved that at the time of the death of Silence and Sarah Eliot, they resided at Natick, in the county of Middlesex, and so the settlement of their estates belonged by law to the court of probate for the county of Middlesex, and not to the court of probate for the county of Suffolk. It was insisted on the part of the defendants that no such evidence was admissible; that the decree of the court of probate was conclusive as to the domicil or legal dwelling place of the deceased before their death, and certainly could not be contradicted after such a lapse of time as that no original administration could be granted; that to admit the evidence would be to try by the country, in a collateral suit, a fact which more than twenty years before had been tried and determined by the competent tribunal, and had never been denied or contradicted in that or any other tribunal having probate jurisdiction within the commonwealth; that especially after twenty years, the court could not receive evidence of acts, in pais, to show that the deceased were not domiciled in the county where the administration was granted. ■ The evidence was admitted. Wilde, J., in giving the opinion of the court, 5 Pick., 25, says: “ If then in the present case the judge of probate for the county of Suffolk liad no jurisdiction, it seems clear that the grant of administration, and the subsequent sale of the demanded premises under it, are void. And it is equally clear that he had not jurisdiction if the domicil of the intestates, at the time of their decease, was in fact within the county of Middlesex.” Parker, C. J., in giving the opinion of the court, 9 Pick., 263, says: “As to the admission of parol evidence to show that the administrar tion was void because the judge of probate had no jurisdiction, the question was virtually, if not directly, decided in this same case on the former hearing. The counsel then — 122 — brought it directly before the court, and the objection was overruled, and we see no reason to change our opinion; no authority having been produced to show that it was wrong. The inconvenience of vacating acts of a judicial nature a long time after they have passed is undoubtedly considerable; but if they are void there seems to be no lapse of time which will make them valid.” The case of Sigourney et al. v. Sibley et al., 21 Pick., 101, has some striking points of similarity to the case at bar. That was an appeal from a decree of probate ordering a partition of the real estate of Andrew Sigourney, deceased. There were two reasons for appeal. The first was, that for divers reasons assigned no partition of the estate ought then to be made; and the second was, that the judge of probate, at the time of rendering the decree, was not competent to act because he was then a creditor of the estate, having a claim against it then and still unsatisfied. On the hearing of the appeal it was shown that two of the appellants had applied to the judge to be appointed administrators on the estate, and a decree to that effect was passed, from which the appellees appealed. The appellees then applied to have a special administrator appointed, and from the decree appointing one the appellants appealed. The appellees then applied for a decree making partition of the estate, and from that decree the appellants appealed. When evidence was offered to show the interest of the judge, it was objected to, because when the motion for partition was made in the court below no motion was made to transfer the cause to another county, according to the provisions of the statute when a judge was disqualified. The evidence was admitted. After considering the question of the interest of the judge of probate, and that because of such interest he had no jurisdiction. in the case, the court, by Shaw, C. J., p. 106, says: “The court are also of opinion that the jurisdiction is not aided by the consideration that no exception was taken on this ground, and no application was made by the appellants below to remove the case to another county. It is a general — 123 — rule tliat want of jurisdiction, especially of a court of limited and special jurisdiction, cannot ho aided by any waiver of exceptions, or even by express consent. If this is true in ordinary cases, it is so, a fortiori, in a case of a probate decree, granting administration.” The cases of Sears v. Terry, 26 Conn., 273, and First National Bank v. Balcom, 35 Conn., 351, recognize the same principles. Upon the trial of the case the appellant having presented for allowance, and offered evidence in support of, sundry claims against the estate, the appellees, in defense against these claims and to prevent their allowance, offered in evidence the will of the decedent, Joseph Olmstead, which had been duly proved, and particularly the following clause in it: “Having paid to my son, William W. Olmstead, in my settlement with him, more than his share of my estate, I hereby direct and ordain that he shall have no part or portion of the estate I leave at my decease.” To the admission of this evidence the appellant objected, on the ground that it would be admitting the .declarations of the decedent in his own favor. But the court overruled the objection and admitted the evidence. We think this ruling of the court was correct. If the tes. tator had regarded himself as indebted to the appellant he would not have been likely to cut him off from all share in his estate. It is at least a declaration of the testator that he did not regard himself as so indebted, and as such a declaration it was admissible for what it was worth, under the statute which allows memoranda left by deceased persons to be given in evidence in their favor. A new trial is advised. In this opinion Park, 0. J., and Pardee and Loomis, Js., concurred.