Robinson v. Missisquoi R. R.

The opinion.of the court was delivered by Ross, J. I. The first.contention is whether the deed from the orator of February 26, 1858, to the St. Albans and Rich-ford Plank Road Co. conveys the fee, or an easement, in the premises, described. The language used in the granting part of the deed and in the habendum is appropriate, and that commonly used to convey the fee. The first part of the description of the premises, “ being a strip of land four rods in width across my land, and being the same land now occupied by the St. Albans and Richforn Plank Road Co. for their road,” is appropriate to an absolute grant; but the remaining clause, “for the use of a plank road,” unless properly descriptive of the premises, is such language as would naturally be used to limit or qualify the grant, to change it from a fee to an easement. The description of the premises granted is complete without this clause. This clause in the original deed is separ432 atecl from the former part of the description by a mark of some kind, designed, evidently, either for a comma or a dash. This clause can have no force as descriptive of the premises conveyed, and no force at all, unless as qualifying and limiting the grant. It is an important rule of construction, applicable to all -written instruments, that every word and every, clause shall, so far as possible, be given some force and meaning, and that in case, construing the whole instrument one way, meaning is given to every word and clause, while construing it another way some portion of the language used is rendered meaningless, the construction, which gives force and meaning to all the language used, is, as a rule, to prevail. This is upon the presumption that the party making the instrument did not use any language except what was necessary to make it speak the intention of the pai'ties thereto. Again, when it is doubtful what the construction should be, resort to the circumstances surrounding the transaction may be had to enable the reader to understand and apply the language used. The language of the deed indicates that the grantee- was already in the occupation of the premises granted. The only possible use to which the grantee could put the .premises was for its plank road. Hence it would desire to purchase the right so to use it only. It was also natural that the grantor should desire to limit the grant, it being a strip of land four rods wide through his entire farm. The consideration of the deed, $40, is quite inadequate for an absolute grant of three acres, so situated as to sever the orator’s farm. Under these circumstances we should naturally expect to find an easement rather than a fee granted. When language is found in the instrument making the grant, fitted to create the grant naturally to be desired by both pai’ties, although not in the usual form of such a grant, it should be given its evidently intended force and effect. Keeler v. Wood, 30 Vt. 243. In making the conveyance a common printed blank deed was used. It was easier'to write the limiting clause in the blank space left to be filled with the descrip [433] tion of the premises, and at the close of such description, than to erase and insert it in the habendum. We think this clause was intended as a limitation upon the grant, reducing it from the grant of the fee to a grant of an easement for the use of a plank road, all that the grantee cared to acquire, and all that the grantor would be likely to desire to part with. II. If the St. Albans and Richford Plank Road Co. only took an easement in the premises, it is not contended, under the recent decisions—Kendall v. Railroad Co., 55 Vt. 438; Kittell v. Railroad Co., 56 Vt. 96; Adams v. Railroad Co., 51 Vt. 240—on the facts found by the master, that the orator is not entitled to recover, unless he is barred by the Statute of Limitations which is insisted upon. This suit was brought to the April Term'of the Court of Chancery of Franklin County, 1885. The railroad company entered upon the land in 1870, but -acknowledged its -obligation to pay the orator’s damages by an order on the treasurer therefor, August 29, 1876. The trustees, under the mortgage, took possession in November, 1877. If this were an action at law to collect the damages thus agreed upon, it would be barred by the Statute of Limitations. While it is a suit in equity for the collection of those damages, it is also more than that, as it seeks to recover the premises, if the damages are not paid within the time limited for that purpose. The result of the recent decisions of. this court in this class of actions, as I understand them, though it has not been so expressly stated, is, that where from all the facts and circumstances it is evident, the landowner intends to hold the title of the land taken, until his damages are paid, the law will treat him as it does any owner of real estate who by contract allows another to take possession of the premises contracted to be sold and to make improvements or payments, who is not to have a conveyance of the title until the entire or a specified portion of the purchase money is paid, as holding the title as security for the payment of the damages ascertained, or to be ascertained, or the contract price. While strictly speaking [434] the relation of mortgagor and mortgagee does not exist between parties so related to real estate, yet in equity they are treated very much as though that relation did exist between them. The time stipulated for payment or other performance is rarely in equity considered the essence of such contracts. If the purchaser by contract is ready and willing to perform, though after the time stipulated, he is allowed in equity to do so, and the contractor is decreed to convey upon such tendered performance. This is the rule in equity, unless the case is exceptional, and the contractor will be placed at a disadvantage by the allowance of a subsequent performance. The contractor, until the time for performance has expired, holds the title to the premises in trust for the purchaser by contract, and also as security for performance by the contract purchaser. Where the purchaser in possession has not fulfilled, the contractor may maintain ejectment for the recovery of the premises contracted to be sold. But' if the purchaser in possession has partly performed, though not in time, he may in equity be allowed to perform and receive conveyance, and have the suit in ejectment perpetually enjoined. Inasmuch as the purchaser in possession may almost always, if not always, thus force the contractor into equity, the contractor may first bring his suit in equity and have the rights of the purchaser in possession in the premises foreclosed, if he refuses or fails to perform in such extended time as the court of equity may allow. The relation of a landowner, where land is taken by a railroad company for the use of its railroad, with or without the exercise of the power of eminent domain, who either consents that the railroad company may take possession or forbids it, if he ’ clearly evinces an intention and purpose to hold the title until his damages are paid, — Avhile, from the nature of the possession and the interests involved, he may not maintain ejectment,— is, in equity, that of the owner of real estate who has contracted to sell it, on certain conditions being performed or payments made, and has allowed the purchaser to take possession. He may like such owner enforce the performance by a time‘limited [435] in equity, or recover possession of the premises contracted to be sold. I-think all the recent cases on this subject fall within this familiar principle in equity. By the suit in equity the landowner says, in substance: “I still hold the title of the premises taken ; I never intended the railroad company should have it until it paid me my damages. It has not paid the damages, either because it never agreed to, or agreed to, and has not performed its' agreement. I ask that it shall pay or surrender to me the possession of the premises.” . It is thus seen that the suit in equity is. really for the recovery of the possession of land, and is not barred by the Statute of Limitations, if at all in equity, until fifteen years have elapsed. While the Statute of Limitations is not strictly applicable to suits in equity, courts of equity recognize the time limited by such statutes as the time when a party should be at rest from the embarrassments and perplexities of litigation. No such facts exist, nor such time has elapsed, as would lead a court of equity to. refuse the orator relief in this case. III. The only further contention is in regard to the time when the interest is to commence. The finding of the master as to the agreement in regard to the damages is equivocal as to the time when the sum found is to commence to draw interest. It is that the orator is entitled to interest, on the sum found as damages, from the time the railroad company would be legally bound to pay it. If there had been no agreement in regard to the damages that would be from the time it took possession. But it is found that by the agreement with the railroad company interest would commence on the $300 August 29, 1876. This is all-the orator has claimed by his bill. He must be held to the demands of the bill; nor should he be allowed to amend it, in this respect, on the equivocal finding of the master on this subject. The decree .of the Court of Chancery is reversed, and the cause remanded with a mandate to enter a decree that unless the defendants pay to the clerk $481.50 with interest since September 20, 1886, and costs of suit, for the orator by a time [436] to be limited by the Court of Chancery, the defendants shall be perpetually enjoined from using the premises 'described in the bill; and upon such payment, if made, the orator is to deliver to said clerk a deed of said premises for the use of a railroad to the defendants before receiving the money.