Robinson v. Howe

By the Court, Paine, J. Tbe only question presented in this case, is whether it-was error for tbe court below to rule out tbe evidence offered to show a redemption from tbe tax sale under which tbe defendants claimed. Tbe sale was made while tbe provisions of chap. 15, R S., 1849, were in force, by which tbe purchaser was entitled to an absolute deed, unless tbe land was redeemed within three years from tbe sale, provided, however, that tbe owner might redeem even after tbe deed was given, but before it was recorded. There is no claim here that there was any redemption within tbe three years, or before tbe deed was recorded. But tbe evidence offered was of a redemption within one year after it was recorded. This was a good redemption if sec. 3, chap. 503, Laws of 1852, which authorized it, is valid; otherwise, not. If this section is invalid, it is on tbe ground that it impairs tbe obligation of tbe contract of sale, and is therefore within tbe prohibition of tbe constitution of tbe United States. Tbe counsel for tbe appellant contends that a sale of lands for taxes does not constitute such a contract as was — 344 — within the contemplation of that prohibition, but that it is rather to be classed among those “ measures of public policy” which have been held not to be affected by it. In support of this view, he referred to the following cases: Maryland vs. R. R. Co., 3 How. (U. S.), 534; Butler vs. Pennsylvania, 10 id., 416; Moore vs. Mayor, &c., 4 Seld., 110; Con key vs. Hart, 4 Kern., 22; Fultz and wife vs. Fox, 9 B. Monroe, 499. I fully concur with the doctrine of these cases ; and I have before, in the case of Van Baumbach vs. Bade, [9 Wis., 559,] stated that in my opinion the provision of the constitution of the United States under consideration had been extended to matters not within its intention, so as unwarrantably to cripple and restrict the legislative power of the states. Matters relating to the remedy, I hold to be entirely subject to state control, and also that those rights which are derived entirely from the law, in pursuance of its general policy, may be changed or destroyed by law. The liability of the husband for the debts of the wife contracted before marriage, is a fair illustration of this class of rights. It does not arise from any contract made by the husband with the creditors of the wife. Neither is it any part of the marriage contract. For it cannot with any reason be said that parties entering into a marriage contract, stipulate that they shall mutually enjoy all the privileges,-and bo liable to all the obligations, which the law at that time, merely as a part of its general policy, grants to or imposes upon married persons. They contract simply to enter into the marriage relation, knowing that these |>rivileges and obligations are imposed or given by the law, and may be taken away or modified by it. Take, for example, the right to personally chastise his wife, which, it is said, the common law gave the husband. Suppose such were the law here, and a marriage was contracted while it was in force. If the legislature then, deeming such a power productive of oppression, should take it away, could it for a moment be said that such a law impaired the obligation of the marriage contract? Clearly not. The right was not derived from the contract, but from the law, and it is not in the province of parties, by forming such a contract, to prevent the state from — 345 — changing its policy with respect to tbe general rights and privileges which the law gives to the people, or to classes of them. The same remarks are applicable to the wife’s right of dower, and many other rights of a similar character. The law gives them, and while they are still inchoate, and have not ripened into an actual interest in property, the law may take them away. And this, I think, is! the extent of the principle established by the cases referred to. But while conceding this doctrine, I think it inapplicable to this case, and that there is a distinction between those rights which the law gives to, or obligations which it imposes upon, persons in certain relations, merely in carrying out its own view of policy, and independently of any stipulations which the parties may have made, and those rights which the law itself, even in carrying out some matter of general policy, authorizes to be made the subject of express contract between the parties. In the former case, the rights being derived entirely from the law, and not from the contract, laws changing them are not within the prohibition. But in the latter case, although the law authorized the rights to be acquired, yet it authorized them to be acquired only by a contract stipulating for them, and having been so acquired, such contract must be held to be within the protection of the constitution. The question therefore is, not whether the right was acquired in the execution of some measure of public policy, but whether it was derived from the law only, or was stipulated for in a contract which the law itself authorized the parties to enter into. In the former case, the law may withdraw the right it granted; but in the latter, having found it necessary in accomplishing its objects, to resort to the agency of actual contracts, it cannot, after they are made, impair their obligation. Thus it is a part of the general policy of the law to divide the state into counties, to establish