Thompson-Starrett Co. v. Plunkett

Haselton, J. This is an action of replevin. The property replevied consisted of six monolithic statues made of Bethel granite for the Union Station at Washington in the District of Columbia. The defendant, an officer, attached the property in question as the property of the E. B. Ellis Granite Company, and the plaintiff, the Thompson-Starrett Company, brought this action of replevin against the attaching officer by virtue of P. S. 1825, which permits one who is the owner of personal property, or is entitled to the possession thereof, to replevy it from an officer who attaches it as the property of another. Trial was had by the court, and on facts found judgment was rendered for the plaintiff. The defendant brings the case here on exception’s. The plaintiff company, before 1903, entered into a contract with the Washington Terminal Company for the furnishing of Bethel granite for the station named. In 1903, the stone work was sublet by the plaintiff to individuals who, with the consent of the plaintiff, assigned the contract to the E. B. Ellis Company, which entered upon the performance of the contract. The E. B. Ellis Company owned a granite quarry in Bethel, from which the granite for the statues in question was afterwards quarried, as will herein appear, and also owned granite sheds in North-field, Vermont. July 21, 1905, the Ellis Company executed and delivered to the plaintiff a real estate mortgage of the property above named. The mortgage was, in form, a chattel mortgage as well as a real estate mortgage, but as a chattel mortgage it was defective in that the affidavit, required to be made and subscribed by both the mortgagor and mortgagee, was made and subscribed by the mortgagor only. Foreclosure proceedings, afterwards had followed the course only of a foreclosure of real estate. Some of the facts thus far stated are preliminary in their character, but they help to an understanding of the ease. September 1, 1905, the Washington Terminal Company made a contract with Louis St. Gaudens, by which, among other things, he was to procure the carving of the statues in question and to superintend such work. By this contract the Terminal Company agreed to furnish the granite, ready to be carved, at the place where the carving should be done, whether at Washing — 181 — ton, NeAv York, Windsor in Vermont, or Northfield in this State, as might be determined. It does not appear that the plaintiff and the Ellis Company kneAv the terms of this contract, bnt their correspondence shoAVS that they kneAv of the contract and its nature, and that some place other than Northfield might be chosen as the place Avhere the granite would be furnished for carving. AfterAvards the Terminal Company contracted Avith the plaintiff company to furnish Bethel granite for the six statues. The contract was made by letter and Avas consummated February 21, 1907. The contract expressed the understanding that St. Gaudens Avould arrange to have the carving of the statues done at Northfield, Vermont. As a part of this contract, the plaintiff Avas to box the statues, after they had been carved, and have them transported to Washington and set in place on the building in question, was to do these things at its own cost, and Avas to and did assume the entire responsibility in regard to these doings, the cost of insurance and liability for damage to the statues. We come now to the contract between the Thompson-Starrett Company, the plaintiff herein, and the Ellis Company with regard to the quarrying and furnishing of the granite for these statues, and Avith regard to the statues themselves, Avhich were attached as the property of the Ellis Company. The matter of transforming the blocks of granite into works of art was no part of this contract, as it was no part of the contract between the plaintiff and the Terminal Company. In the earlier part of the correspondence which culminated, in the contract between the plaintiff and the Ellis Company, the latter recognized that the carving might be done elsewhere than on its plant at Northfield, and that it might not be able to get, as it desired, a contract with St. Gaudens for doing the carving under his superintendence. When, as appears from the Ellis Company’s letters, it had-made a verbal arrangement with St. Gaudens for doing the carving, subject to its being able to secure the services of a NeAv York sculptor to occasionally inspect the Avork and see that it Avas properly done, the Ellis Company made' a proposition to the Thompson-Starrett Company conditioned upon there being no hitch in the arrangement with St. Gaudens. This proposition, as appears by the correspondence, was unsatisfactory to the Thompson-Starrett Company, AAdiereupon the Ellis Company withdrew all conditions saying, “we have no doubt of our ability — 182 — to make a satisfactory arrangement with Mr. St. Gaudens as we have stated to you, and are therefore willing to accept any risk in this direction.” With this