Sitzman v. Pacquette

Paine, J. This was an action of ejectment, brought by tbe defendants in error to recover tbe possession of certain lands, wbicb they claim as beirs of Pierre Pac-quette deceased. There is no dispute tbat tbe title was originally in him, for tbe plaintiffs in error claim under a sale by an administrator de bonis non, appointed on bis estate, by tbe probate court of Crawford county. Tbe record showing tbis sale was offered in evidence, but was objected to for several reasons, and among others, because tbe appointment of tbe administrator de bonis non was void. If tbis was so, tbe sale by him, of course, conveyed no title. Whether tbe appointment was void or not, depends on tbe question whether tbe probate court bad jurisdiction to make it. And tbis involves an inquiry of no small difficulty, in view of tbe confused state of tbe authorities upon tbat subject. I have bad occasion, in tbe cases of Rape vs. Heaton [9 Wis., 328], Wanzer vs. Howland [10 id., 8], and Falkner vs. Guild [id., 563], argued at tbe last term, to express my views fully on tbis subject of tbe jurisdiction of courts, and I do not propose to repeat them here. It will be seen from what I have there said, tbat I am in favor of maintaining some certain and intelligible rules, and not of following a few modern cases, wbicb seem inclined to obliterate all boundaries of jurisdiction, and for tbe sake of confirming judicial sales, wbicb tbe records fail to support, supplying everything by presumption. It appears from tbe record offered in tbis case, tbat Hercules L. Dousman and Joseph Pacquette were the original administrators, and acted as such from January, 1837, until May, 1841. They then presented a petition asking for a settlement of their accounts, and to be discharged, wbicb was done. In 1845 a petition was presented which appears in the record, and is in these words : “ Tbe undersigned, at tbe request of H. L. Dousman, agent of tbe principal credi — 302 — torS estate ^61’1’6 Bacquette deceased, late of said county, respectfully prays your honor to grant him letters of a(Jminisf;ration de bonis non on the estate of said Pacquette, and as in duty bound will ever pray, &c.” Signed “Alfred BruNSON.” Upon this petition, notice of hearing was given, and Brunson was appointed administrator de bonis non. The question is whether the probate court had any jurisdiction to appoint him. It is obvious that the petition states no facts showing jurisdiction, because it states no facts at all. It cannot be said then to have conferred jurisdiction, unless it be the law that when a court of limited, inferior jurisdiction is authorized to act only upon a certain state of facts, a bare request for it to act, without setting forth any of those facts, is sufficient to give jurisdiction. Such a proposition is certainly at variance with a long line of decisions upon that" question, though I am not prepared to deny that there are a few authorities that would support it. The case of Grignon’s Lessee vs. Astor, 2 How., 319, has been thought to go great lengths in that direction, and has been somewhat criticised for that reason. See Palmer vs. Oakley, 2 Doug. (Mich.), 433, which contains a very able opinion upon this subject; also Cooper vs. Sunderland, 3 Clarke (Iowa), 134. Those cases which have in the greatest degree relaxed all rules upon this subject, have always cited Grignon’s Lessee vs. Astor in support of their position. The case of Poor vs. Boyce, 12 Texas, 440, is an illustration. The statute of that state allowed a sale by administrators for the joayment of debts. A petition 'was presented setting forth simply that the real estate was in litigation, and that it would be expensive to the estate to recover it. It was held that this gave the court jurisdiction, and Grignon’s Lessee vs. Astor is cited. But I do not understand even the rule of that case to support such a proposition. The court quotes its previous decisions, defining jurisdiction as follows : “ The power to hear and determine a cause is jurisdiction; it is coromjudice whenever a case is presented which brings this power into action. If the petitioner presents such a case in his petition that on a demurrer the court would render a judgment in his favor it is an undoubted case of jurisdiction.” To this definition — 303 — I fully agree. But it is obvious tbat tbe power to bear and determine spoken of, means tbe power to bear and mine tbe cause or matter presented, and not merely to determine wbetber tbe tribunal bas jurisdiction of it or not. Tbis latter power every tribunal bas of necessity, but tbat is not jurisdiction of tbe case. If it were it would lead to tbis absurdity. There are some cases over wbicb a court of limited powers bas not jurisdiction. Suppose sucb a case brought before it. It evidently bas tbe power to decide wbetber it bas jurisdiction or not. But tbis power is jurisdiction ; therefore it bas jurisdiction in a case over wbicb it bas no jurisdiction. Jurisdiction is tbe lawful authority to bear and determine tbe cause upon tbe allegations made. And tbe best test is tbat given by tbe court, tbat tbe allegations should be sufficient on their face to warrant tbe court to act. Tbe court accordingly apply, or profess to apply, tbis rule to tbat case. They say: “No other requisites to tbe jurisdiction of tbe county court are prescribed than tbe death of Grignon, tbe insufficiency of bis personal estate to pay bis debts, and a representation thereof to the county court where he dwelt, or bis real estate was situate, making these facts appear to tbe court.” In tbat case tbe record showed tbat a petition was presented, but did not show what it contained. And although