Day v. Elmore

By the Gourt, Smith, J» This is an action of assumpsit' brought by the defendants in error upon a contract of guaranty, upon a promissory note made by W. E. and E. P. Bassett, payable to George E. H..Day and Hiram W. Eink or order. The guaranty is in the following words ¿ “ I guaranty the collection tif the within note for value re-ceived, November 7, 1851,” signed by the plaintiff in error. This case, in most of its essential features, is like that of Day against Bates, decided at a former term. The opinion prepared in that case delayed at the request of counsel in this, in order that he might have an opportunity of further discussing the points raised, most of which 'are alike in both cases, and on which he bases his right to a judgment in his favor. We shall not review all of the points made here, nor observe the order in which they are presented, but propose to discuss one or two which seem to be the foundation on which the whole argument rests. The contract of guaranty has occupied the attention of courts in this country to a considerable extent, both because it is usually sought to bring such contracts within the statute of frauds, itself a frightful source of litigation, and because they are of frequent occurrence in the business transactions of the country; and it is not surprising that upon some of the many questions to which they have given rise, a diversity of opinion and judgment has obtained. These contracts are usually of one of two kinds, viz: where ¡payment of the note or debt is guarantied; or, 2, where the collection of the note or debt is guarantied. Sometimes, indeed, the performance of a contract, other than for the payment of money, is thus assured, but not frequently. A guaranty of the .payment of a note or debí, is an absolute undertaking on the part of the guarantor for -a valuable consideration, to pay the debt at maturity, in case the principal debtor does not. The guaranty may sue the guarantor at once, if the debt is not paid at maturity. The contract of guaranty for the collection of the debt differs from the former only in this, that the guarantor undertakes to pay the debt, upon'the condition that the guaranty — 194 — shall diligently prosecute the principal debtor without avail. In other words, that he shall use the ordinary legal means to col- . lect the debt of the principal, diligently, and without success. In both, the contract must be in writing, and the consideration must be expressed in compliance with the statute of frauds, for it is an agreement to answer for the debt or default of another. Both are conditional, but the guaranty of collection requires the positive affirmative action of the guaranty in the diligent endeavor to collect the debt of the principal debtor. The law has defined the means which he shall use, and the extent to which they shall be employed; but the time when, and the circumstances under which they shall be employed, may depend upon a variety of circumstances, which are to be taken into consideration in determining the question of due diligence, which is to be exercised in their employment. The legal means to be used are, the commencement and prosecution of a suit against the debtor, to judgment and execution. When the proper officer returns the execution unsatisfied, for want of goods or other property whereon to levy, the legal means are said to be exhausted. We do not here speak of the objection taken to the issue and return of the execution in this case, having only five days to run. We shall speak of that hereafter. Of course, all these means must be prosecuted diligently and in good faiih, and in a manner not only warranted by law, but calculated to insure the end sought to be accomplished. We have said that these means are to be used diligently. If the note is not paid at maturity, suit must be commenced within a reasonable time afterwards. The law does not fix any definite time within which suit must be commenced. This must depend upon all the circumstances of the case, and hence, what is due diligence, is a mixed question of law and fact. 4 Cowen Rep. 173 ; 11 Wend. R. 634; 5 Barb. S. C. Rep. 504; Mass. R. 187. Mere delay to prosecute on failure to pay at maturity, is not, therefore, of itself, sufficient to negative the use of due diligence, though it may be continued so long as to afford a legal presumption against its exercise. The situation, condition, residence and other circumstances of the parties, may all be taken into account to excuse an immediate prosecution. And there can be no doubt that a delay for any period, at the request, or with the — 195 — consent of the guarantor, will excuse such delay. And there can be no doubt that a delay or neglect to prosecute- the principal for two years, and even a much shorter term, when the original debtor is within the jurisdiction, without the consent of guarantor, will discharge the latter. Here, in this case, the delay of the guaranties to sue, is attempted to be excused on the