Chipps v. Hall

GREEN, Judge : The rpiestion involved in this case is: Does the rule in Shelley’s Case, apply to the devise by David Scott by the codicil to Ins will of lot No. 1, (one hundred and sixty-five acres of land) to his son Jefferson, after the death of the testator’s wife, to whom by his will the testator had devised it during her natural life? The devise to his son, Jefferson, by the codicil is, “during his natural life and at his death then to descend to his heirs.” If the rule in Shelley’s Case applies, then the will and codicil devises the lot to the testator’s — 510 — widow for her life, remainder in fee to his son, Jefferson. If the rule in Shdleif s Case, is not applicable, then the devise is to the widow for life, remainder to the testator’s son, Jefferson for life, remainder to such persons as at the death of his son Jefferson would answer the description of his heirs, that is, to the plaintiffs in this cause. The testator, David Scott, died in 1846, when the rule in Shelley’s Case was in full force in Virginia, the statute designed to abolish it having been inserted in the Code of Virginia of 1849. This statute was thus worded : “When an estate real or, personal is given by deed or will to any person for his life, and after his death to his heirs, or to the heirs of his body, the conveyance should be construed to vest an estate for life only in such person, and a remainder in fee simple in his heirs or the heirs of his body.” See Code of Virginia 1849, ch. 116, §11, p. 501; Code of 1860 p. 559 and 560; Code of West Virginia, ch. 71 §11 p. 461. This statute, if it does not entirely abolish the rule in Shelley’s Case, certainly leaves but few cases which can come within its operation, when the deed has been made orthe will executed, and the testator died since July 1, 1850, when this Code of 1849 went into effect. But the will in this case having been made and the testator having died before July 1, 1850, of course this statute can have no effect, on the construction of this will. The rule in Shelley’s Case has given rise to almost endless disputes and bitter controversies. The rule was obviously not intended as a means of discovering the intention of the grantor or testator. This was left to'bo otherwise discovered. But when the intention had been ascertained, this rule controlled the intention, so far as it was repugnant to public policy. The person making by deed or will such a limitation, as comes within the rule in Shelley’s Case, had in his mind two purposes, which were legally in conflict. One was to give to the ancestor only a life-estate, and the other was to limit the land to his heirs as such collectively and in indefinite succession. It was. held thati these two interests could not stand together without producing much public mischief. Now when these two intents appeared in a deed or will, under the rule in Shelley’s Case the second intent, to — 511 — limit the land to the heirs in indefinite succession was pie-ferred, and the first intent, to give the ancestor a life-estate only, no matter how clearly it was expressed, was set aside. And as the only menus of effecting this second iutent, the rule in Shelley’s Case was adopted; and the ancestor was declared to have a fee simple estate or an estate tail. There was generally no difficulty in ascertaining the first intent of the grantor or testator. It was almost always clearly expressed, and in all the cases nearly it was entirely clear, that the ancestor was intended to have a life-estate only, and it was often, when the rule in Shelley’s Case was applied, expressly declared, that the ancestor should have no more than a life-estate. But under the operation of this rule this estate, though it was expressly declared that it should not exceed a life-estate, was declared by the courts to be a fee simple, because it appeared by the deed or will that the grantor or testator intended that the estate on his death was to go to his heirs collectively and in indefinite succession. But this second intent very often did not appear so clearly as this first intent, arid whether the grantor or testator did intend, that after the death of the life-tenant the land should go to his heirs collectively and in indefinite succession as such, or whether he intended it to go to his heir apparent or to his children or to some other particular individuals in the eye of the grantor or testator, when he made the deed or will, was very often the subject of bitter controversy. Some courts were disposed in ascertaining the second intent to lean strongly in coustruing the deed or will to a construction which would regard the grantor or testator as intending that after the death of the life-tenant the land should go to its heirs collectively and in indefinite succession, and thus bring the case within the operation of the. rule in Shelley’s Case; and the person declared iu the deed or will as a life-tenant was declared by the courts