tbe court, commenting on tbe looseness and imperfection with which records are sometimes made up and presented, dispensed with tbe necessity of its appearing, yet they do assume tbat tbe facts upon wbicb tbe law authorized a sale were “ represented ” to tbe court, in accordance with their rule tbat sucb representation was an element of its jurisdiction. I think tbis case, therefore, by no means sustains tbe position, tbat a bare request for tbe court to act, setting forth nothing on wbicb to found its action, or even one setting forth none of tbe facts on wbicb tbe law authorized it to act, but others entirely different, would of itself confer jurisdiction. If it would, every means of testing tbe jurisdiction of inferior tribunals is practically annulled. I think, therefore, tbat if- jurisdiction existed to bear and determine — 304 — wketker an administrator de lords non should have been ap-it was not derived from the petition. But ^ may be assumed that the petition was based upon the facts appearing of record in the matter of that administration. I think it would be by far the more correct practice, to set forth the facts authorizing the action of the court, in the application. But if those facts appear of record in the same estate, and the court looks at the record and acts upon that, I am willing to hold that it might treat the record as a representation of those facts, and that its action should not be avoided for want of jurisdiction if the previous record showed it. The court did look into the record in this case, and the validity of its action must therefore depend upon the question whether that showed such a state of facts as’ gave it in law the power to appoint an administrator de lonis non. The Territorial Statutes of 1839 were in force at that time. On page 296 is found the act establishing courts of probate, and conferring their jurisdiction and powers. They had power to take the probate of wills, grant letters of administration on the estates of persons deceased, having been inhabitants of or residents in the same county at the time of their decease, appoint guardians, &c., examine and allow accounts, &c., and to “have cognizance of all such other matters and things as the laws of this territory do or may direct.” Section 6 of “ An act concerning executors and administrators,” p. 311, provides that when an executor or administrator should reside out of the territory, and refuse to settle his account, &c., “ or when any executor or administrator shall become insane, or otherwise incapable of, or otherwise unsuitable to discharge the trust reposed in him, the judges of probate, in their respective counties, are authorized and empowered in such cases to grant letters of administration with the will annexed or otherwise, as the case may require, to such other person within the territory as to the said judges may seem meet;” and the administrator thus appointed “ shall have the same power and authority to administer the estate of the deceased not administered upon by the former executor or administrator, and be subjected to the same duties, in as full and ample manner as if the execu — 305 — tor or administrator so removed or residing without the territory as aforesaid, were actually dead.” Section 9 provides that the judge may order further security to be given, and that on the neglect or refusal of the administrator or executor, he may grant letters to others. Section 8 provides that on the death of an executor, and section 14 that on his removal from the territory and refusal to account, &c., letters of administration with the will annexed might be granted. These axe all the provisions having any bearing upon the power of the probate court to grant letters de bonis non. No rule is better settled than that these courts derive their powers from the statute, and can exercise none except those which the statute gives, and that so far as acquiring jurisdiction over the subject matter is concerned, the statute miht be strictly complied with. In the language of the New York court of appeals (Sibley vs. Waffle, 16 N. Y., 185), “ These principles are elementary, and no citation of authority to sustain them is necessary.” It is obvious that the probate court had no jurisdiction to appoint an administrator de bonis non, unless the case came within some of the provisions of the statute, nor unless the powers of the original administrators were legally at an end. They were not dead; they had not removed from the- territory ; they had not been required to give further security and refused; they had not been removed from the trust on account of any alleged insanity, incapacity, or unsuitableness. All this appeared on the face of the record. It is difficult therefore to see how it can be said that any of the contingencies had happened upon which the statute authorized the appointment of an administrator de bonis non. The record shows simply that the administrators had presented a petition in which they averred that they “ had duly administered upon said estate, and settled and adjusted the personal property and part of the real estate;” “therefore, they asked to have their accounts allowed, and to be discharged from the trust as administrators.” Upon the hearing, the court found that they had “ performed their duties as administrators according to law,” “ had rendered true accounts,” and therefore their accounts were allowed, and they — 306 — were “ disobargecl from any farther liabilities or responsibilities on account of said estate.” There was no express resignation of the trust. It is true they asked to be discharged, but that seemed to be based upon the idea that they had, as they alleged, “ duly administered