county seats and provide public buildings, where justice may be administered and public business transacted. In doing this it necessarily authorizes contracts to be entered into for their erection. But who would say, after such contracts were entered into, that — 346 — they -were not within the constitutional provision, because made in executing a “ measure of public policy ?” No one, j think. So it is the policy of the law to provide for the sale of the school lands, and it authorizes sales to be made and certificates to be issued, giving the purchasers certain rights. But could it be said after this was done, and the purchaser had paid his money and taken his contract, that if the legislature desired to change its policy in regard to the school lands, it could take away the interest which the contract gave, or impair its obligations in any particular? No one would claim it. Indeed, this court has decided in the case of Dammam vs. School Commissioners, 4 Wis., 414, that the state could not, in respect to contracts already made, make the lands subject to private entry on default of the purchaser, without first offering them at public auction, because the law at the time the contract was made, required them to be so first offered. Now whatever doubt might have been raised as to whether this provision of law did not relate to the remedy merely, and therefore did not constitute any part of the subject matter of the contract, there can be no doubt of the correctness of that decision when applied to those provisions of the law which did determine those rights which' the purchaser acquired by the contract, and the extent and meaning of its stipulations. And I think the same principle is as clearly applicable to the case under consideration. Here the state sold the land of one of its citizens for taxes. Of its power to sell the land there is no question. In determin - ing its policy in regard to it, it did not cut off the rights of the owner by any summary proceeding, but gave him three years after the sale, and until the tax deed was recorded, in which to redeem. So far as his right of redemption was concerned, it was not derived from any contract, but was given by the law only, and the time within which he might exercise it might be shortened by the legislature, provided a reasonable time was left in which to exercise it, without impairing the obligation of any contract. Butler vs. Palmer, 1 Hill, 324; Smith vs. Packard et al., decided by this court at the present term, [12 Wis., 371.] But the rights of the purchaser stand upon a different footing. They are derived — 347 — from the contract, which the law authorized to he made. He contracted at the sale for a deed of the kind which the then authorized him to contract for. That was an absolute deed at the end of three years, liable to be defeated only by a redemption before it was recorded. It' seems to me clear, therefore, that when the law of 1852 said he should not have such a deed, but should take one liable to be defeated by a redemption at any time within a year after it was recorded, it directly impaired the obligation of the contract. I think it might just as well provide that, instead of any deed, he should take a lease for years. The answer in either case is, that the thing given is different from whát he contracted for, and the law cannot compel him to take it without impairing the obligation of his contract. I think, therefore, that the third section of the law of 1852 was void, as a violation of the contract with the purchaser. The counsel for the appellant also contends that it should appear that the defendant acquired title to the tax certificate before the law of 1852 took effect, and that if he acquired it afterwards, then, by the reasoning of the respondent, the provisions of that act became a part of his contract, and he would be bound by it. But this is certainly an unwarranted application of that reasoning. For that applies only to'valid provisions of law, and such as have some effect upon the meaning of the contract itself. But if this section was in conflict with the constitution, then it was utterly void. And there is no reasoning by which a void law can become a part of a contract. I think therefore it makes no difference whether the assignee of the certificate acquired it before or after the law of 1852 took effect. If in the hands of the original owner it was protected by the constitution, it is equally so in the hands of the assignee. Nor should the fact that he took a deed in the form prescribed by the act of 1852, es-top him from contesting the validity of section 3. The mere form of the deed was a matter of no great consequence, and might be prescribed by the legislature, provided they gave bim such a deed as his contract entitled him to. But it wordd be strange if, when, bylaw and by his contract, he was entitled to a deed, he should, by taking such a one as the — 348 — Sa^ ^10 s^otl^ ^top himself from questioning the validity of another provision of law which deprived him of a substantial right. It is not at all like the case of People vs. Murray, 5 Hill, 468, where a man acted under a statute authorizing him to take other people’s property, and then sought to deny the validity of its provisions by which he was required to pay for it. The judgment should be affirmed, with costs.. Dixon, 0. J., took no part in the decision of this case, having been of counsel.