explanation and withdrawal of conditions, the contract was closed. The contract amounted to an agreement of the Ellis Company to carry out the undertakings of the plaintiff company with the Washington Terminal Company. The court below found that the granite for the statues was “delivered” by the Ellis Company from time to time at its sheds in Northfield. It is clear from the judgment rendered that the court used the word “delivered” in its appropriate legal sense and held that under this finding the title to the granite blocks, out of which the statues were carved, passed by such delivery out of the Ellis Company. The defendant urges that the word “delivered” means here no more than “transported.” But we think that the correct construction of the exhibits referred to and made a part of the findings is otherwise, and that to give to the word “delivered” as used by the' court the meaning of “transported” simply, would be unwarranted. We think that, under the true construction of this rather vague contract, the granite blocks were delivered when they were put for carving in the place designated for that purpose. In view of the character of the property, the fact that the premises on which the statues-were put for carving were premises of the Ellis Company, and not other premises at Windsor or elsewhere, is in 'no way a controlling fact. The Ellis Company invokes the doctrine of accretion saying, in effect, that it has transformed the granite blocks into works of art; but it had not done so. This work of transformation was that of St. Gaudens, who procured the carving of the statues by the Ellis Company to conform to models conceived and prepared by him. The exhibits show payments from time to time by St. Gaudens to the Ellis Company. No claim is made of a right to the possession of the statues by the Ellis Company on account of any default on the part of St. Gaudens. The findings of fact are silent upon the question of to whom the granite blocks were delivered at Northfield. The plaintiff claims ’that they were delivered to it. The defendant claims that there was no delivery to any one. We think that from the exhibits constituting and explaining the various contracts, it is a necessary conclusion of law that, when the granite blocks were — 183 — delivered, at Northfield ready for carving under the superintendence of St. Gaudens, they were delivered to the "Washington Terminal Company, that the general title to the blocks then vested in such company, and that the work by St. Gaudens, or by his procurement and under his superintendence, was done upon the property of the Terminal Company. It is not supposable, from the exhibits which are made a part of the findings, that the Terminal Company contracted with St. Gaudens to procure the carving of statues which, when carved, should be the property of the plaintiff company or the Ellis Company. However, the plaintiff company as a part of the contract for delivering the granite for the statues undertook, after the statues were carved, to box them, to transport them to Washington and set them in place on the building in question, to assume the entire responsibility of doing these things, to bear the cost of insurance, and to make good any damage which might be done to the statues in boxing, transporting, or setting them in place. This contract, as we have seen, the Ellis Company undertook to do and carry out by its contract with the plaintiff company. But,' as the court finds, the plaintiff was alone responsible for the faithful performance of its contract with the Washington Terminal Company, and the Ellis Company was responsible to no one except the plaintiff for the faithful performance of its contract with the plaintiff. After the statues were carved to the satisfaction of St. Gaudens, the Ellis Company had the right to their possession only for the purpose of boxing them, transporting them to Washington and setting them. After some prior correspondence about the matter the plaintiff wrote the Ellis Company, April 8, 1912, that it had been informed by the architect (referring to the architect having charge of the building) that all the carving on the statues had been completed and approved by St. Gaudens. In view of this information, the letter asked for immediate advice as to what steps the Ellis Company was taking to transport the statues to Washington, and as to what its setting arrangements were. Four days later, April 12, 1912, the Ellis Company replied to the foregoing letter saying that the statues were all carved and had been accepted by St. Gaudens, and that it was doing all it could to prepare the work for shipment. The letter then proceeded: — 184 — “Before this work can be shipped, it will be necessary to settle some outstanding bills connected with our contracts. We hereby make requisition for a payment of thirty-two thousand dollars, ($32,000.00) on account of the payroll and transportation of statues and payment of certain notes guaranteed by your company, immediate