Moore v. Ligon

GREEN, Judge: The first question for our consideration is: Should the demurrer to the bill in this cause have been overruled, as was done by the circuit court in its decree of June 19, 1883 ? To determine this question we must first decide, whether on the facts stated in the bill the plaintiff has a right to demand a specific performance of the written contract (filed with the bill) entered into by the plaintiff and the defendant, Sallie G. Ligón, a married woman, which contract was executed also by her husband, the bill stating that all the provisions of said contract imposing obligations on the plaintiff have been fully complied with by him. The contract on her part was to convey certain real estate particularly described, and which was her separate real estate, and to which she had a — 297 — complete and perfect equitable title. The decisions rendered by this Court make it entirely clear, that the specific execution of this contract could not be enforced against her. She never after a privy examination acknowledged this written contract; and if she had had no separate estate in this property, this contract for the sale of her land would of course have been absolutely void as to her, and as a matter of course such contract could under no circumstances have been specifically enforced against her. See Gillespie el al. v. Bailey et al., 12 W. Va. 70, syl. 1. The fact that she had a separate estate in the land, which she agreed to convey, in no manner alters the case. This has been repeatedly decided by this Court. In Radford et al. v. Carwile et al., 13 W. Va., 573, syl. 7, it is laid down, that “Her common law disability to make any contract or incur any debt during her coverture, which will in any manner affect or change the corpus of her real estate, whether such estate be her separate property or not, is still in full force. The corpus of her real estate can only be affected or changed by the vendor’s lien, when it has been reserved or by a conveyance or specific lien created by deed, in which her husband has united with her, and which she executed after privy examination.” It is equally clear and well settled by the decisions of this Court, that a married woman, who has the equitable title to real estate, whether she has in it a separate estate or not, can affect such real estate by a conveyance or specific lien created by deed, where her husband unites with her in such deed, and when she executes and acknowledges it together with him for recordation after privy examination of her. And she can in no other way convey her separate real estate, to which she has an equitable title. See Hughes & Co. v. Hamilton et als., 19 W. Va. 366, syl. 4. But before we can conclude, that the demurrer to the bill in this cause should have been sustained and the bill dismissed, we must not only conclude, that the plaintiff not only had no right to ask a specific execution of this written contract against the female defendant, a married woman, but also that he had no lien upon her land in this contract named. For though the primary object of the bill was to enforce against her the specific execution of this contract, — 298 — which cannot be done, yet a secondary object ot this bill was to have it declared, that the plaintiff: had a specific lien on her land in this contract named, and to enforce this lien by a sale of the land. This double object or alternate relief sought by the bill is distinctly stated on the face of the bill •in the following-words: “The plaintiff is advised, that he has a right to a deed from said Sallie Gr. Ligón conveying to him all her right, title and interest to said land, and if under law she cannot be compelled to execute a deed to him for the land aforesaid, then he says, that having paid fourteen thousand dollars of the purchase-money for said land for the said Sallie Gr. Ligón, he holds a lien on said land for that amount and its interest, or that he can and ought to be substituted to the rights of the creditors whose debts he has thus discharged.” Now while it is clear, “that under the law she cannot be compelled to execute a deed to him for the land,” yet if on the facts stated in the bill “he holds a lien on said lands for fourteen thousand dollars or any other amount, a demurrer to the bill could not be sustained; for the right of the plaintiff to enforce such lien would be recognized as proper in this cause by virtue of the alternate and general prayer for relief contained in the bill. Before therefore we can decide, whether the demurrer to this bill should have been sustained or overruled it is necessary for us to determine, whether or no the plaintiff had on the facts stated in his bill a lien on said land. There was an admitted lien on this land of thirteen thousand two hundred and