the estate,” though it appeared that there were debts unpaid and real estate unsold. There is nothing in the decree that by any apt words imports a cessation of their powers as administrators, but it discharges them from “ responsibility or accountability to any person or persons whatsoever.” It appears to be only the settlement of their accounts, and discharging them from all liability or responsibility, while it appeared that the estate was not fully administered. It seems to be entirely similar to the case of Matthews, Adm’r, vs. Douthitt and wife, 27 Ala., 273. The administratrix there had asked for a settlement of her final account, due notice had been published, and on the hearing a decree was made allowing her account, and “ that said administratrix go hence discharged from further liability as such administratrix.” The court held that this clause in the decree was utterly void, the administratrix not having resigned nor been removed, and the eighteen months during which by law the liability was to continue, not having expired. They held that it did not affect her rights or authority as such, and the appointment of an administrator de bonis non was void. It seems to me, therefore, that by the true interpretation of the proceeding here,, it amounted only to a settlement of the administrators’ account, and to a discharging them from liability or accountability in respect to the matters contained in that account, and that it did not in law operate as an extinguishment of their authority. But it might, perhaps, without doing violence to the substance of the proceeding, be held equivalent to a resignation, and an acceptance thereof by the court. And the question would then be, whether they had any authority to resign, or the court any power, in that state of facts, to appoint an administrator de bonis non. Though I had never had occasion to examine it, when this question was suggested on the argument, I was strongly of the opinion that such power existed But upon an examination of the authorities, I have — 307 — been compelled unwillingly to come to the opposite conclusion. The statute does not provide for the resignation the trust, nor for the appointment of an administrator de bonis non on the happening of that contingency. Whence, then, is the power derived ? That question I have been unable to answer. Provision is made for such appointment in several emergencies. This not being named, the maxim expressio unius exclusio est cdterius, would seem to apply, particularly in connection with the rule that the powers of these courts are de-. rived entirely from statute. Still if it were well established at common law or by the practice in other states, independent of statutory provisions, that administrators might resign and new letters be granted, I should labor hard to resist the application of this maxim, and to hold that the legislature intended that the probate court should exercise this power, according to such common practice, even though not provided for. But I find no such practice established either at common law or by the decisions of other states. On the contrary, the weight of authority and the course of legislation upon the subject indicate that such power of resignation does not exist in the absence of a statute authorizing it. In Hensloe’s Gctse, Coke’s Reports, vol. 5, p. 67, the law is thus stated: “ Eor after the executors have once administered, and so have once taken upon them the charge of the execu-torship, they cannot afterwards refuse.” And on page 68 it is stated that the ordinary had no power to accept a refusal in such a case, his power being exhausted on proving the will. In 1 Salkeld, p. 308, the same rule is stated. It is said: “ The executor, by administering, has taken upon him the executorship and has put it out of his power to refuse. 9 Co., 36, b, jHensloe’s Case. And where an executor administers, though he refuses afterwards before the ordinary, yet administration cannot be committed during his life, and if administration be granted it is void, and so is 1 Mod., 213, Parten’s dase.’’ Parten’s Case sustains the position. An executor had intermeddled with the goods of the testator, and afterwards refused before the ordinary, who thereupon granted administration. This grant was held void, for the — 308 — reason that the executor, having once acted, could not refuse; In Jackson vs. Whitehead, 3 Phillim. Ecc. Rep., 577, the same rule is recognized, though an executor was there allowed to renounce after taking the oath and giving an appearance, but this was placed expressly on the ground that he had not intermeddled with the effects so as to charge himself as executor. But there seems to be some conflict in the English authorities on the point, which is noticed in "Williams on Executors, vol. 1, p. 227, where it is conceded that the old cases hold that there would be a want of jurisdiction in the ordinary to grant administration after the executor has administered. It is said that those cases were decided while there was great jealousy of the ecclesiastical courts. And the author then proceeds with great caution to say: “ The law, it should seem, is now taken to be, that the ordinary may (though perhaps he ought not), accept the executor’s refusal, notwithstanding he has administered.” But the authorities cited seem to me to go no further than this, that where an executor refused to act when cited by the ordinary, administration granted would not be held void, except as a protection to the executor, on proof that before refusal he had acted in pais. To that effect are the remarks of the lord chancellor in Doyle vs. Blake, 2 Sch. & Le., 237, where he said “ the acts in pais