payment of same having been demanded of us this day. ’ ’ The conditions were not complied with, and the court found that the reason why the conditions were not complied with was that advancements had been made to the Ellis Company creating an indebtedness largely exceeding the amount demanded. Neither the Washington Terminal Company nor its architects had recognized the Ellis Company in respect to the matters covered by the contract between the Terminal Company and the plaintiff. The Ellis Company had simply become an instrument of the plaintiff in carrying out its contract with the Terminal Company, and when the statues were completed the Ellis Company could rightly hold them for no other purposes than those contemplated by the contract, and in holding them for the purpose of securing an advance of $32,000.00, to which it was not entitled, it held them wrongfully and against the right of the plaintiff; for the plaintiff, though not the general owner, was under obligation to box, transport, and set the statues, and the Ellis Company’s contract obligation was undertaken in view of that, of the plaintiff, and in aid of that, and in subordination to that, and when the Ellis Company refused to go on with its contract except upon conditions which it had- no right to make, the plaintiff, as an incident to its obligation, had a right to the possession of the statues for the purpose of fulfilling its obligations, all such right of possession as is sufficient in replevin. Sprague v. Clark, 41 Vt. 6; Cox v. Fay, 54 Vt. 446, 451; Tittemore v. LaBounty, 60 Vt. 624, 15 Atl. 196; Chaffee v. Harrington, 60 Vt. 718, 15 Atl. 350; Crampton v. Chapman, 85 Vt. 74, 81 Atl. 231. The Ellis Company’s refusal of further performance under the contract with the plaintiff, gave the plaintiff a right to waive further performance and a right of possession of the property for the purpose of completing its own contract with the Terminal Company, for the completion of which it was at all times held responsible. — 185 — A contract is to be construed with reference to its obvious purpose and intention and is to be given a fair and just construction, and rights and duties may be granted and imposed by necessary implication in order that the true purpose of the contract may be effectuated. Rioux v. Ryegate Brick Co., 72 Vt. 148, 47 Atl. 406. The contract here, an unusual one, cannot be construed to mean that, after years of necessarily contemplated labor had been bestowed upon blocks of granite, the property of the Terminal Company, in transforming them into the likeness of the models furnished, there- would be in ease of default on the part of the Ellis Company, in respect to transporting the statues to Washington, no legal way of getting them there. The conclusion cannot be drawn from the contract that, in case of such default, the plaintiff’s only remedy against the Ellis Company would be to sue it for a breach of contract, and the only remedy of the Terminal Company, (we use the word “remedy” though its use here is a perversion of language) would be to sue the plaintiff to recover damages for a breach of contract. Such a construction of this contract in view of its object and nature is impossible. It is a necessary implication to be drawn from the . contract that if, when the statues were completed and ready for transportation to Washington, the Ellis Company should be unable, or should wrongfully refuse, to transport them to Washington, the plaintiff should have the right to take possession of them in order that it might then transport them to be set in the station building in pursuance of its contract. Where, upon the repudiation of a contract, there is no adequate remedy by a suit for damages in consequence of the breach, the innocent party, if the subject-matter of the contract permits, may proceed by suit to get the possession of specific property to the possession of which he is entitled. Professor Williston in 14 Harvard Law Review, pp. 434, 322; Williston’s Pollock on Contracts, pp. 362, 339. In this State the plain, simple, and speedy process by which one may get possession of personal property, to the possession of which he is entitled, is the action of replevin. While the general title to the blocks of granite, out of which the statues were afterwards carved, passed to the Terminal Company when they were placed at Northfield to be carved into statues under the direction of St. Gaudens, one, at least, of the statues, Ceres, was on premises in the possession of the Ellis — 186 — Company when it was attached, and at this point we assume without deciding that the others likewise were, notwithstanding a lease of a part of the granite sheds at Northfield, in which some of the statues were, and notwithstanding their situation with respect to Andrew Bernasconi, who had chiseled the statues, under arrangements made by him with the Ellis Company, and who claimed a lien on all the statues. To sustain the judgment it is necessary to consider whether or