Crum v. Bliss

Park, C. J. It appears in this case that the testator was domiciled in the town of Stamford, in this state, at the time of his death; that he died, leaving a widow, and a large amount of personal estate, which, with a trifling exception, was located in the state of New York; that by his last will he bequeathed much the larger part of his property, after the payment of all his debts, to certain religious and charitable institutions incorporated by the state of New York and located in that state, to be expended by them in the various charitable operations in which they were engaged under their corporate powers; that by a statute of the state of New York, which was in-existence at the time the will was made, and at the time the testator died, it is provided that “ no person having a husband, wife, child or parent shall, by his or her last will and testament, devise or bequeath to any benevolent, charitable, literary, scientific, religious or missionary society, association or incorporation, in trust or otherwise, more than one-half part of his or her estate after the payment of his or her debts; and such devise or bequest shall be valid to the extent of one-half, and no more.” — 599 — These are the principal facts- in the case connected with the charitable bequests referred to ; and the first question on which our advice is asked is, whether the New York statute applies to these bequests to the New York corporations, and renders them inoperative so far as they exceed one-half of the net estate of the testator. It is claimed by the corporations that the statute applies only to the testators themselves, and renders them incapable of bequeathing for charitable purposes more than the half of their estates, and that inasmuch as it can have no extraterritorial effect, it cannot affect testators who at the time of their death were domiciled in other states; and that consequently the bequests in this case to those corporations are valid to their whole extent. It is claimed by the heirs of the testator that the statute applies to the corporations themselves, and renders them incapable of receiving more than a moiety of an estate like the present one; and that consequently the bequests in this case are inoperative so far as they exceed the half of the estate, notwithstanding the testator was domiciled in the state of Connecticut at the time of his death. We come, then, to the consideration of the New York statute, for manifestly the question hinges upon its construction. We think it is clear, as the heirs of the testator claim, that the courts of this state must be governed in their construction of this statute by the construction which has been given to it by the courts of New York. If such construction disqualifies the corporations generally from receiving unlimited bequests, they must be everywhere so disqualified. This was so held in the recent case of Chamberlain v. Chamberlain, 43 N. York, 424, where the question was examined with great learning and ability. Obviously the construction given to a statute by the highest tribunal of the state where it was enacted has all the force and effect it could possibly have if it was a part of the statute itself. Hence the statute, and the construction given to it, go together to inform the tribunals of other states what — 600 — the law is on that subject in the state from whence they come. What then is the construction which has been given to this statute in the state of New York ? We recently had occasion to consider the subject in the case of White v. Howard, 38 Conn., 342, in relation to a statute of that state nearly identical with this and in a case similar to the present one. The statute in that case provided that “ no person, leaving a wife, child or parent, shall devise or bequeath to any benevolent, charitable, scientific or missionary society, more than the one-fourth part of his or her estate, after the payment of his or her debts, and such devise or bequest shall be valid to the extent of one-fourth.” It was considered in that case that the statute was intended to protect the interests of parents, wives and children, and inasmuch as it could have no extraterritorial effect, it could have no application to testators domiciled in other states than New York. And it was further considered that the last clause of the statute—“and such devise or bequest shall be valid to the extent of one-fourth,”—had reference solely to the devises and bequests described in it, as clearly appears from the words “ such devise or bequest.” Therefore if the first part of the statute applied only to testators domiciled in the state of New York, (as was clearly the case,) the last clause was as clearly limited to such devises and bequests as were made by testators domiciled within that state. Hence it was held that the corporation was not disqualified to take the devise made in Connecticut to its full extent. It is true that the court in giving its opinion used some language that is open to possible misconstruction; for instance, the court says—“Now this corporation brings with it from New York its charter, but it does not bring with it the New York statute of wills, and cannot bring it to be recognized as law within this jurisdiction. There is an obvious distinction between an incapacity to take created by the statute of a state, which is local, and a prohibitory clause in the charter, which everywhere cleaves to the corporation.” This language gives some countenance to the claim, which — 601 — has been made in this case, that the court held that a foreign corporation could not be rendered incapable of talcing property by devise in this state, by a statute of the foreign state where the corporation is located. But the court used the language it did for the purpose of stating the distinction between a disqualification in the charter of