as a tenant in fee or in tail as the case might be. But other courts were disposed in ascertaining the second intent to lean strongly in construing the deed or will to a construction which would regard the grantor or testator as intending that after the death of the life-tenant the land should go to his heir apparent, to his children or to some particular individuals contemplated by — 512 — the grantor or testator, when the deed or will was made, and thus the case was held by such courts to he not within the operation of the rule in Shelley’s Case, and the life-tenant was held to have only a life-estate, and the land went to the heir apparent, the children or other particular persons supposed to be intended as remainder-men. -Sometimes the word'“heirs” used in describing the persons, to whom the estate should go after the death of the life-tenant, under this peculiar wording of a deed or will, was construed to mean children or some particular class of heirs in the contemplation of the grantor or testator, and thus the rule in Shelley’s Case was declared to have no application. Sometimes the word “children” or some other word used in describing the person, to whom the estate should go, was construed to mean “heirs” in its technical sense, and the land construed to be limited to the heirs of the life-tenant collectively and in indefinite succession. Then of course the rule in Shelley’s Case was declared applicable and the life-tenant was declared to be the owner of the land in fee simple or in fee-tail. There were a vast number of very nice distinctions drawn in the effort to lay down rules whereby this second intent of the grantor or testator was to be ascertained. In Moon and wife v. Stone’s Ex’or et al., 19 Gratt. 130, the counsel discussed at great length these nice distinctions taken by the courts; and those who are anxious as to these nice distinctions, I refer to the argument of the counsel in that case. Tt occupied one hundred and ninety-three printed pages of the report. But fortunately for us 'there is no necessity in this case to consider or investigate these; as I am of opinion, that in this case according to all the authorities the rule in Shelley’s Case is obviously applicable. All the authorities agree, that if after the death of the tenant for life the land is to go to his “heirs,” it must be considered, that the testator or grantor used the word “heirs” in its technical sense as importing a class of persons to take indefinitely in succession, and therefore the rule in Shelley’s Case is in such case applicable. But if to the word “heirs” used as designating who were to take, the grantor or testator has added qualifying words, these qualifying words would in some oases show, — 513 — that the grantor or testator did not use the word “heirs” in its technical sense, but that he used it inaccurately as designating particular indviduals only, as, for instance, if the limitation was to the heirs of' the life-tenant now living-, for then clearly the word “heirs” must have been used as the life-tenants, heirs apparent or presumptive, when the limitation was made; and of course the rule in Shelley’s Owe would not then be applicable. There have been many interesting controversies as to what qualifying words would thus change the word “heirs,” when used to show, who was to have the estate after the. death of the life-tenant, from its usual technical sense and cause it to be held to designate particular individuals only, and thus render the rule in Shelley’s Case inapplicable. But fortunately we are not called upon in -this ease to look into and consider the numerous cases on this point. For in this case the word.“heirs” is used in the will, which we are construing, to designate the persons who are to take the one hundred and sixty-five acres in controversy after the death of the life-tenant, without any words whatever of qualification ; and in such case all the authorities agree, that the rule in Shelley’s Case applies, and the life-tenant’s estate is thereby enlarged from a life-estate to a fee simple. The precise terms of the rule in Shelley’s Case are: “Whenever the ancestor by any gift or conveyance takes an 'estate of freehold in lands or tenements, and in the same gift or eonveycaiee an estate is afterwards limited by way of remainder either mediately or immediately to his heirs or heirs of his body, the word ‘heirs’ or ‘heirs of his body’ arc words of limitation of the estate carrying the inheritance to the ancestor, and not words of purchase creating a contingent remainder in the heirs.” See 2 Th. Co. Lit. 143; Fearne’s Rem. 29, 28, n. (1); Shelley’s Case, 1 Co. 219, 88 b., Pt. 1; Thomas’s Ed. Minor’s Institutes vol. 2 pp. 341, 342. From this definition it is evident, that, where the rule in Shelley’s Case applies, these five requisites must concur: 1. There must be an estate of freehold in the ancestor, or as he has sometimes been loosely called the first taker. 