ground that it was at the request, and with the assent of Day, the guarantor. This was a matter of fact, proper to be averred and proved, and for the jury, under the instructions of the court, from the evidence, to determine. It was submitted to the jury, and the bill of exceptions does not inform us under what instructions from the' court. The correctness of the verdict in this behalf, is not submitted to our consideration, and we must presume that they found the fact of consent on the part of the guarantor to the delay. - But it is. contended, that although it is competent for the guarantor to authorize a delay in prosecuting the principal debtor, yet, as this is a new agreement extending the time of the guaranty, it is like the original guaranty, collateral, and must be in writing; and further, that as the original contract is in writing, it cannot be altered by parol. We do not perceive the force of these suggestions. The giving of Day, or forbearing to sue, was no new agreement with the makers of the note. No contract was made with them in such respect; nor was there any new agreement with Day. It was only a waiver on his part of the immediate' performance of a condition on which he had a right to insist. He could waive that right by parol. The matter of delay in prosecution, or forbearance to sue, together with matters of excuse, are of frequent occurrence in the books, but this is the first time that we have heard or learned of its being urged, that such forbearance, at the request of the guarantor, was required to be in writing. Besides, it cannot but be apparent, upon the slightest reflection, that a guarantor who had requested his guaranty to delay the prosecution of the principal debtor, and such request had been complied with, would be es-.topped from setting up such defence to an action brought upon the contract of guaranty. To extend the purview of the statute of frauds, so as to embrace such transactions, would be to make it a statute for the promotion, encouragement and .protection of — 196 — frauds, instead of a statute for the prevention of frauds. The case supposed by the counsel for the plaintiff in error, is in exact analogy with the class of cases to which the doctrine of es-toppel is always applied. It is also urged, that the words “for valué received,” used in this contract of guaranty, are not a sufficient expression of the consideration, as is required by the statute. If this was a new question, it would, in our judgment, be entitled to very great weight. But in quite a number of cases, it has been, either expressly decided that this mode of expressing the consideration is sufficient under statutes similar to our own, or such decisions have been impliedly approved. Watson vs. McLaren, 19 Wend. 557; Douglass vs. Howard, 24 Wend. 35 ; Com. Bank vs. Norton, 1 Hill, 501; Marrow vs. Durham, 8 Hill, 584; Foler vs. Culver, 8 Hill, 48 ; Miller vs. Gaston, 2 id. 188. And in a late case (Brewster vs. Silence, 4 Selden), the principle of these decisions is mentioned with approbation Although it must be confessed that these cases reduce the statutory requisitions of expressing the consideration to a mere formality, yet, we do not .feel at liberty now to depart from them. The mischief of attempting to establish a new rule, would probably be much greater than that of a quiet acquiescence in the one already established, inasmuch as the latter may answer a liberal interpretation of the statute. But it is contended by the plaintiff in error, that the true consideration ought to be expressed, for the reason that the guarantor can only be held for the sum or consideration which he received for his guaranty. We do not so understand the law of guaranty. It is true that this is the doctrine in many cases in New York of a certain class, and in Coles vs. McVickar, (3 Wis. Rep. 725,) we had occasion to examine those cases with attention, and felt ourselves unable to assent to the principles on which their decision was based. The contract of guaranty (of the kind of which we are now speaking), is to answer for the -debt of another ; or, in other words, to pay the debt in case it is not collected of the principal debtor. Suppose I hold a note for $1,000, made by A., payable ninety days hence, and doubting the ability or disposition of A. to pay the note at maturity, I agree with B. that for the sum of ten dollars he shall guaranty the payment, and this contract is reduced to writing, is — 197 — there any wrong in requiring of B. the payment of the whole amount of the note, providing A. fails to pay the same ? B. has, for a valuable consideration, voluntarily taken the risk of A.’s solvency and fidelity upon himself. If he fulfills his contract, and pays me the amount of the note, on A.’s failure to do so, he is entitled to be substituted in my place. The risk which before was mine, B. has assumed for an adequate consideration, and there would be no justice in holding that in case of A.’s failure to pay the note, I would