seventy-seven dollars and seventy-four cents due from the female defendant, a married woman, to secure unpaid purchase-money, for which she had executed her bonds with security. This unpaid purchase-money the plaintiff agreed to pay off for the female defendant from whom it was due, and as a part of the same agreement she at the same time agreed “to relinquish to the plaintiff’ all her interest in all of said lands except twenty acres specified, and authorized the court to convey to the plaintiff all said lands except these twenty acres.” After the plaintiff had paid off this purchase-money the defendant refused to relinquish her interest in any of this land or to authorize the court to con — 299 — vey to Mm any part of said land. Will this payment by the plaintiff ot a debt dne from the female defendant in the view of a court of equity extinguish the debt? The payment of this large debt was made by the plaintiff', when he supposed he was under an obligation to pay it by reason of this contract; and the law applicable in such case is thus stated in White and Tudor’s Leading Cases in Equity (4th Am. ed. from 4th London ed.) vol 2, part 1, pp. 290, 291: “A merely voluntary payment by one, who supposes he is under an obligation, certainly does not extinguish the debt nor does it confer a right of subrogation. When the mistake is partly one of law7, it can hardly be the duty of the creditor to refund. Yet as he retains the right to proceed against the debtor, it would seem he ought to exercise it for the benefit of the persons who have fallen into the error. See Whiting use of Sun Mut. Ins. Co. v. Ind. Mut. Ins. Co., 15 Md. 314; Merryman v. The State, 5 Harr. & J. 423; Berthold v. Berthold, 46 Md. 557; Robinson et al. v. Leavitt, 7 N. H. 100; Low v. Blodgett, 1 Foster 121; Breck v. Blanchard, 2 Foster 303; Heath v. West, 6 Foster 191; Drew v. Rust, 36 N. H. 335. I have examined these cases; and while some of them bear but slightly on the deduction, which is drawn from them, yet others of them as Merryman v. The State, at the instance of Harris use of Morrey, 5 H. & J. 423; Whiting use of Sun Mut. Ins. Co. v. Ind. Mut. Ins. Co., 15 Md. 314; Breck v. Blanchard, 2 Foster 303; Drew v. Rust, 36 N. H. 335, bear more directly on the question. If all of these cases are taken together and in connection with other cases, which lay down well settled principles as to when a debt is to be regarded as extinguished' by a payment made by some other person than the debtor, I think the conclusion drawn is sustained, and that if a creditor is paid his debt by some person other than his debtor under a mistake of law, it is not the duty of the creditor to refund, and he can not be compelled so to do; but he has a right still to proceed against the debtor for the benefit of the person, who by such mistake has paid to him the debt, and a court of equity will require him so to do. This conclusion is, I think, in accordance with the spirit, which underlies the decisions in our Court. Neely et al. v. Jones et al., 16 W. Va. 625; McClasky & Crim et al. v. — 300 — O’Brien et al., 16 W. Va. 793, syl. 13; Bland v. Arbuckle et al., 19 W. Va. 135. It is true, these cases wei’e all of them materially different from the case under consideration; but the principles laid down in them are not inconsistent with the conclusion, which we have drawn, and the spirit, which pervades them, accords with the principle above stated. In the case before us the plaintiff paid the debt supposing he was under an obligation to do so by virtue of contract with the female defendant. He was however under no such legal obligation; for this contract to do so was not legally binding upon him, as the contract was not, as we have seen, binding upon her, and therefore there was no mutuality in it. The plaintiff' must therefore be regarded as one voluntarily paying this debt under a mistake, purely one of law; and therefore, while this payment did not confer a right of subrogation proper, yet it did not extinguish the debt, but it imposed on the commissioner, to whom the debt was paid, or more properly on the court, to whom the debt was due, and who had recovered the payment of the debt and disposed thereof, the duty of enforcing the payment of this debt (regarded by a court of equity as unextinguished); and it should be enforced against the original debtor by the sale of her land named in the contract, if necessary, for the benefit of the plaintiff. . He cannot be properly regarded as intending to discharge this debt for her except upon condition, that she should convey the laird to him as required by the written contract made with her. This contract is not binding on her, it is true; but she has a right to ratify the payment of her debt to the court by the plaintiff', in which ease, this