of the executor could not be set up against his renunciation,” by a third party. But these cases do not go to the extent of saying that after the executor has proved the will and afterwards administered, he may still at any time renounce the trust, and the ordinary have power to grant administration. I have found no English cases establishing that position. On the contrary the point of controversy seems to have been, whether he was absolutely precluded from renouncing when cited by the ordinary, by mere acts in pais before proving the will. And this seems to imply that if he did not then renounce, but proved the will and afterwards acted, there was an end of the question of renunciation, or the power of the ordinary to grant administration. And there is some reason for the position taken by the cases last alluded to. Eor the ordinary would not know of the acts in pais of the executor, rendering — 309 — bim liable as sucb, but would be warranted in 'cting on bis renunciation. And there would be reason for b Iding action valid if possible. But where the executor proved the will and afterwards acted, bis acts rendering bim liable would then be matter of record, and the ordinary presumed to know it. And an administrator stands upon the same footing as an executor who has proved the will and after-wards administered. For bis title is derived from the law, and is made matter of record in the first instance. In this country there are several decisions upon the point. In Flinn vs. Chase, 4 Denio, 86, it was expressly held that the surrogate bad no jurisdiction to accept the resignation of an administrator, and to appoint another, and that having done so, the new appointment was void. In Washington vs. Blount, 8 Ired. Eq., 253, the court say: “ Can the executor resign? We think not. He has accepted and entered upon the discharge of bis trust, and can only be removed upon a suggestion of unfitness or unfaithfulness.” In the case of Ford vs. Travis, referred to in the opinion of Chief Justice Maeshall, 8 Cranch, 27, the court of appeals of South Carolina said, that having proved the will, the executor “ was in the nature of a trustee; he could neither abandon his trust nor be deprived of his interest in the estate of the deceased by any act of the ordinary. The ordinary, by proving the will, executed his power, and no law exists in this state authorizing him to resume it during the life of the qualified executor, notwithing he may be absent from the state. Letters of administration granted under such circumstances are void ah initio.” In the matter of Dyer, 5 Paige, 534, the chancellor said the surrogate had no power to accept the resignation of a guardian appointed by himself, unless provided for by statute. In Miller vs. Meetch, 8 Barr, 417, the executor had renounced, but it was claimed that he had been sworn as such and therefore could not renounce. The court held that he might renounce notwithstanding, following the English cases before referred to. But they said expressly that if he had also “received and administered any of the assets of his testator, the power to relieve him of the burden of the trust could only be exercised by the or — 310 — phan’s court of tbe proper county, in pursuance of tbe third. section of tbe tben existing act of 1797.” In Thayer vs. Homer, 11 Met., 104, tbe executors bad Provec^- *hewill,and qualified according to law. Afterwards one of them presented a petition to tbe judge of probate, setting forth that some question bad arisen as to his right to certain property under the will, and that in litigating that question Ms interests would be in conflict with bis duties as executor, and asking leave to resign and be discharged for that reason. Tbe statute there in force was tbe same as our territorial statute of 1839, authorizing a removal of tbe executor because insane, incapable or otherwise evidently unsuited to discharge tbe trust. Tbe counsel contended that tbe executor bad no power to resign, and cited a subsequent statute expressly authorizing such resignation, to supply tbe defect previously existing in tbe law. He further contended that tbe reasons set forth in tbe petition did not constitute such unsuitableness as tbe statute contemplated. But the court held that tbe probate judge bad jurisdiction of tbe application to remove, on tbe alleged ground of unsuitableness, and that therefore tbe case came within tbe statute, and tbe decree was not a nullity. They do not say expressly that tbe executor could not resign without any reason whatever, yet I think it is implied almost as clearly as though they bad said it. For tbe point having been made by counsel, it is hardly to be presumed that they would have entered into a labored argument to show that tbe grounds of unsuitableness set forth in tbe petition brought tbe case within tbe jurisdiction of tbe probate judge under tbe statute, if, independent of any statute, be would have bad jurisdiction to accept tbe executor’s resignation and discharge him at any time, without other reason than bis own wish. And indeed it was expressly decided in that state, in Sears vs. Dillingham, 12 Mass., 368, that an executor accepting tbe trust and qualifying, could not be permitted to resign. There are also statutes in several of tbe states providing that executors and administrators may resign, showing an understanding on the part of their legislatures that a statute was needed to authorize it. — 311 — I bave found but one case conflicting with these views, that of Steen vs. Bennet, 24 Vt., 303. An administrator ing resigned, a new one was appointed, and the validity of it being questioned collaterally, the court held that no reason for the resignation