2. The ancestor must take the estate of freehold by or in consequence of the same assurance which contains the limitation to his heirs. — 514 — 3. The word “heirs” must he used in its technical sense as importing a class of persons to take indefinitely in succession. 4. The interest limited to the ancestor and that to his heirs must be of the same quality, that is, both legal or both equitable; for otherwise they could not coalesce. 5. The estate limited to the heirs must be limited by way of remainder. Now the appellants’ counsel insist in argument, that these requisites do not all exist in this case, and that therefore the rule in Shelley's Case can uot be applied. T'irst it is insisted, that the first of these requisites does not in this case exist, that is, that by the will of David Scott a freehold estate was not devised to his son Jefferson the ancestor of the plaintiffs, but that the devise to Jefferson Scott of a life-estate was by the will to commence in the future, and therefore could not be a vested remainder but.necessarily an. executory devise and good only as such, and therefore the limitation over to his heirs was necessarily an executory devise, as all subsequent limitations after an executory devise must be executory devises; and that as a consequence the fifth requisite, that the estate limited to the heirs must be limited by way of remainder does not exist. The couusel is right in his position, that the rule in Shelley’s Case is not applicable to executory limitations, because the limitation to the ancestor and to the heir, if they were both of them executory limitations, would npt be parts of the same estate but would be distinct and independent dispositions of the subject. See "Pearue Rom. 276; 2 Min. Hist. 376. If the appellants’ counsel is right in his position, that the devise to Jefferson Scott and the limitations to his heirs are executory devises, then the rule in Shelley's Case would be inapplicable; for being distinct and independent estates and not parts of the same estate they could not coalesce and form an estate in fee in Jefferson Scott, as they must do, if the rule in Shelley's Case be applicable. But most obviously the appellants’ counsel is in error in the premises he assumes. Dor neither the estate of Jefferson Scott nor the limitations to his heirs are executory devises, but both of them are most, obviously remainders. The definition of an executory devise is: “That it is such a limitation of a future estate or interest in land as is contrary to the rules of limitation in con515 vcyances at common-law.” Fearne on Hem. 386 and ti. 6; Id. 10 ef seq. and n. 1. Of course an estate can never be construed to be an executory devise or limitation, if it be possible it should take effect as a remainder. How the estate of Jefferson Scott is most obviously not ouly a remainder at common-law but a vested remainder. The definition of a vested remainder is “ a remainder limited to a certain person, and on a certain event so as to possess a present capacity to take effect in possession should the possession become vacant.” Fearne Hem. 216; Min. Inst. 337. The estate of Jefferson Scott under this will comes exactly within this definition. Tt is limited to a certain person, Jefferson Scott, and on a certain event, the death of Mary Scott, which of course was bound to occur and was in no way contingent. The appellants’ counsel seem to think, that, because Jefferson Scott might have died before Mary Scott, his estate could not be a vested remainder but must be an executory devise. But every case on the subject and every text-book refutes this proposition. For instance, Minor in Institutes, vol. 2 p. 337, says: -Tt should be observed, that it is not the uncertainty of ever taking effect in possession, that makes a remainder contipgent; for to that every remainder is and must he liable, since the remainder-man may die and die without heirs before the determination of the particular estate. The present capacity of taking effect in possession, if the possession was to become vacant, and not the certainty that the possession will become vacant, before the estate limited in remainder determines, universally distinguishes a vested remainder from one which is contingent. Tims in case of a lease for life to A. remainder to Z. for life, Z.’s remainder may take effect in possession, because Z. may die before A.; but being capable of taking effect in possession, if the possession wore to fall in by the death of A., it is a vested, remainder. (Fearne’s Hem. 216; 2 Black Com. 169, n. 10.)” Of course if immediately after the death of the testator, David Scott, his wife, Mary, had died and the possession for life of Mary Scott had thus fallen in, there was a present capacity in Jefferson Scott then at once to take possession, and therefore Jefferson Scott’s estate in this one hundred and sixtv-five acres of land was immediately on the death of — 516 — the testator a vested