debt will be held both in law and equity as discharged. See Neely v. Jones, 16 W. Va. 625 syl. 3. But she can only ratify this payment or receive the advantage of it as discharging her debt to the court by complying, with the condition, upon which alone it .was paid, that is, by conveying to the plaintiff the land she agreed to convey to him. If this be not done by her, the debt is unextinguishecl by the payment of the plaintiff but should be still enforced for his benefit. In the second syllabus in Neely et al. v. Jones et al., 16 W. Va. 625, it is laid down: “ If a payment of debt be made by a stranger, which payment is neither authorized nor ratified — 301 — by the debtor, it will not be lield to discharge the -debt.” The fourth syllabus of the same case states, that in such event the court of equity will enforce the debt in favor of the party, who without authority paid the same. It may be said however, that the female.defendant by the contract made with the plaintiff by her, expressly authorized him to pay this debt for her, and by the principles laid down in Neely v. Jones, 16 W. Va. 625, this payment extinguished the debt. But the female defendant being a married woman is not bound by this contract, and may refuse to carry it out. If she repudiated it as she had a right to do, it ceased to be binding on the plaintiff, would become inoperative and void, and everything done under it should be regarded as done without any authority. Under these circumstances, when this contract is repudiated by the female defendant, the payments made under it by the plaintiff become unauthorized payments by him, and are to be regarded as payments made by a stranger unauthorized; and according to Neely et al. v. Jones et al, 16 W. Va. 625, unless they are ratified by her, which ratification can only be by a conveyance of the land to him, the debt due from her to the court is not extinguished and should by the court be enforced against her land for the benefit of the plaintiff. My conclusion therefore is, that if the female defendant chooses to repudiate this contract and to refuse to convey the land, which she contracted to convey to the plaintiff, she has a right so to do; but then he is to be regarded just as a stranger would be, who paid her debt without authority, as this void contract was his only authority; and such unauthorized payment did not discharge her debt, which should now be enforced against her by the court for the benefit of the plaintiff. This enforcement might be of course by a sale of her laud bought of the court, the title of which was retained as a lien to secure this debt. So that the plaintiff on the facts stated in his bill has in effect alien on this land and a right to enforce the same. The circuit court therefore did not err in overruling the demurrer; but it was an obvious error in the court on overruling the demurrer to proceed immediately to render a final decree in the case. It should have given the defendant a — 302 — a day, in which to answer the bill. Section 30 of chapter 125 of Code of ~W. Ya. page 603, provides: ■ “If a demurrer to a bill be overruled, there shall be a rule upon the defendant to answer the bill; and if he fail to appear or answer the bill on the day specified in the order, the plaintiff shall be entitled to a decree against him for the relief prayed for therein.” In this case the plaintiff' was erroneously given this decree without such day to answer being given to the defendant. Of course, if it becomes necessary for the court to enforce the payment of the portion of the purchase-money paid by the plaintiff either to court or to female defendant, treating it as unpaid purchase-money, she should be allowed as against it the rents and profits of this land, if any were received by the plaintiff, less the taxes on said land paid by him, if he has paid any. For as this unpaid purchase-money in view of a court of equity is enforced for the benefit of the plaintiff, it will be subject to such equitable abatements as may be proper, between the plaintiff and the female defendant. The circuit court erred of course in its decree ordering á conveyance of any part of said land to the plaintiff. Our conclusion is, that said decree of the circuit court must be affirmed, so far as it overrules the demurrer to the bill, and that it should in all other respects be reversed and annulled; and the appellant must recover of the appellee, Isaac Moore, her costs about her appeal in this Court expended; and this cause must be remanded to the circuit court of Pocahontas to be therein further proceeded with according, to the principles laid down in this opinion, and further according to the principles governing courts of equity. The Otheb, Judges Concurred. Aeeirmed i-N Part. Reversed in Part. Remanded.