Taylor v. Stockwell

Scott, Justice. The plaintiff in error, who was defendant below, brings error to reverse a judgment obtained by defendants in error, as plaintiffs against him in the court below, for the sum of four thousand, eight hundred fifty-seven and 6/100 ($4,857.06) dollars, together with their costs, amounting to the sum of seventy-seven and 20/100 dollars. The case was tried to a jury on an amended petition, answer thereto and reply. The jury found and returned a verdict in favor of — 501 — plaintiffs jointly and the judgment was rendered on the verdict as found by the jury, less one hundred, forty-five and 93/100 ($145.93) dollars, which was remitted by the plaintiffs. It is alleged in the amended petition that on July 13, 1909, the plaintiffs “while lawfully engaged in doing repair work in the cellar of and for the defendant at the town of Rock Creek, State of Wyoming, did find and discover buried in the ground in an old receptacle a large amount of coin, to-wit: an amount in value and sum of $4,177.50; that said receptacle was one glass jar; that the physical condition of said receptacle showed conclusively that it had been buried for many years and that its contents had been undisturbed for many years; that the plaintiffs were the finders and discoverers of said buried treasure and are now and ever since” their said discovery “have been at all times the lawful owners thereof and lawfully entitled thereto by reason of said finding and discovery; that the owner, loser and depositor of said gold coin is and has been at, both prior and subsequent to said finding and discovery unknown and that said treasure did not on July 13, 1909, or at any other time belong to the defendant nor any part or parcel thereof.” That plaintiffs took possession of the gold coin at the time of its discovery and removed the same from the cellar and thereafter and on July 19, 1909, a portion of said coin was deposited as follows: $2,235 thereof was deposited in the First National Bank of Laramie, Wyoming, to the credit of J. W. White, one of the plaintiffs, and $1,300 thereof was deposited in the same bank by J. W. White to the credit of Reuben Stockwell, one of the plaintiffs, and $32.50 thereof was given into the custody and possession of Alma White, wife of the fW.aintiff, J. W. White. It is further alleged that “thereafter and on or about July 20, 1909, the defendant, having been informed of said discovery and finding, did falsely and fraudulently claim and represent to said plaintiffs and each of them and to .the said Alma White, by plaintiffs jointly, that defendant was the true owner of said — 502 — gold coin and that the said gold coins discovered as aforesaid had been buried, hidden and secreted in said cellar, the place of said finding and discovery, by the said defendant, then and there well knowing said representations to be false and untrue; that said defendant did then and there charge the plaintiffs and the said Alma White falsely with the crime of grand larceny and threaten to immediately cause the arrest of each and all of them and to have them and each of them sent to the state penitentiary on said false criminal charge.” It is further alleged that by means of said threats and unlawful charges they were put in great fear and duress and acting thereunder they “did on July 20, 1909, deliver over to said defendant property to the value of $3,732.71, being described and of the value as follows, to-wit: By J. W. White, cash in amount and value $2,2351 by Reuben Stockwell, cash in the amount and value of $1,300; by Alma White, wife of plaintiff, J. W. White, cash in the amount and value of $32.50; by J. W. White, one saddle, value $46.50; one rifle, value of $16.00; one pair of shapps, value $19.00; one bridle, value $14.65; one saddle rope, value $1.05; by J. W. White one order on defendant for the balance due defendant to White for labor amounting to the sum and of the value of $68.01; * * * * * * That said defendant has wrongfully and unlawfully retained possession, use of and control of said above described property, being of the total value of $3,732.71, and has at all times failed, refused and neglected to deliver the said property, or its value, or any part thereof, to the said plaintiffs or either of them, although repeatedly requested so to do. That by reason of the premises and the said wrongful and unlawful conversion of said above described property by the defendant, the plaintiffs have sustained damages in the sum of $3,732.71, together with interest on said sum from July 20, 1909, at the rate of 8 per cent per annum. Wherefor, plaintiffs demand judgment for damages against the defendant for the wrongful conversion of said property above de — 503 — scribed, in the sum of $3,732.71” with interest thereon at 8 per cent per annum from July 20, 1909, and costs. The defendant demurred to the amended petition upon the following, among other grounds, viz: “1. There is a misjoinder of parties plaintiffs, in that the plaintiffs, Reuben Stoclcwell and Jess W. White, are improperly joined as parties plaintiff, as each of said plaintiffs has a separate action against the said defendant, and not a joint action against defendant. 2. There is a defect of parties plaintiff, in that, if said plaintiffs can be joined, Alma White, is not joined with the other plaintiffs, and is a necessary and proper party to this action, if said plaintiffs are proper parties thereto. 3. The claims of said plaintiffs and of each of them against the said defendant, are several claims and can not be sued upon jointly, but must be sued for and upon separately. 4. The claim of said Alma White must be sued upon separately and not with the said plaintiffs. 5. That separate causes of action and several causes of action are improperly joined, in one count and in one cause of action, to-wit: the claim and demand of J. W. White, one of said plaintiffs for $2,235.00 and interest thereon from July 20, A. D<. 