Dudley v. Beck

By the Court, Whitok, C. J. We are of opinion that the circuit judge decided correctly in rejecting the testimony of the defendant Beck, when he offered himself as a witness. The session laws of 1851, chapter 112, sec. I, provide that “whenever in an action at law or suit in equity, the defendant shall plead the defence of usury, and shall verify the truth of his plea by affidavit, he may, for the purpose of proving the usury, call aud examine the plaintiff or complainant as a witness, in the same manner as parties by law can now be made witnesses, and if the plaintiff or complainant shall fail to present himself as a witness, on due notice to him or his attorney, or give his deposition, the defendant shall be a competent witness to prove the usury.” In this case the defence of usury was not pleaded, and of coui’se there was no plea to verify by affidavit, as the statute prescribes, but the defence of usury was set — 281 — up in tlie answer of the defendant. It is true that this defence may he set up in either of these modes, hut it appears that the legislature have, in the statute under consideration, limited the right of the defendant to call on the plaintiff or complainant, to cases where that defence is set up in a plea. A consideration of our statutes in force when the act of 1851 was passed shows that this provision gives no rights to the defendant which he did not have before, except in the single case of a plea interposed to a' bill in equity. The Revised Statutes (chap. 98, sec. 57) provide that in all actions and proceedings at law either party may he a witness in his own behalf, if the adverse party shall not appear and testify or produce his deposition, upon due notice. This, it will he seen, is a more comprehensive provision in relation to suits at law, than the one under consideration, as this is limited to proof of the alleged usury. The statutes likewise provide (chap. 84, sec. 30) that “ the defendant in chancery, after he shall have filed his answer, may exhibit interrogatories to the complainant which shall he answered by him upon oath ; and if the complainant shall not answer such interrogatories within the time appointed by the court, he shall he in contempt, and his hill shall be dismissed with costs.” It will hardly he contended that the complainant could he compelled to answer interrogatories unless an answer to the bill of complaint had been filed by the defendant; putting in a plea would not entitle the defendant to this right. It will be seen that the only benefit which the defendant can derive from the provision of the act of 1851 under consideration, is in the single case of a plea setting up the defence of usury, in a suit in equity. — 282 — There is, therefore, no hardship to a defendant, in giving to the 'terms plead and plea, as they are used in the act, their ordinary signification. We must suppose that the legislature intended to give the defendant the right to call upon the complainant to testify only in cases where the right did not exist before, and these, as we have seen, are only cases where the usury is set up in a plea. In a suit at law without this statute the defendant could call upon the plaintiff to testify in all cases, without verifying his plea by his affidavit; and in suits in equity, he could, after he had filed his answer, call upon the complainant to answer any pertinent interrogatories on oath. The only case where the defendant did not possess this right to compel his adversary to testify, was in the case of a plea to a bill in equity, and we are disposed to construe the provision of the statute under consideration, so as to give it some effect. It is true, that in a general sense the pleadings in a suit comprehend all the altercations of the parties up to the formation of the issue between them, whatever may be their form ; but we do not think that the legislature have in the act before us, used the terms plea and plead in any such sense. But admitting that the statute gives the right to the defendant to call upon the complainant as a witness to prove the usury, still we think that the defendant was properly rejected when he offered himself as a witness, on the ground that the deposition of the plaintiff which was taken in the case and offered in evidence could not be objected to by the defendant. Under the statute the plaintiff was his witness, and although the commission to take the deposition was — 283 — not issued in pursuance of the rule, still the defendant should not be allowed, after he had joined in the commission and had put interrogatories to the witness, to say that the commission was irregularly issued. The issuing of the commission was the means of procuring testimony which he desired, and by his participation in the act of taking the testimony, he must be held to have waived any irregularity which may have existed. It is true that when he filed the interrogatories to be put to the complainant, he protested against the irregularity of the proceedings touching the issuing of the commission; but we do not think that this can so qualify the act of joining in the commission, as to destroy its effect. He might as well protest against the irregularity of the service upon him of a writ of summons, while pleading to the declaration filed in the case. But the next important question presented for our consideration, is in relation to the privilege claimed' by the witness Case, on the ground that he derived the knowledge which was sought to b e obtained from him, by means of his relation as solicitor to the mortgagee. The Circuit Judge refused