remainder. In fact his interest is the very example put hy Professor Minor to show to his students what is meant hy a vested remainder. That his estate is a vested remainder is so plain and elementary, that I feel I should apologize for having said so much on the subject. My apology is, that able counsel insist, that his interest was an executory devise and in tact almost the whole of their argument is based on this strange assumption. That I may show more fully the justification of my setting out at length of elementary principles, I will make a brief quotation from the argument of counsel for appellants to show that they controvert the most elementary principles. They say: “To show that this case would not in a deed at common law come within the rule iu Shelley’s Case, it is only necessary to remember -that a limitation of an estate to commence in future in a deed at common law was absolutely void.” Of course this is true if there werte no estate preceding, but it is equally true and equally elementary, that even an estate of freehold could by deed at common law be created to commence in future by way of remainder. And this is exactly what was done by David Scott’s will for he left this one hundred and sixty-five acres to his wife for life, remainder to his son, Jefferson. And surely, though apparently disputed by appellants’ counsel, nothing can be more elemeutary than that these estates thus created by will could have been in like manner created by deed at common law. The appellants’ counsel seem too, by their argument to assume, that as Jefferson Scott did not have an estate of freehold in possession, he did not have such an estate of freehold, as by the definition of the rule in Shelley’s Case the ancestor must have, for this rule to be applicable. The definition of the rule, as given above by all elementary writers, gives no countenance to such an idea. It simply says, that the ancestor must have an estate of freehold. .But. is it not an elementary principle, that a person may have an estate of freehold in a vested remainder, as easily7 as he can have an estate of freehold in possession ? The counsel for appellants cite no authority to sustain this position that the ancestor’s estate must be an estate of freehold in possession, in order that the rule in Shelley’s Case may be applicable. All that they7 cite on — 517 — this point is 1 Tuclc. Com. 137. The petition says : “Tobring the ease within 'the rule, the limitation over must be to the heirs of the first taker, who in this case is not Jefferson Scott, but his mother, who had a life-estate and a freehold by the will of her husband;” and the reference to Tucker’s Com. is made to sustain this position. It is obvious that Tucker is misapprehended by the counsel; what he says is : “4. It is obviously an essential part of the rule, that the limitation over must be to the heirs of the first taker. Thus an estate to A., remainder to A.’s heirs is within the rule. For A.’s estate of life is capable of being enlarged by the subsequent words being considered as words of limitation. "But an estate for life to.A., remainder to the heirs of B. is not within the rule. B.’s heirs take as purchasers — they take a remainder in fee. The limitation to the ‘heirs of B.’ would not enlarge A.’s estate, and B. had no estate to enlarge.” These examples show most clearly what Judge Tucker meant by the words “first taker.” He meant simply the “first taker” as between the remainder to the heirs and the devise to the ancestor. But there is nothing to indicate that the devise to the ancestor called by him the “first taker” might not as well be a devise of an estate in possession or the devise of a vested remainder. In the example put, where he says the rule applies, because A.’s estate might be enlarged by the remainder to his heirs, is it not obvious that .if the estate was a vested remainder, it could as readily be enlarged by the remainder to his heirs, as it could be, if A.’s estate was one in possession? - But the elementary books show expressly that a vested freehold remainder may be thus enlarged into a fee simple by operation of the rule in Shelley’s Case. Thus Minor in his Institutes, vol. 2 p. 346, gives as an example of the application of the rule iu Shelley’s Case-, “e. g. Grant to A. for life, remainder to B. for life, remainder to the heirs of. A. and B. The ultimate limitation is not executed in possession jointly, but the rule applies and A. and B. take several inheritances and are tenants in common thereof. (2 Tli. Co. Lit. 743-4; Fearne’s Hem. 36; Stephens v. Britridge, 1 Lev. 36.) This is a case, where B.’s vested remainder for life was enlarged to a fee simple by the application of the rule in Shelley’s Case.” — 518 — The case of Moon et ux. v. Brooks, 12 Gratt. 