appearing, it must be held to have been for a legal reason, and that the whole power of appointing administrators was with the probate court, and its exercise could not be questioned collaterally. The difficulty with’ this decision is its assumption that a resignation may take place for any reason. The court did not attempt to show that it could. And if it could not, then it appeared on the face of the record that the probate court had no jurisdiction to make the second appointment. I do not see how this decision can be sustained, except ripon the broad proposition that no order made by a probate judge for the appointment of an administrator can be questioned collaterally, he having general jurisdiction over the subject. But in answer to such a proposition, I would refer to the reasoning of Chief Justice MARSHALL in Griffith vs. Frazier, 8 Cranch, 9; and I must be permitted to hold with him, that “to give the ordinary jurisdiction, a case in which by law letters may issue, must be brought before him.” * I do not determine to what extent presumptions may be indulged in to support the proceedings of probate courts, where no want of jurisdiction appears on the records. There are several cases which seem inclined to place them on the same footing as courts of general jurisdiction. But here, if correct in the position that in the absence of a statutory provision, an administrator cannot resign, nor a new one be appointed, the want of jurisdiction appeared on the face of the record offered. I have examined this question carefully, and have come unwillingly to the conclusion stated. I think the law should provide for such resignation. - But as I am to determine what the law is, and not whát I think it ought to be, I am forced to say, that in the absence of a statute authorizing it, the probate courts have no power to appoint an administrator de bonis non on the resignation of the original administrator. I think the judgment should be affirmed. — 312 — Cole, J. To defeat a recovery in this action, tbe plaintiffs in error on tbe trial offered in evidence a certified transcript of tbe record of tbe proceedings of the probate court of Crawford county, in tbe matter of tbe estate of Pierre Pacquette deceased, tbe ancestor of tbe defendants in error, .pOT ^ pUrp0ge 0f s]20Wj.ng a sale 0f tbe land in controversy for tbe payment of tbe debts of said Pierre Pacquette. Tbe plaintiffs in error claimed title under this sale, by certain mesne conveyances from tbe purchaser. To tbe reading of tbe record in evidence an objection was taken, and tbe same was excluded by tbe court. It does not appear upon wbat ground tbe circuit court ruled out tbe record, but it was probably held inadmissible for tbe same reasons which have been given on tbe trial in this court to show that it was not competent testimony for any purpose. It therefore becomes necessary to notice tbe various objections taken to the record. One objection taken was, that tbe lands in controversy were not liable to be sold to pay tbe debts of Pierre Pacquette, without tbe consent of the President of tbe U. S. It was conceded that by tbe statute in force in the territory of Wisconsin in 1836, tbe time of tbe death of Pierre Pacquette, when the goods and chattels belonging to the estate of any person were not sufficient to answer the just debts of the deceased, and this fact being made to appear to tbe probate court of tbe county where the deceased person last dwelt, or of tbe county in which such real estate might be situated, that then such probate court was generally authorized and empowered to license tbe executor or administrator of such estate to make sale of the real estate so far as the same might be necessary to satisfy tbe debts which tbe deceased owed at tbe time of bis death; but it was insisted that on account of tbe restriction contained in tbe patent from tbe U. S. to Pierre Pacquette, tbe lands in question could not be sold for any purpose without tbe permission of the President. It appears that by the fifth article of a certain treaty made in 1839 between tbe U. S. and tbe nation of tbe Winnebago Indians, tbe U. S. agreed to grant to Pierre Pacquette two sections of land, and by the terms of tbe article, the grants were not to be leased or sold by tbe grantees to any person, — 313 — without the permission, of the President of the U. S. The patent, after referring to this article of the treaty, and grants therein agreed to be made, and giving a description of the sections, &c., proceeds to say, that the IJ. S., “in consideration of the premises and in conformity with the provisions of the said treaty, have given and granted, and by these presents do give and grant unto the said Pierre Pac-quette, and to his heirs, the said tract of land above described, to have and to -hold the same, together with all the rights, privileges, immunities and appurtenances of whatsoever nature, thereunto belonging, unto the said Pierre Pac-quette and to his heirs and assigns forever, but according to the terms of the said fifth article of the aforesaid treaty, not to be leased or sold by [the grantee] to any person or persons whatsoever, without permission of the President of the U. S.” It is very difficult to perceive how any force or effect can be given to this restriction on the power of alienation, which is contained in the last clause of the patent. The patent grants to the patentee an absolute estate in fee simple in the land therein described, while it attempts to impose a restraint upon the power of alienation by saying that the grantee shall not lease or sell the lands to any person without the permission of the President. A condition in a grant or devise, that