1909, the claim of Reuben-Stockwell, one of said plaintiffs, for $1,300.00 and interest from said date last aforesaid, the claim of Alma White, who is not joined as one of said plaintiffs, for $32.50 and interest from the date last aforesaid, and the further claim of said J. W. White, one of said plaintiffs, for the further sum of $165.21, to-wit: the matters mentioned in paragraph 3rd of said amended petition, and interest thereon from the date last aforesaid, and which were not severally or collectively included in the original petition of said plaintiffs in this action filed; * * * * * 9. That the petition.does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action.” The court overruled this demurrer, to which an exception was reserved. The defendant then filed his answer and cross-petition to the amended petition in which he alleged that he built, occupied and had exclusive possession and — 504 — control of the cellar ever since he built it in 1890; that he built it for and used it continuously thereafter in connection with his store building, in which he lived and conducted a general merchandising business; that the money found by plaintiffs was owned by him; that it arose from his business and was from time to time deposited in the jar, where it was found by plaintiffs, who kept their discovery secret and who removed it secretly from his premises and control; that they were in his employ when they found it, as set forth in the petition; and that they secretly appropriated it to their own use and he denied that he wrested it from their possession by threats, duress or fraud. The third paragraph of the first and separate answer is as follows: “Said defendant admits that on or about the 13th day of July, 1909', said plaintiffs did take possession of and remove said gold coin, found by them, as aforesaid, from said cellar; and he admits that on or about July 19th, 1909, a portion of said gold coin was deposited in the First National Bank of Laramie, Wyoming, to the credit of J. W. White, by J. W. White, one of the plaintiffs herein, but defendant alleges that said sum so deposited was the sum of’ $2,200, and not $2,235.00 as stated in paragraph 3rd of said amended petition; and said defendant admits that $1,300, of said gold coin was deposited in the First National Bank of Laramie, Wyoming, to the credit of Reuben Stockwell, one of ,the plaintiffs herein; and defendant alleges that at the time of said deposit of $2,200, said plaintiff White had in said bank the sum of $35.00 to his credit which was not any of the proceeds of said gold coin of defendant; and said defendant further alleges and admits that $32.50 thereof was given into the custody and possession of said Alma White, whose true name, defendant alleges, is Elma White; but defendant alleges that the same was given to her absolutely by plaintiffs or one of them; and defendant further alleges that said gold coin was unlawfully, secretly, fraudulently and feloniously divided and apportioned between and among said persons by plaintiffs, and by said plaintiff — 505 — White; and that said plaintiffs ought not further.to prosecute this action 'because said claim of said White against this defendant unlawfully and wrongfully made in said petition, as amended, is his separate claim against defendant for $2,235.00 with interest thereon from said 20th day of July, A. D. 1909, and not the joint claim of said plaintiffs, White and Stockwell; and that said pretended claim of said Stockwell of $1,300, and interest thereon from said date last aforesaid, is the separate claim of said Stockwell against said defendant, and not the joint claim of said plaintiffs ; and that the said pretended claim of said Alma White against this defendant for $32.50, and interest thereon from said date last aforesaid, is not the joint claim of said plaintiffs, but is the separate claim of said Alma White; and that said pretended claim of said plaintiff White for one saddle, one rifle, one pair shapps, one bridle, one saddle rope and for the balance claimed and pretended to be due to said plaintiff White for labor in the sum of $68.01 is the separate and personal claim of said White against this defendant and not the joint claim of said plaintiffs.” It is further alleged for a second, further and separate defense and cross-petition that the defendants squandered and disposed of $445 of said coins and that aside from the other property turned over to defendant in settlement defendant accepted the note of J. W. White, dated July 20, 1909, payable one year after date, for the sum of $263.80, together with interest at the rate of ten per cent, per annum after date until paid and all costs, expenses and attorneys' fees in case of suit; that said note is due and unpaid; and that in said settlement there was yet due the further sum of $15.99 and that said promissory note and balance has not been paid and for which judgment is prayed. The plaintiffs filed their reply to the answer and cross-petition denying each and every allegation of new matter or thing contained therein. During the trial the attempt to recover $32.50 alleged to have been obtained by threats and duress from Alma White was abandoned. — 506 — It thus appears from the pleadings that the gold coins were uncovered by plaintiffs on July 13, 1909, while the}' were in the employ and engaged in repairing defendant’s cellar and upon his premises and while the cellar was in the exclusive possession and occupancy of defendant; that plaintiffs kept their finding secret and thereafter removed the money, each taking some of the coin and severally spending separate amounts, which aggregated $445, and depositing $1,300 to the credit of Stockwell, $32.50 was given to the wife of J. W. White and $2,200, the remander of the coin, was deposited in the hank to the credit of White. The evidence shows that the cellar in which the money was found was built by defendant in 1890 by the enlargement of a small cellar eight or nine feet square into a cellar 29 feet, 6 inches long, by xi feet, 