135, was not only a case where a vested freehold remainder was by the application of the rule in Shelley’s Case enlarged to a fee simple, but it was a case which strongly resembled this except that the remainder after the death of the ancestor was not as in this case simply to the heirs of the ancestor, but the ancestors, who were devised a vested remainder for life subject to the life-estate of their mother as in the case before ns, were in that case two daughters; and the devise to them was during their “natural life, and no longer, and then it was equally to be divided between their heirs lawfully begotten.” The court decided that the rule in Shelley’s Case, applied, and that these vested estates in remainder for life in these two daughters were enlarged into fee simple, the words “heirs lawfully to be begotten” being words of limitation and not of purchase. This case like the one before us was brought before the court after the abolition of the rule in Shelley's Case by the Code of 1849; but as the testator died before this Code went into effect, neither the court nor the counsel made a suggestion, that the provisions of the Code abolishing the rule in Shelley’s Case could have any effect on the determination of the case. This seemed to be regarded by all as elementary, and yet this has been controverted in this case. There was no controversy about whether a vested freehold remainder could be enlarged into a fee by the operation of the rule in Shelley’s Case-, this was tacitly admitted on all sides; neither the counsel nor court say one word about there being a particle of difference between a case where the ancestor’s estate was a vested freehold remainder or freehold remainder in possession. That there was no difference of this kind was tacitly admitted as a proposition too elementary to be discussed. The whole discussion was whether the words of the will that “then their shares should be equally divided between their heirs lawfully begotten,” did or did not show that the word “heirs” was used in its ordinary technical sense. If it was, then it was admitted by the counsel on both sides and by the court, that it was an elementary proposition, that the rule in Shelley’s Case would apply. If on the contrary these words showed that by “heirs lawfully begotten” was meant the children of these ancestors, the — 519 — daughters, or any other particular persons in the contemplation of the testator, when the will was written, then the rule in Shelley’s Case did not apply, and these daughters would have hut life-estates. The counsel, who contended that the rule in Shelley’s Case did not apply, did not rely on the fact that the will gave the estate to the daughters for life and no longer. Hor did the court refer to this. It being obviously regarded as an elementary principle, that it made no difference whether the ancestor was given a life-estate simply or was given a life-estate with the provision that he should hold the estate no longer than during his life. In truth it is obvious that the intent of the testator that the ancestor should have only a life-estate is equally obvious in either case. .But the only question discussed was whether the word “heirs” was used in its technical sense. The court after reviewing all the Virginia cases decided that it was, and therefore the life-estate of the daughters was enlarged by the rule in Shelley’s Case into fee simple. Judges Daniel and Samuels dissented. They delivered no opinion; but the basis of their opinion is perfectly apparent, and that is, that they thought that the .words of the will above quoted so qualified the word “heirs,” that the testator ought to be regarded by the words “heirs lawfully begotten” to mean children of his daughters. In the case before us the word “heirs” to whom the estate was to go after the death of the ancestor, Jefferson Scott, is qualified in no manner whatever; and according to all the authorities and text-books must be regarded as used in its technical sense; and therefore upon elementary principles as well as according to the ease of Moon et ux. v. Brooks, 12 Gratt. 135, the rule in Shelley’s Case must apply. In fact it seems to me, that in this case there is no ground for controversy. Every requirement of the definition we have given of the meaning of this rule is obviously fulfilled, when they are properly understood. The other provisions of the will really throw no light on this codicil. They are relied on to show, that the testator never intended to give to his son, Jefferson, an estate in fee simple, as when he intended to give a fee simple, as he did to his other children, he used different language, and that he only intended to give his son, — 520 — Jefferson, a life-estate aud no more. Depositions were taken to show too that the testator’s son, Jefferson, as well as the husbands of the testator’s two daughters, to whom he gave in similar language but life-estates, were dissipated, and that the testator often declared, that he had given these children but life-estates, because he did not want what lie gave drank up. All this parol testimony is utterly irrelevant and inadmissible. All that it or any of the other provisions of the will tend even to prove is, that the testator intended to give to his son, Jefferson, nothing but a life-estate. Now if he had so express!