McNaughton v. Conkling

By the Court, Paine, J. Without deciding upon the correctness of the numerous other instructions aske I by the defendant below, and refused by the court, we thi lk the judgment must be reversed for the refusal to give .Che seventh. The action is brought.to recover for alleged falyjand frauda lent representations made by the defendant, niary responsibility of King & Kellogg,by.wh were induced to trust them and lost their sentations relied on are contained in the le ant, of the date of September 21st, 1848, Poag & Co. It is very obvious that this I character; first, as containing representado' as an agreement of guaranty. The action and deceit, in making the representations, i:o the pecu-he plaintiffs The repre-the defended to Kent, of a double ct, and next, :ht for fraud The substance of the seventh instruct] fendant is, that if the plaintiffs sold reliance upon these representations, b guaranty contained in the letter, then ed by the de-without any ¡ntirely on the puld find for — 320 — the defendant. The court refused this instruction, but we think it should have been given. • In order to maintain the action it was. necessary for the plaintiffs to show false and fraudulent representations or concealment upon which they had relied and acted, and by which they had consequently been damaged. If therefore they had not relied at all on the representations contained in the defendant’s letter, then they were not damaged by them, and this essential element of the plaintiffs’ action failed. If they relied entirely on the guar-' anty then they were not damaged by the representations whether true or false, and have no right to maintain an action for a damage which they never sustained. The counsel for the defendant in error raised the question whether the words in this letter amounted to a guaranty, or only to a mere offer to enter into a contract of guaranty by some subsequent proceeding like the case of Stafford vs. Law, 16 John., 67, and other similar cases cited. But we have no doubt that the words of the letter amount to, and were designed as a present undertaking of guaranty, needing only to to be acted oi> by any one for whom they were intended, with iter, in order to bind him. It is true, the fu-The letter says: “ I will guaranty,” &c. frequently used in instruments which are .t agreements, without any thing further be-the party using it. Thus, one man aother to let a third have goods, and writes, t he will pay for them.” This clearly is n.d obviously so intended. The future pted from the fact that the performance to be at some future time, and not with ing should afterwards be done in order king itself. notice to the ture tense is But this for: intended as ing necessar sends an ordi “ I will guara:] a good guara] tense is probaj of the underti the design that] to complete th cases where it appears fróm the- con-not intended as a present guaranty, There are tract, that th — 321 — but only a conditional offer to enter into a guaranty. Such was the case in 16 John, before cited. But in each case the question turns, not on the mere use of the present or future tense, but on whether the letter indicates an intent to be thereby bound, or that something further should be done on the part of the writer before the obligation should attach. And we think this letter clearly falls within the first class. The counsel for the defendant in error also raised the question whether the plaintiffs could have maintained any action on the guaranty, inasmuch as the letter was addressed to Kent, Poag & Co., and to no one else. But we think the case of Lowry et al. vs. Adams, 22 Verm., 160, lays down the true rule upon this question. That case held' that where the defendant gave to a third party a general letter of credit not addressed to any one, but guaranteeing the payment of whatever goods he might purchase in New York, the plaintiffs having sold goods on the strength of the letter, could recover, although other parties had previously sold on the same letter. This was on the ground that the letter was evidently designed to enable the one to whom it was given to purchase from various dealers, and was equivalent to a separate letter to each, and that the real intent of the party should be carried out. That case, so far as this point is concerned, was very similar to this. The ofily distinction is, that there the letter was not addressed to any one while here; it was addressed to Kent, Poag & Co. But notwithstanding this, we think it discloses the same intent that the other did; that is, that the party to whom it was delivered should use it for the purpose of purchasing from various dealers in the city of New York. The letter introduces the bearer to Kent, Poag & Co.; it informs them that he is a stranger, and desires to purchase three or four thousand dollars worth of goods, and requests them to furnish him advice and assistance. This evidently contemplates that Kellogg might desire to deal with other parties be — 322 — sides them, and indicates a desire to facilitate that object. And then when it comes to the guaranty the writer does not offer to guaranty to Kent, Poag & Co. the payment for any goods that Kellogg might purchase of them, but states to them that he will guaranty the payment of any that he might purchase in New York at any time that fall, not exceeding $5,000. The only fair construction of this letter is, that it was designed to enable Kellogg to purchase goods of various dealers in New York; that it was intended that Kent, Poag & Co. should use it for Kellogg’s benefit in accomplishing that end; and that the representations and the guaranty in it were intended for any dealer with whom it might be used for that purpose, and who might sell goods on it. It comes fully within the principle of Lawrason vs. Mason, 3 Cranch, 492, and the authorities cited, 2 Am. Leading Cases, 230 et seq. We have no doubt therefore that if the plaintiffs parted with their goods on the strength of the representations, and these were false and fraudulent, they could maintain this action for the deceit. Or if they sold on the guaranty entirely, they could have maintained their action on that, if they gave proper notice. So that even admitting that if the plaintiffs below never could have maintained an action on the guaranty, it would render any clearer their right to maintain the action for the falseness of the representations, which does not seem very obvious, unless they relied and acted on the representations ; yet we do not think any such aid can be derived in this case, for the reason that they might have held the defendant on the guaranty; and if they neglected to give proper notice, that neglect certainly cannot place them in any better position, so far as this action is concerned, than they would otherwise have held. But the counsel for the defendants in error further contended that the seventh instruction should not have been given, for the reason that they had a right to elect which action they — 323 — would bring, and might sue either for the fraud or on the guaranty, and to sustain this position he relied on Gallager et al vs. Burnell, 6 Cow., 346. The reasoning of the court there goes only to this extent, that where there are false representations and a guaranty, both of which are relied on by the seller, then he may elect to sue either for the fraud or on the contract. This may well be; but it by no means follows that in such a case, if the seller relied entirely on the contract and not at all on the representation, he could still elect. And it seems clear that he could not. No man can be allowed to elect to have an action for damages for something by which he was never damaged. The election can be allowed only where the party has relied both on the representations and on the contract. In that case the remarks of Sir James Mansfield, quoted by counsel, must be appropriate. That is, “ it would be impossible to say how much mischief had been done by the misrepresentations, and how much by the promise.” But on the theory that the seller relies entirely on the promise, then it is very certain that the misrepresentations did no mischief, because not at all relied on. And to allow a party in such case to elect to maintain an action for the falseness of the representation, would be to allow him to elect into existence a cause of action which did not exist before. This position is sustained by the case of Douglass et al. vs. Reynolds et al, 7 Peters, 113, cited by the counsel for the defendant in error. The court there says: “ Nothing can be clearer upon principle than that if a letter of credit is given, but in fact no advances are made on the faith of it, the party is not entitled to recover for any debts due to him from the debtor in whose favor it was given, which have been incurred subsequently to the guaranty and without reference to it.” The proposition would be equally true when applied to an action for false representations, on which the plaintiff had placed no reliance. . This right of election therefore where the seller has — 324 — relied on both the representations and the promise, does not justify the refusal of the seventh instruction, because that assumes that no reliance at all was placed on the representations, and it should have been as asked. In speaking of the representations as false, we do so of course, only assuming them to be so, for the purpose of disposing of the question of law arising on this instruction, and not intimating at all, that in our opinion the evidence showed them to be really false. That with the other questions of fact, will be for the jury to determine. The judgment must be reversed, and a new trial awarded.