a foreign corporation, which cleaves to the corporation everywhere, and a statute of the foreign state, which makes only a local disqualification in fact, as did the statute then under consideration. The view we took of the statute in that case is the view we now take of this statute, and we do not understand that the courts of New York have given it a different construction. Indeed it is difficult to conceive how there can be different opinions regarding its construction. The last clause of the statute is limited in its application to the first clauses of it, as clearly as language can make it, and it can not be seriously claimed that the first clauses can affect testators domiciled in other states than New York. No doubt the legislature of New York can, at any time, pass a disqualifying statute, that will render inoperative bequests made to these corporations, no matter where made; but the statute under consideration fails in our judgment to do this. But it is said that the design of the statute was to prevent these corporations from accumulating unlimited sums of money; and that bequests from other states than New York come within the spirit of the prohibition. If such was the design of the statute, it is strange that the legislature did not directly limit the amount the corporations should receive, as in many other cases. The amount they may receive under tins statute, even with its claimed construction, is almost as unlimited as it would have been without any prohibition whatsoever. All persons, everywhere, may give them as much of their property as they please while in life. The amount of bequests is unlimited in the case of testators who have no parent, wife or child. A Yanderbilt could bequeath millions to them within the statute. Obviously the design of the statute has signally failed, if tins claim is correct. — 602 — We think the New York corporations are entitled to receive in full the bequests which have been made to them. In regard to the bequest made to the Pennsylvania corporation, we are of opinion that the legacy has lapsed, and we come to this conclusion for two reasons. The first reason is, that the corporation became extinguished before the death of the testator. In the year 1878 the legislature of Pennsylvania authorized the corporation to transfer all its property, franchise, privileges and rights, both present and future, to a New York corporation, which should thereupon become its legal successor, and should hold and enjoy all the corporate powers, franchises, privileges and property of the Pennsylvania corporation, in the same manner and to the same extent as the Pennsylvania corporation could have done. The legislature of the state of New York authorized the New York corporation to receive the property, franchise, privileges and rights, existing and future, of the Pennsylvania corporation. Such a transfer was soon after made by the Pennsylvania corporation to the New York corporation in as full and ample a manner as it was authorized to he done; and ever since the New York corporation has carried on the same work as that previously carried on by the Pennsylvania corporation, under the same church authority, in the same field, by the same means, and with the employment of the same missionaries and other agencies; while the Pennsylvania corporation has been to all appearance defunct, as it undoubtedly was in fact. How it can be claimed that the Pennsylvania corporation could have any existence for any purpose whatever after its franchise was gone, it is difficult to conceive. The franchise of a corporation is its life— its being. “ A franchise is a particular privilege conferred by grant from government and vested in individuals.” Burrill’s Law Diet., Franchise. “A particular privilege conferred by grant from a sovereign or government and vested in individuals.” Webster’s Diet. “A privilege or immunity of a public nature which cannot legally be exercised without legislative grant, would he a franchise.” Ang. & Ames on Corp., §§ 4, 737. “If there are certain immunities and privileges in — 603 — which the public have an interest and which cannot be exercised without authority derived from the sovereign power, it would seem to me that such immunities and privileges must be franchises.” People v. Utica Ins. Co., 15 Johns., 387. Manifestly there was nothing whatever left of this corporation after the transfer was made. It is conceded that there was not enough left of it to enable it to receive this bequest and execute the trust. The second reason is that another corporation can not execute the trust. The beneficiaries are not named. They are not described so that they can be known. It is all uncertain who they are or who they may be. The testator left it wholly to this corporation to make the selection at its discretion. A case cannot be found in all the books where it has been held that one corporation can exercise the discretion confided to another. To sanction this would be an altering of the testator’s will. White v. Fisk, 22 Conn., 31. The will must be carried out as it was made, if it is carried out at all. If the beneficiaries had been named in the will, or had been so described that it could be known who they were, and if the amount of property given them through a trustee had been definitely stated, so that the trustee would have no discretion in the matter, either in regard to the beneficiaries or the property they should have, then another trustee might be appointed to execute the trust. But it can never be done under this will without violating its terms. We think the legacy given to the Pennsylvania corporation in trust has lapsed, and that the property so given must go to the heirs of the testator. We advise the Superior Court to make a decree in conformity with the views herein expressed. In this opinion the other judges concurred.