to compel him to answer, and the question presented is, whether this decision is correct. It will be borne in mind that the principal, if not the sole ground of defence set up in the answer, is usury, and that it was for the purpose of establishing this defence by testimony, that the questions were put to witness. The importance of protecting those who have occasion to seek legal advice from the consequences of a disclosure of the facts which they communicate to their counsel, will not be denied by any one acquainted with legal proceedings. In giving judgment in — 284 — case Greenough vs. Gaskill, 1 Mylne & Keene, 98, the Chancellor (Brougham) says, “If the privilege did not exist at all, every one would be thrown. lrp0n pjg own legal resourcess ; deprived of all professional assistance, a man would not venture to consult any skillful person, or would only dare to tell his counsellor half his case. If the privilege were confined to communications connected with suits begun, or intended, or expected, or apprehended, no one could safely adopt such precautions as might eventually render any proceedings successful, or all proceedings superfluous.” We think the cases in this country and in England, taken together, establish the doctrine that an attorney cannot be compelled to disclose, at the instance of a third person, any matter which came to his knowledge, in consequence of his employment, even though such business had no reference to legal proceedings begun, or apprehended. Foster vs. Hall, 12 Pick. R. 89 ; Hutton vs. Robinson, 14 ib. 416 ; Greenough vs. Gaskell, 1 Mylne & Keene, 98; Beard vs. Acherman. 5 Esp. 119; Cromack vs. Heathcote, 2 Bro. & Bingh. P. 4 ; Doe vs. Harris, 5 Car. & Payne, 592; Bank of Utica vs. Mossereau, 8 Barb. Ch. R. 529. It was contended by the counsel for the appellant, that when the client disclosed to the attorney an intention to commit a fraud, and sought the aid of the attorney to enable him to accomplish his purpose, the communication would not be privileged. This is contrary to the doctrine laid down i'n Cromack vs. Heathcote, and Bank of Utica vs. Mossereau above cited. It appears also to be opposed to the dictum of Bronson, judge, in the case of Coveny vs. Tannehill, 1 Hill. R. 38. But we do not think it necessary to decide — 285 — this question, as some of the interrogatories propounded to the witness went much further. Two of the questions asked the witness were as follows : “'Was not this the nature of your arrangement with Mr. Dudley — were you not to charge every person for whom you obtained a loan from Mr. Dudley, a certain per cent., which per cent, was to be over the twelve per cent, mentioned in the mortgage and note given to secure the loan, the greater part of which was to go to Mr. Dudley, and only a small portion to you for searchingyfche records and making out the papers ?” “ Was not this loan made under such an arrangement as that mentioned in the last interrogatory?” Each of these questions, the witness declined to answer, for the reason that he was the attorney of Dudley in relation to the loaning of the money, and in regard to the security to be taken for the money. The witness being an attorney at law, and deriving his knowledge of the transaction by means of his employment, and the counsel of the complainant objecting to any disclosure by the witness. The Circut judge decided that the witness should not be compelled to answer the questions, and signed a decree for the amount due according to the note and mortgage. We think the judge erred in the decision of the question. The facts sought to be proved were not of such a nature as to prevent their disclosure by the witness. If the mortgagee (Dudley) made an agreement like that mentioned in the interrogatory, it cannot with any propriety be claimed that it was the result of the employment of Mr. Case as his attorney. Nor can it be contended that the acts of Mr. Case which were sought to be proved, resulted from such employment. It is true that the witness stated such — 286 — be the facb "but this is a question for the court and not for the witness. Coveny vs. Tannehill above cited. the mortgagee, had advised with the witness as to the method by which he “ could obtain more than the maximum allowed by statute for the use of his money, and at the same time avoid the pen. alty which the statute imposes, and the witness had given him advice upon that subject, as an attorney, the communication would perhaps be privileged. But the question under consideration is quite different. If the witness obtained the loan for the defendant from Dudley, the mortgagee, in pursuance of the agreement mentioned in the interrogatory, he pretended to act as the attorney of the former, while the principal part of the money which the defendant paid him for his services, went to the mortgagee. It was an act done by the attorney and client in pursuance of an agreement entered into between them, and not a communication from the latter to the former. When the attorney and client both engage in committing a wrongful act, the client cannot prevent a disclosure of the transactions by the attorney, on the ground that the latter became acquainted with the facts connected with it, as his legal adviser. (See the remarks of the Chancellor in the case of Greenough vs. Gaskill, 1 Mylne, and Keene 98, and of Bronson J. in the case of Caveny vs. Tannehill, 1 Hill, R. 33. Hutton vs. Robinson, 14 Pick. R. 416.) It seems to be an abuse of terms to call such conduct a privileged communication from a client to his attorney. The decree must therefore be reversed.