not the statues were subject to attachment by the creditors of the Ellis Company in consequence of their situation, and we assume in considering this question that none of the statues were in a situation more favorable to the plaintiff’s claim than was the statue, Ceres. We treat the premises in question as in the possession of the Ellis Company, for although the mortgage referred to in the early part of the opinion had been foreclosed, the equity of redemption had not expired and the mortgagee had not taken possession. Each statue weighed something like one hundred tons, and about a year’s work had been put onto each block of granite in converting it into a statue, and the statues could only be handled where there was adequate machinery for handling such ponderous bodies. Property may be of such a cumbersome character, under such visible disposition and treatment, as to take it out of the rule that fraud is presumed without change of possession, and that though property has been sold and title has passed as between the parties it is subject to attachment by the creditors of the vendee without actual change of possession. We think that this property did not come under the rule but under the exception. Kingsley v. White, 57 Vt. 565, 567; Fitch v. Burke, 38 Vt. 683, 688; Hutchins v. Gilchrist, 23 Vt. 82; Weeks v. Weed, 2 Aik. 64, 70. The stringent rule in this State as to the necessity of a change of possession is stated very strongly by Judge Prentiss in the case last cited, but he also states the exception in language well chosen and applicable here. He says: “Indeed, the rule appears to apply to all cases, except where the purpose of the conveyance and the nature of the transaction entitle or require the vendor to continue in possession, and the law, considering it necessary and justifiable, approves and permits.” In such cases possession passes with the title, and as was said in Kingsley v. White, above referred to, “the controlling elements — 187 — which take such property out of the operation of the ordinary rule requiring a change of possession to perfect the sale of the property from attachment by the creditors of the vendor, are the character and situation of the property; that is, that the property is ponderous, incapable of personal possession and difficult of removal. ” The applicable law to be drawn from our cases is well understood by the profession and is carefully and correctly stated in the Vermont Digest, and in the Digest of Daniel Boberts, in this language: “The rule requiring a change of possession of property sold, in order to protect it from further sale by the vendor or attachment for his debts, does not require an actual removal or manual change of possession, where from the nature of the property, or its situation, such removal or manual possession- is impracticable. ’ ’ Where the exceptional doctrine applies, possession by one who formerly had title is not constructive fraud nor a badge of fraud; and if actual fraud is claimed the burden of showing it is upon him who asserts it. At the time of the replevin of the statues, Bernasconi’s claimed lien was satisfied by the plaintiff. The court found that before this suit was brought the plaintiff demanded the possession of the statues of the defendant, the officer who had attached them', but that the demand was refused. After hearing the case the court submitted to counsel for the parties a draft of its findings of fact, and the defendant filed sixteen requests for further findings of fact. Some of these were complied with, some were refused, and some were complied with in part and refused in part. The defendant’s counsel thereupon excepted “to the findings respecting the matters referred to in their requests, wherein the court found otherwise than requested, and wherein the court failed to find as requested as being against the weight of evidence and as unsupported by any substantial evidence.” Error cannot be predicated upon such an exception, for it is conditional'and qualified and points out nothing. County Court Rule 28, §2; State v. LaPoint, 87 Vt. 115, 119, 88 Atl. 523, 47 L. R. A. (N. S.) 717; State v. Pierce, 87 Vt. 144, 151, 88 Atl. 740; Burton v. City of Rutland, 87 Vt. 224, 88 Atl. 729; In re Bean’s Will, 85 Vt. 450, 82 Atl. 734; Luce v. Hasson, 76 Vt. 450, — 188 — 58 Atl. 725; White v. Lumiere Co., 79 Vt. 206, 64 Atl. 1121, 6 L. R. A. (N. S.) 807; Drowin v. Wilson, 80 Vt. 335, 67 Atl. 825, 13 Ann. Cas. 93; Ide v. Boston & Maine, 83 Vt. 66, 82, 74 Atl. 401; Johnson v. C. V. Ry. Co., 84 Vt. 490, 79 Atl. 1095. This rale of practice gives to every litigant a full opportunity for one fair trial, while it prevents causeless retrials, as the result of claims made here which should have been distinctly and without qualification made below. The rule is most salutary, and as much, probably, as any that has been made or can be made, prevents the needless prolongation of law suits, and expedites justice. The case discloses no error. Judgment affirmed.