the grantee or devisee shall not alienate, is said to be unlawful and void, because .it is repugnant to the estate granted. Co. Litt., 206, b, 223, a; 4 Kent’s Comm., 131; The Blackstone Bank vs. Erastus Davis, 21 Pick., 42; 18 id., 455. This is not strictly what is termed a condition in law, either precedent or subsequent, annexed to the estate granted. There is no forfeiture of the estate if the lands are sold or leased without the permission of the President Whether it might not be competent for the United States, in the exercise of their absolute dominion over the public domain, to impose conditions upon the lands granted which might infringe upon the essential enjoyment and independent rights of property, it is not necessary to determine. Manifestly such conditions would tend to public inconvenience, and-would be contrary to the whole policy of the — 314 — general government, and therefore are not to be lightly inferred. The general rule in regard to the disposition of the public lands, as settled by the courts of the United States, is, that a patent passes a perfect title to them, and that whenever the title has passed by the patent, then the property,. like all other in the state, becomes subject to state legislation, so far as the descent, devise or alienation thereof is concerned. The general government has uniformly claimed and professed to exercise a guardian care over the Indians with whom it has treaties, to prevent them from being imposed upon by the whites trading with them, and from being cheated out of their property; and it was undoubtedly in conformity to this humane policy that the clause above referred to was inserted in the treaty made with the Winne-bagoes ; and the same restraint on the power of alienation was probably inadvertently embraced in the patent after-wards issued. But still, the grant of the lands being absolute, without any condition annexed, and the grantee taking a perfect title thereto, upon the decease of Pacquette they became subject to the payment of his debts like other real estate owned by him at the time of his death. The restraining clause in the patent must therefore be deemed void, being repugnant to the estate granted. But again it is insisted that the proceedings in the probate court of Crawford county, so far as the sale of the lands is concerned, are null and void. The first specific objection taken to them is, that it appears therefrom that the license for the sale was not obtained, or the sale made, by the original administrators of the estate of Pierre Pacquette. In the present state of this record it is undeniable that this raises.a question of great difficulty, and candor compels me to say that I am not entirely satisfied with my own conclusion. Having some knowledge of the loose way in which business was transacted by the probate courts of the territory, fifteen' years ago or earlier — of the imperfect manner in which their records were generally kept — of the confidence in the validity of titles derived from probate sales, which the decision of the territorial supreme court in the case of Grignon et al. vs. Astor et al., in 1841, was so well calculated to inspire; consid — 315 — ering tbe number of bona fide purchasers who have bought at such sales, and who have made valuable improvements their estates, and whose possession will be rendered more or less secure by our ruling in this case, I am certainly conscious of a struggle in my own mind to maintain the sale made in this case, and this may possibly have led me to adopt the view I entertain. Nor is the light derived from an examination of authorities very clear or satisfactory, on account of the distressing conflict among them as to what effect should be given to the records of these courts when offered in evidence in collateral proceedings — how far they should be held conclusive, and what presumptions should be made in favor of the regularity and validity of their judgments and decrees. In the present ease no objection is taken to.the regularity of the proceedings in the probate court up to the time of the appointment of an administrator de bonis non, who obtained the license and made sale of the lands in dispute. It is conceded that the probate court of Crawford county had jurisdiction of the subject matter of the settlement of the estate of Pierre Pacquette. The record fully shows that H. L. Dousman and Joseph Pacquette were lawfully appointed administrators of the estate in the first instance, and acted several years in that capacity. But it is contended that it appears from the record that they were not removed or discharged from their trusts for any cause which authorized the probate court to remove one administrator and appoint another, and therefore that such court had no jurisdiction to appoint an administrator de bonis non; and this being so, that all the proceedings of the latter in obtaining the license to sell and making sale, were null and void. But I think the most that can be said of the record upon this point is, that it fails to disclose any ground for discharging the former administrators and for appointing one de bonis non. It does not show that they were not discharged from their trusts for a good and valid cause — one which authorized the probate court to discharge them. As I understand it, the record is entirely silent upon the point. It appears that on the 17th of May, 1841, the administrators presented their account with the estate to the probate court or Crawford — 316 — county- Üi® same time they also present a petition stat-that they have “ duly administered upon said estate and se^]e(j arLq adjusted the personal property and estate be-l°nging said deceased, and a part