be entitled to recover of B. only the sum paid him ($10), and interest. On the contrary he is bound by his contract to pay me the amount of the note, and then, in equity he would be entitled to take the note and abide his own fortune or energy in collecting it of the principal or maker. Such is simply the contract of guaranty. But owing to its frequent relation to business transactions which are regulated or modified by other statutes, such as of frauds, usury, &c., it has from time to time' been differently construed to meet the equity of particular cases, or to avoid what appeared to be the hard exactions of the statute. These decisions we do not propose now to examine. It will suffice, to say that the tendency now, as it is believed, is, to abide ’by the terms of the contract, and of the statute which prescribes the form of its expression. It is also contended, that the defendants in error were bound not only to prosecute the Bassetts to insolvency, before they could require payment of Day, but were also bound to foreclose a chattel mortgage which was collateral security for the note, and assigned by Day at the time of the guaranty. We had occasion to examine this question in Day vs. Bates, and arrived at a different conclusion. The guaranty is for the collection of the note, and the law implies the rights'and duties of the parties from these few, simple words. It, imposes upon the guarantor the duty to pay the note, if the guaranty shall diligently, and without avail, employ the usual legal instrumentalities to collect it of the maker, and it imposes this condition upon the guaranty before he can. call upon the guarantor. As the law implies this condition from the terms of the contract, it also defines the means which shall be employed, and to what extent they shall be employed in order to a fulfillment of the condition; that is to sue the maker at law within the proper time, and to diligently — 198 — prosecute tbe suit to judgment and execution. The return of the execution by the proper officer, unsatisfied for want of property on which to levy, is prima facie evidence of the exhaustion of the legal means for collection. This is all which the law implies from the use of the word “ collection” in a guaranty of this kind. The guaranty is not obliged to pursue rights, credits, &c., by collateral or unusual remedies. If he has pursued the ordinary course of law, it is enough. Then it is that the guarantor becomes bound to pay; and by doing so, he is entitled to be substituted in the place of the guaranty, and to the use and control of all collateral agencies and securities. If there be collateral security, he is entitled to it. If there are equitable rights, or choses in action or credits which a court of equity would discover and subject to the satisfaction of the judgment, he is entitled to pursue them. But the guaranty is not bound to pursue them before his right of action accrues against the guarantor. There can be no doubt that the guaranty is bound to-preserve such securities as may have been assigned to or deposited with him, and not to squander or destroy them, and to deliver them to the guarantor on the payment of the debt by him; but he is not bound to pursue them, and simply because that is not any part of the condition which the law implies as attaching to the contract. There may and often do occur cases in which a person will be decreed to seek satisfaction out of a specific fund, or to exhaust such fund before he shall be permitted to prosecute his personal action at law. But such .is not this case. We are constrained to hold, therefore, that the defendants íd error were not bound to pursue the chattel mortgage in any manner in order to preserve their right of action against the plaintiff in error. That they were bound to exercise due diligence in prosecuting the makers of the note to judgment and execution. That as the guaranties were not required by the condition of the contract to foreclose the chattel mortgage, no request of the guarantor to that effect could enlarge the scope of their duties beyond the terms which the law •implies in all contracts of that kind. It is further objected, that the execution issued in this case was made returnable in four days from its date. The return day of the execution was fixed by order of the court. This was lawful. Although the officer could not within that time make — 199 — tbe money by levy and sale, yet there was sufficient time allowed to make a levy upon property if any could be found; and if property had been levied upon and thus returned, it would have been a bar to this action. The presumption must be that the return of the officer to the execution was true, viz: that there was no property of the defendants on which to levy, &c. These are prima fade evidence of due diligence, and there is no attempt to rebut it. . On a careful review of the wholer ease, we are unable to discover any error, and the judgment of the court below must, ■therefore, be affirmed.