}? delared, it would make no sort of difference, as we have seen, in the interpretation of this will. It must be admitted as settled law, that the testator’s intention to give only a life-estate to the ancestor would make no difference; and if the rule in Rhdley’s Case was applicable the life-estate of the ancestor would be enlarged to a fee simple, though the testator had expressly declared he should have only a life-estate. Those or like words obviously do not in any way alter the will; for if the “ ancestor is given a life-estate, remainder to his heirs,” this means exactly the same as if the “ ancestor was given a life-estate only remainder to his heirs.” Such petty distinctions are wholly insufficient to change the meaning of the will. This principle may now be regarded as almost elementary. Jarmiu in his work on AVills vol. 2 page 339 says: “It is to be observed too that words hoivever positive and unequivocal, expressly negativing the continuance of the ancestor’s estate beyond the period of its primary express limitation will not exclude the application of the rule in Shelley’s Ca.se. For this intention isas clearly indicated by the mere limitation of a life-estate, as it can be by any additional expressions; and the doctrine let it be remembered is a rule of tenure, which is not only independent of but generally operates to subvert the intention.” To sustain the proposition, that it makes no sort of difference how clearly it may appear that the testator did not iutendto give the ancestor any more than a mere life-estate, Jannin refers to the following authorities. Robinson v. Robinson, 1 Burr. 38, 2 Ves. Sr. 225, 3 B. P. C. Toml. 180; Perrin v. Blake, 4 Burr. 2579; Hayes d. Foorde v. Foorde, 2 W. Bl. 698; Thong v. Bedford, 1 B. C. C. — 521 — 313; Roe d. Thong v. Bedford, 4 M. Sel. 362. I have treated this ease thus far, as if the bequest of the vested remainder to life was to the testator’s son Jefferson “remainder to his heirs,” and have shown that if so expressed, the word heirs Avould have its usual technical meaning, and the rule in Shelley’s Case would be applicable, and Jefferson’s express estate for life would be enlarged into a fee simple. But the case before us is really stronger than this; for the language of the codicil is: “At his (Jefferson’s) death then to descend to his heirs.” How is it possible to suppose that the testator did not intend to use the word heirs in its strict technical sense? When lands descend it must necessarily be to the ancestor’s heirs in the strict technical sense. A testator using this language could not possibly have been contemplating particular individuals only, he must have meant what he said, heirs, thereby meaning a class of persons to take indefinitely in succession; and as a matter of course the rule in Shelley’s Case would then apply. The language used is so very strong to show that this was his meaning, that in my judgment it is doubtful, whether, if this will had been made after the abolition of the rule in Shelley’s Case, the testator’s son, Jefferson, would not still have taken a fee simple. Bor though the will does say, that this land is given to him during his natural life, yet wheu the testator adds that at his death it shall descend to his heirs, he used language utterly inconsistent with his son Jefferson having nothing but a life-estate in the land. Ho matter how ignorant the testator may have been, I cannot conceive that he did not know that a life-estate could not descend to a man’s heirs on his death. He must Lave known, that in this látate nothing but afee simple estate descends to a man’s heirs at his death. And in using such language he appears to have regarded himself as having given this land in fee simple to his son Jefferson. Even if the will had been made since the abolition of the rule in Shelley’s Case, to hold that Jefferson had but a life-estate would be to disregard the plain and significant words that at his death this land should (Ze-scen/Ztohis heirs. But I express no positive opinion on this point, for the will having been made and the testator having died before the abolition oftherulein Shelley’s Case, it is entirely clear that Jefferson Scott took by the will a fee simple estate. — 522 — The plaintiffs liave therefore no interest whatever in this land, as Jefferson Scott, they admit in the bill, sold and conveyed the whole ot it to others in his lifetime; and as a matter of course their bill should have been, as it was, dismissed at their costs. The final decree in this cause rendered by the circuit court on October 20, 1881, must be approved and affirmed and the appellee Ephraim B. Hall must recover of the appellants his costs in this Court expended and thirty dollars damages. AliTIRMED.