of the real estate ; that they have paid over and distributed all the moneys and personal estate to and among the creditors, as appears by the statement and account herewith exhibited and filed.” They pray that the account and statement of said estate may be accepted and approved. They also ask that they “may both be discharged from their said trust as administrators of the said Pierre Pacquette.” The probate court then made an order which, after reciting that the petition, accounts and statements had been examined, &c., closes as follows: “It is therefore hereby ordered and decreed, that in accordance with their petition their account be accepted, and that they be discharged from any further liabilities or responsibilities on account of the said estate of Pierre Pacquette, and that letters of exemplification issue to them in words and figures following.” Then conies an attested copy of the previous order “ to exemplify the said Hercules L. Dousman and Joseph Pacquette, administrators as aforesaid, from all responsibility or accountability as administrators as aforesaid, to any person or persons whatsoever.” "We next find the petition of Alfred Brunson to the probate court, stating that “ at the request of H. L. Dousman, agent of the principal creditors of the estate of Pierre Pacquette deceased,” he asked that letters of administration de bonis non be granted to Mm. This application was made in September, 1845. Notice was given of the hearing of the application, and in October an order or decree was made that letters de bonis non issue to Alfred Brunson. In this order it was, among other matters, set forth that the former administrators had settled their administration for the personal property, to the satisfaction of the court, and “ were discharged from further responsibility, without administering on the real estate, &c.” The same tMng is repeated in the letters granted to Brun-son. This is all the record discloses in reference to the removal of the former administrators and the apjiointment of one de bonis non. Now let it be borne in mind that by sec — 317 — tion 6, page 311 of tbe Territorial Statutes of 1839, tbe judge of probate was expressly authorized to remove an eeutor or administrator for several causes, among wbicb were “when any executor or administrator shall become insane or otherwise incapable of, or evidently unsuitable to discharge the trust reposed in him.” Here is a broad discretion vested in the judge of probate, to remove an admin'“istrator who had become incapable, or unsuitable to discharge the duties of that office. I can discover nothing upon this record which shows that tbe probate court did not remove the former administrators for a cause over which it had jurisdiction. They might have become physically incapable, from sickness or some other cause, of attending to the business of the estate. It is said that the administrators should then have stated that fact in their application to be removed, so that it might always affirmatively appear upon the record that the probate court acted within its jurisdiction; that if from disease or bodily infirmity they could no longer act, it should appear that they were removed for that reason. I think this would undoubtedly be the correct practice. But as the probate court had undoubted jurisdiction-of the matter of the settlement of the estate, and was expressly authorized to remove administrators for certain causes, and did in fact remove the former administrators and appoint one d& bonis non, and the record being silent as to the cause of the removal, ought we not to presume that the probate court acted within the sphere of its ordinary jurisdiction, and that what was done was rightly done ? It seems to me that this presumption must be made in favor of the regularity of the action of the probate court. For the rule is recognized in many eases as applicable to orphans’ courts, courts of probate, and other tribunals entrusted with the settlement the estates of decedents, and with the power to sell real estate, where the personal estate is insufficient to meet the charges upon it, that when their jurisdiction has actually attached it will not be lost by any irregularity in exercising it, and every intendment will be made in aid of their proceedings. I can see no valid objection to this doctrine, and it appears reasonable and just. If there is a total want — 318 — jurisdiction, the proceedings are void. But when jurisdiction is once shown, we ought to presume that the court acted rightly, there being nothing to show the contrary. It appears to me that this rule is, in effect, sustained by the following authorities: Thompson vs. Tolmie, 2 Peters, 157; Grignon et al. vs. Astor, Appendix to Territorial Laws of 1842, p. 24; Same Case, 2 How. (H. S.), 319; McPherson vs. Cunliff et al., 11 S. & E., 422; Fridge vs. The State, use of Kirk, 3 Gill & Johns., 103; Perkins vs. Fairfield, 11 Mass., 227; Brown et al. vs. Wood et ux., 17 id., 68; Groff vs. Groff, 14 S. & R., 181; Jackson vs. Robinson, 4 Wend., 436; McFail vs. Crawfords, 12 id., 533; Tryon vs. Tryon, 16 Vt., 313; Williams vs. Sharp, 2 Carter (Ind.), 101; Horner vs. Bank of Indiana, 1 id., 130; Brown vs. Lanman, 1 Conn., 467. Without stopping to examing these cases particularly, to show the precise point decided by them, they will be found, I think, fully to support the proposition aboye laid down. Some of them go much further than this, really denying that the general rule in regard to courts of inferior jurisdiction is applicable to the records of probate courts ; while in Grignon vs. Astor and in McPherson vs. Cunliff, it is said that a proceeding in a probate court to sell real estate to