Dudley v. McKenzie

The opinion of the court was delivered by Rowell, J. The referee reports that there was no proof before him that the defendant suffered any damage or incurred any cost by reason of the sheep getting into his pasture. Nominal damages, however, will be presumed, for the law implies a damage from every injury. The question arises, therefore, Does the right of distress for damage feasant exist when no actual damage is committed by the beasts distrained ? This question seems not to have been decided in this State, and turns on the construction to be given to our statute. [686] Distraining cattle for damage feasant is a proceeding, as Blackstone says, by which the law allows a man to be his own avenger, or to minister redress to himself. The rule arises from the necessity of the thing itself, as otherwise it might be impossible at a subsequent time to ascertain whose cattle committed the damage ; and the purpose is, to obtain satisfaction for the damage sustained. In Vasper v. Edwards, 12 Mod. 660, Lord Holt says that “ damage feasant is the strictest distress there- is, for the thing dis-trained must be taken in the very act; for if they are once off, though on fresh pursuit, you cannot distrain them. If tender be made of damages before the taking, the taking is unlawful; if after the taking and before impounding, then the detention after it is unlawful.” And in 9 Co. [*22a], it is said that “if one comes to distrain for damage feasant and sees the cattle, and the owner drives them off, he cannot distrain them damage feasant, but is put to his action of trespass, for the cattle ought to be damage feasant at the time of the distress.” In Clement v. Milner, 3 Esp. 95, Lord Eldon ruled that if the defendant, in the act of coming up in order to distrain, had actually got into the field where the animal was committing the damage, before it was driven back into plaintiff’s field, he might justify driving it back into his own field and thence to the pound. But we apprehend that it is not necessary in all cases that the thing distrained be damage feasant at the time of the distress, but that distress may be made, to prevent further damage. Reynell v. Champernoon, Cro. Car. 228, was trespass for cutting nets and oars. The defendant justified for that the plaintiff was endeavoring therewith to row upon his water and to catch his fish. The justification failed, but the court said that defendant might have taken the nets and oars and detained them damage feasant, for the purpose of stopping plaintiff’s further fishing. And in Warmer v. Briggs, 2 C. & K. 31, where the horse had ceased doing damage at the time it was taken, Lord Denman, C. J., left it to the jury to say whether the taking was necessary, to prevent the horse from doing further damage, and on the jury’s saying it was not, a verdict was directed for the plaintiff. Thus we see with what strictness the law of England has always dealt with this subject. This mode of [687] redress is a summary proceeding without process, hence the reason for greater strictness than would otherwise be required. Our statute provides that “ a person may impound a beast found in his enclosure doing damage.” Not, “found in his enclosure ” simply ; but found there, “ doing damage.” In Porter v. Aldrich, 39 Vt. 326, it was held that the word “ enclosure,” as used in the statute, imports more than the word close, which embraces land owned or rightfully possessed by a party, although inclosed only by the imaginary boundary line that defines its territorial limits, but signifies land inclosed with some visible and tangible- obstruction, such as a fence, hedge, ditch, or their equivalent, for the protection of the premises against cattle; and that it was not intended to extend this summary remedy to beasts damage feasant on wild, uncultivated, unimproved, and unoccupied lands lying open and common. This case indicates an intention on the part of the court to construe the statute strictly, and to give full effect to the language in which it is couched. If the words, “ doing damage ”, are to have any effect, it would seem that they should be construed to mean, doing actual and substantial damage, to the exclusion of theoretical and presumptive damage ; or, in other words, doing damage in fact only, and not damage in law as well. A beast may stray into the inclosure of another on the crust in midwinter, when it can do no possible damage, and it be a technical trespass, for which nominal damages could be recovered ; but can the beast be impounded for damage feasant? Can it be taken as a pledge for the satisfaction of damges that neither have been nor could be committed ? The costs and expenses of impounding and keeping are only an incident, and accrue after the right of distress has attached, and cannot create the right. That the statute contemplates actual damage, is shown by the fact that it provides for the appointment of appraisers to ascertain the damage, and certify the amount thereof to the pound-keeper. It is true, as held in this State, that the impounder may waive his claim for damage; but this does not import that none need be sustained. In all the cases in this State where it has been so held, it either appears or was assumed that actual damage had been committed, and- in none [688] of them was this question raised, and the result of the holding in them is, that an irregular or even a fraudulent appraisal of damages, or a waiver of damages and no appraisal, do not deprive the impounder from lawfully detaining beasts regularly impounded for the payment of legal costs and charges. And this may well be so, for a waiver of damages advantages the owner of the beasts. But in Maine it is held otherwise, and that a waiver of damages defeats the remedy, on the ground that the basis of the remedy is thereby abandoned and gone. Dunton v. Reed, 17 Me. 178, was . a libel for a decree of forfeiture of a pair of oxen under the statute concerning pounds, which provided that beasts doing damage on improved lands inclosed with a sufficient fence, might be impounded. The libel alleged no damage, and all claim for damages was waived. It was contended on the part of the plaintiff that it was not necessary that he should claim damages ; that it was enough that it appeared that the cattle were taken damage feasant; but the court said : “ All the proceedings are remedial, for the purpose of giving an indemnity for the injury. When beasts are thus impounded, they are to be restrained until the damages and the charges for impounding and keeping them and all fees are paid. The expenses are incident to the remedy, which is based upon the damages sustained. Here no damage is claimed. The very ground that justifies and upholds the remedy is waived and abandoned. Tho libel does not even aver that any damage was done.” Osgood v. Green, 33 N. H. 318, arose under a statute similar to ours, and is exactly in point. It was replevin for a bull. Defendant avowed the taking thereof in his close damage feasant. Plaintiff pleaded in bar, among other pleas, that appraisers were appointed to appraise the damages, and on hearing decided that none had been committed, to which defendant demurred. The demurrer was overruled and the plea adjudged sufficient. The court says : “ On payment of the damages appraised and the charges incurred, the creatures are to be discharged from the pound; but if no damages are sustained, there are, of course, none to be paid ; and the report of the appraisers in such a case is conclusive that none have been committed. When, therefore, cattle are impounded, and the appraisers [689] decide that no damages were done to the close of the party impounding, it follows as a proper deduction that they were illegally impounded, for they must be doing damage in his enclosure, otherwise he had no power to impound them. Actual damages, then, are essential to a legal impounding for damage feasant. . . ... If the cattle cannot be held for the damages, they certainly cannot for the costs, for the damages are the foundation of the costs, and the latter cannot exist without the former. ... We are entirely satisfied that there is no law in this State authorizing the impounding of animals for merely nominal trespasses..... The evil requires no such remedy, and it is only in cases of actual damages that a person is permitted to execute the law himself”. We adopt the reasoning and the conclusion of that case, and reverse the judgment below as to the forty sheep and the costs, and hold that said sheep also were unlawfully taken and detained, and render judgment for the plaintiff to recover one cent damages (there being no finding of actual damages) and his costs.