9 inches wide, and 7 feet in depth, the length of the cellar running from the store outwards, the width running along the end of and adjoining the store. It was constructed by excavating into the ground a few feet and putting up a ridge pole and log coverings and covering them all over with earth a few feet in thickness. For a year or two after its construction there was an outside opening to the cellar, but that was, in a very short time after its construction, entirely closed up and thereafter the only access to the cellar was through the building occupied as a' store and also by Taylor and his family as a dwelling, the entrance going from the store through a room occupied as a sleeping room; at the time of uncovering the jar of coins the plaintiffs were cleaning out the debris and earth in the bottom of the cellar as the result of a water spout which occurred a day or two before and which had caved and washed in the walls of the cellar and in replacing a post, which, in part, supported the ridge pole of the cellar. The evidence on the part of defendant tended to show — indeed Mr. and Mrs. Taylor both testified to the fact — that, owing to his place of business being forty-nine miles from the nearest town, and they thought they were without protection, he deposited the coins in the jar and then secreted it — 507 — in the bottom of the cellar at the place where plaintiffs uncovered it; that the coins belonged to Mr. Taylor and were put in the jar and secreted in the bottom of the cellar in 1896, with six or seven inches of dirt over it, laying the jar on its side, and in which place and condition the evidence tended to show that the plaintiffs found it. It will be observed that the question of misjoinder of plaintiffs and causes of action was raised both by demurrer and answer and for that reason the question of misjoinder was not waived, whether upon the face of the petition it was demurrable for misjoinder or not. The question is preserved in the case and runs through the record. (Gilland v. Union Pacific Ry. Co., 6 Wyo. 185, 43 Pac. 508; Mau v. Stoner et al., 15 Wyo. 109, 87 Pac. 434, 89 Pac. 466; Genesco v. Walker et al., 7 Kan. App. 748, 53 Pac. 379). It arises upon the court’s refusal of defendant’s request to give the following instructions to the jury, to-wit: Instruction No. 22. “The jury cannot find for the plaintiffs for the amount of the check of $2,235.00 given by plaintiff, J. W. White, to the defendant on the 20th day of July, A. D. 1909, if you find that the said check was drawn on the personal funds of said J. W. White and was his personal property and not the property of said White and Stockwell jointly.” Instruction No. 23. “If the jury find from the evidence that the check for $2,235.00 drawn on July 20th, 1909, by the plaintiff, White, in favor of the defendant, Taylor, was drawn by the said White against his own personal .account and that the money represented by it was his own personal property and not the joint property of the said White and Stockwell, then you will find for the defendant.” Instruction No. 24. “The jury cannot find for the plaintiffs in the sum of $1,300.00, the amount of the check given by Reuben Stockwell, one of the plaintiffs, if they find that said check represented and was drawn on the personal funds in the bank belonging to said Reuben Stockwell and that the said plaintiff White had no interest therein.” — 508 — Instruction No. 25. “The jury cannot find for the plaintiffs for the amount of the order of $68.01 on defendant signed by J. W. White if they find that the said order was drawn on the moneys due to said White personally and not to said plaintiffs Stockwell and White jointly, and if the defendant Stockwell had no interest therein.” There was evidence tending to support the allegations of the answer with reference to the separate and individual interests, if any, of plaintiffs and that "the claims to the money deposited in the bank and other items for which recovery is sought were separate and individual and not joint. It was a question upon the evidence as to whether Stockwell retained any interest in the twenty-two hundred dollars kept by White, but \ve think it clearly appears from the evidence that the thirteen hundred dollars deposited in the bank to Stockwell’s credit was turned over to him absolutely and became his property as between the plaintiffs. The evidence further shows that there was no joint ownership, either general or special, in any of the articles or personal property which defendant obtained from either of the plaintiffs. The evidence is undisputed that White was not present when the defendant is said to have threatened Stock-well with criminal prosecution and the latter turned over his check, but, on the contrary, Stockwell came to Laramie from Rock Creek on July 20, 1909, with defendant, went to the bank and gave his check to the defendant for the $1,300, that being the amount which White had deposited in the bank to his (Stockwell’s) credit. This transaction occurred before anything had been said to White about finding the coins. Subsequently and on the same day White, having in the meantime been found, after an interview with defendant separate and apart from Stockwell, gave his check to Taylor for $2,235.00. It is not disputed in the evidence that White’s check included $35 which he had on deposit in the bank to his credit prior to and at the time of the deposit of the coin and to that extent at least Stockwell had no interest in the funds represented by the check. Had proffered instructions num — 509 — bered 22 been given it would have submitted to the jury the question whether the check was drawn upon the personal funds of White or the joint funds of White and Stockwell. It was the theory of the defendant that as between White and Stockwell there was no joint interest in the funds represented by White’s check, and we think that was an issue of fact which should have been submitted to the jury.What is here said applies with equal-force