satisfy the debts of the deceased, is a proceeding in rem, analogous to proceedings in admiralty, where the only question of jurisdiction is the power of the court over the subject matter. But this is going much further than it is necessary to go in the present case, and may assert a rule not sufficiently guarded to protect the rights of those interested in the estates of deceased persons. At the, same time I feel the force of the suggestion that this court ought not lightly to disregard the decisions of the territorial supreme court and of the supreme court of the Hnited States, in Grignon vs. Astor, since those decisions have a direct bearing upon the questions arising upon this record, and give a construction to statutes substantially the same as those under which the sale in the present case was made. And it is but fair to assume that many persons purchased at these sales relying upon the soundness of the decision in Grignon vs. Astor, and that the rules of law then applied to these proceedings were correct — 319 — and would be sustained. I am therefore disposed to bold, since the record is silent as to the ground or reason of moving H. L. Dousman and Joseph Pacquette, as administrators of the estate of Pierre Pacquette, that we must presume they were removed for some cause which authorized their removal. For aught that appears they both might have been utterly incapable of attending to the proper administration of the estate. Nor do I understand that this view of the effect of the record when offered in evidence in a collateral proceeding, essentially conflicts with anything decided in Bloom vs. Burdick., 1 Hill, 130; Schneider vs. McFarland, 2 Coms., 459, or Palmer vs. Oakley, 2 Doug. (Mich.), 433. In the first two cases it appeared that the plaintiffs, at the time of the application to the surrogate for license to sell real estate, were infant heirs of the decedent, and that no guardian was appointed for them by the surrogate as the statute required ; nor did any guardian appear or act for for them in any stage of the proceeding. The statutory method of bringing the infants into court was not pursued, and therefore the court held in each case they were not bound. In the case of Palmer vs. Oakley it did' not appear on the face of the decree of the probate court appointing Archangi Simmons guardian, that the minors were under fourteen years of age, or that they were cited to choose a guardian, and evidence was offered on the trial to show, that at the time of the appointment of the guardian, one of the alleged infants was over fourteen years of age, and that consequently the probate court had no power to appoint a guardian for him without first citing him to appear and choose his own guardian. These cases present a different question from the one at bar, where there is nothing to show the absence of authority to make the removal. From this view of the record it seems unnecessary to examine the question so fully discussed by counsel, as to whether an administrator, who has once entered upon the duties of his trust, can afterwards voluntarily resign at his pleasure. Again it is said that at the time application was made by Brunson, as administrator, for leave to sell the real estate, the defendants in error were minor heirs of the deceased, and — 320 — recor<^ ^oes not ^at an7 guardian, was ap-for them, or That notice was ever given to any per-sorL as guardian for them, to appear and show canse why the license should not be granted. But I do not understand that under section 29, p. 317, Ter. Stat. ofWis., 1839, the probate court was required to appoint for infant heirs a guardian, to appear for such infants and show cause why the real estate should not be sold. A reference to the section will show that it says nothing about appointing a guardian. In this respect it is entirely unlike that of New York upon the subject, cited in Bloom vs. Burdick p. 140. Section 29 declares that “ the said court, previous to passing on any petition or representation for the sale of real estate, shall order due notice to be given to all parties concerned, or their guardians, who do not signify their assent to such sale, to show cause, at such time and place as shall be appointed, why such license should not be granted,” &c.. The record shows that the usual notice of the application to sell real estate was given by publishing the same in a newspaper printed at Madison for four successive weeks before the hearing thereof. It was assumed on the argument, that the due notice to be given to all parties concerned or their guardians, &c., when such parties resided in the territory, must be a personal notice.' I think otherwise. The way and manner of giving the notice rested in the discretion of the probate court, and I am confident the practice in the part of the territory where I resided was to give the notice by publication in a newspaper. I think the record fully shows that “due notice” of the application was given in this case. Some minor objections were taken to the validity of the record offered in evidence, as that the administrator did not give the bond required by law previous to the sale of the real estate, and that the administrator had no right to adjourn the sale “for wantof a bidder,” to the next day. Ithink the bond given was a sufficient compliance with the statute, and that there was no error in adjourning the sale for the reason assigned. It follows from these views that I think the circuit court — 321 — erred in excluding tbe record from tbe consideration of tbe jury, and that there should be a new trial. Dixon, C. J., took no part in tbe decision of this case, having decided it at tbe circuit. Judgment affirmed.