to proffered instructions numbered 23 and 25, for if given the court would have submitted to the jury the question whether the money represented by White’s check was his own personal property or the joint property of AVhite and Stockwell. When it is remembered that upon the issues the right to recover depended upon proof of a joint and not a personal or several and independent cause of action, the error in refusing these instructions is apparent. The issue was squarely presented and the question was one of fact and for the jury to find from the evidence whether plaintiffs had proven a joint ownership in any cause of action. The same principle applies to proffered instruction numbered 24 with reference to the funds represented by Stockwell’s check for $1,300, and to White’s order for $68.01 on his employer for a balance due him for wages. If the funds represented by Stockwell’s check was his individual property, then White had no right to any verdict, joint or otherwise, for their alleged conversion, nor had Stockwell any interest in the indebtedness represented by White’s order for $68.01. The rule is well settled that a joint recovery when properly challenged cannot be sustained by proof of separate, several and independent causes of action in favor of separate plaintiffs. It was so at the common law where the question of misjoinder could be raised by a general demurrer when the defect was apparent on the face of the petition, or where the proof failed to prove the cause of action as alleged. Our statutory provision supplants the common law in that it requires a party who seeks to avail himself of such defect to make timely objection in the manner prescribed by statute. Upon the record here the — 510 — defendant placed himself squarely within the provision of the statute and was entitled to have the proffered instructions given upon the defense as pleaded and the evidence in support of such defense. The refusal to give the instructions as requested was error, for it in effect deprived defendant of the right to defend on statutory grounds, and we are of the opinion that the error of the court in its refusal to give each of the proffered instructions above set out was prejudicial and that the judgment should be reversed unless such error was covered and cured by the instructions which were given. Instruction number nine, which was given over defendant’s objection, is as follows, viz: “The court instructs the jury that to entitle the plaintiffs to recover, the jury must find from the preponderance of the evidence: First, that the defendant was not the true owner of the said gold coin found by the plaintiffs. Second, that the plaintiffs, at the time of the alleged conversion, were in the joint possession of said gold coifis so found in the cellar of the defendant; that no final settlement and division of said gold coins had been had or made by and between plaintiffs, but that, although the actual possession at the time of the alleged conversion was unequal, said gold coins had not been finally divided and the final settlement reached between plaintiffs, but were jointly owned by plaintiffs. Third, that the plaintiffs have each an interest in the subject of this action and in obtaining the relief demanded, which interest has never been divided or apportioned, but is a joint interest of the plaintiffs. Fourth, that the plaintiffs were required and did pay to defendant money and did deliver personal property to the defendant for joint protection and benefit of both, through and because of threats, if any, made by the defendant. By this instruction the court informs you that if you find for the defendant on any or either of the counts specifically mentioned in this instruction, it is your duty to find for the defendant and to find as directed in instruction number 13,” which refers to the measure of damages, “but if you find from the evidence — 511 — for the plaintiffs on each and all of the counts above specified, then it will be your duty to find in damages for the plaintiffs.” We think this instruction fell far short of the idea sought to be conveyed by the proffered instructions and is not curative of the error of the court in refusing to give them; upon the facts it may be conceded that defendant could not defeat plaintiff’s right to the possession of the coin unless he was the owner, or otherwise had the right of possession, but we are of the opinion that the other part of the instruction tended to mislead the jury in that it attempted to fix the liability of -the defendant to plaintiffs jointly for the value of all the coins, notwithstanding the evidence showed the final division of at least a part of the coins. There is evidence from which perhaps it might have been found that there had been no final settlement between the plaintiffs as to the interest, if any, retained by Stockwell in and to the $2,200 deposited in the bank to the credit of White; there is some evidence tending to show that that matter was left by them for future adjustment. The right of plaintiffs, if any, to adjust that matter as against defendant must of necessity have rested upon proof of their ownership and right of possession as against him, a question which we do not deem necessary upon the record to discuss for the purpose of deciding this case. There are other assignments of error, only two of which we refer -to. Stockwell and Mrs. White were both permitted to testify, over objection, that the evidence was hearsay, to statements made not in the presence of the defendant. The rulings of the court in these respects constituted error, but whether prejudicial so as to require a reversal of the judgment upon these grounds alone need not be further discussed, for we apprehend that such error will not occur again. On the other grounds herein discussed the judgment will be reversed and the case remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with the views herein expressed. Reversed and remanded. Potter, C. J., and Beard, J., concur.