Rice v. Cutler

By the Court, PAINE, J. The plaintiffs in this ease sold to the defendant Comsto'ck a quantity of wheat, which they owned in the warehouse of the defendant Higby, and for which ^they held two warehouse receipts, each reciting that the wheat was “ deliverable to bearer ” on return of the receipt. They delivered the receipts to Comstock without indorsement. They aver that he made the purchase fraudulently, knowing that he — 354 — was in an insolvent condition, without intending to pay, and knowing tbat tbe check which he gave as cash in payment would be dishonored for want of funds. They also aver that he had delivered the receipts to the defendants Conkey and Gutter upon some agreement, but that they were not bona fide purchasers for value, and the object of this suit was to have the purchase by Comstocic adjudged fraudulent, that Conhey and Cutler might be restrained from transferring the receipts, and be adjudged to surrender them to the plaintiffs, and that Higby might be restrained from delivering the wheat to any of the other defendants. The defendants Conkey and Cutler answered denying all knowledge of the fraud, and averring that they had purchased the receipts of Comstock in the usual course of business, to be applied in payment of a previous indebtedness, and had on the same day resold them to the defendant Higby, who, as it appeared, had destroyed them. The defendant Higby filed no answer until after the trial and decision of the case by the judge. The judge found the purchase by Comstock fraudulent, and that neither Conkey and Cutler nor Higby were bona fide purchasers without notice; and he gave the plaintiffs judgment against Higby for the value of the wheat, gave Higby a judgment against Conkey and Cutler for the same, with interest from the date of hispurchase, and Conlcey and Cutler a judgment against Comstock for the same, with interest from the date of their .purchase. It seems Higby afterwards filed an answer, and, as he has not appealed, it is unnecessary to determine whether the practice, as against him, was regular or not. But the defendants Conkey and Cutler object that the court had no authority to render a judgment in favor of Higby against them, when Higby had not asked for such a judgment, and they had had no opportunity to contest his right to it. And as a matter of practice this objection seems to be well — 355 — founded. Whatever matters may be adjusted as between co-defendants, when the claim is made, and an opportunity given to contest it, it seems clear that matters of controversy between them, the settlement of which is not essential to the determination of the plaintiffs’ case, cannot be adjusted by the judgment, unless the claim was made by the one defendant, and an opportunity given to the other to deny it. It is obvious in this case that even though Higby had a cause of action against Conkey and Cutler, by reason of the failure of their title to the wheat, still they may have had a set off for the whole amount, which they would have been entitled to show, if they had been apprised that Higby sought to recover against them in this suit. The authorities cited by the appellant show that such a practice cannot prevail; and it is clear that, whether it has done so or not in this case, it might lead to great confusion and injustice if generally adopted. We have thought proper to decide this question of practice, although from our conclusions upon the merits of the case, we are obliged to reverse the judgment upon other grounds. The court below found that the defendants Conkey and Cutler “ were not innocent purchasers, without notice, for a valuable consideration paid.” So far as this finding was based upon the fact that the consideration paid by them was the discharge of a prior indebtedness, it is disposed of by the decision of this court in the case of Shufeldt vs. Pease and another, 16 Wis., 659. But it was also based, as stated in the argument, upon the fact that the receipts were not indorsed at any of the transfers. And it is claimed that, by virtue of the provisions of chapter 340, Laws of 1860, and particularly of section 6, which provides that warehouse receipts may be transferred by indorsement, and what effect they shall have when so transferred, no purchaser can be considered a purchaser without notice, unless the receipt is transferred to him by indorsement. It is said that this statute was designed to prevent fraudulent practices in respect to such receipts, and that its provisions should be held imperative. There is no — 356 — doubt sucb was its design, and a large number of its provisions are penal in tbeir character, and well adapted to secure that end. But we have been unable to discover that the provision in section 6, that the receipts may be transferred by in-dorsement, was designed to prohibit a transfer in any other mode. The fraudulent practices which the statute aimed to prevent, consisted in the issuing of warehouse receipts, bills of lading and other similar instruments, without actually having the property, and also the improper delivery of such property where receipts had once been rightfully issued for it. The provisions of this statute punishing such acts, are as effective to prevent them as any statute can be. And it is difficult to see how a requirement that the property should never be conveyed except by an indorsement of the receipt, could aid in accomplishing that end. The language is permissive merely, and not prohibitory. 'Still, if the statute were the only source of right to transfer the propertyrepresented by such a receipt, the maxim expres-sio unius exclusio est alterius might be applicable, and tW result would be that it could be transferred only by indorsement of the receipt, since the statute mentioned only that. But if other modes of transfer existed, there is nothing in the language of this act, nor in its spirit and object, that would prohibit a transfer according to such other modes, with the same effect that it would have if this statute had not been passed. And independently of this statute there can be no doubt that the mode of transfer 'adopted by these parties would have been amply sufficient to pass the title to the wheat. It is well settled that the title to property not capable of convenient actual delivery will pass by the delivery to the vendee of the usual documentary evidences of title, with the intent to transfer it. Of the intent in this case there is no doubt. The whole evidence shows that it was intended and considered by all the parties as a complete transfer of title to the wheat. The custom existing in Milwaukee to transfer such receipts without — 357 — indorsement, might be looked to, to show wbat tbe intent was, if it were not otherwise clear; though of course such a custom could have no effect to set aside the statute, if the latter ■vtere designed to prohibit such a mode of transfer. It is true that in most of the books and cases that speak of the transfer of property by a delivery of the bills of lading, those instruments are said also to have been indorsed. But bills of lading, according to their usual form, promise to deliver the property to the consignees or their assigns, so that an indorsement or other assignment would be necessary in order to bring any other holder within the terms of the contract. But where a warehouse receipt promises directly to deliver the property to the bearer, as these do, I have found no case that indicates that an indorsement would have been essential to pass the title to the property covered by such receipt, where the owner sold it and delivered the receipt with the intent to thereby transfer it. On the contrary, there are several cases that imply that it would not, and some of them, even, cases where it did not appear that the receipts ran “to bearer,” as these do. Wilkes et al. vs. Ferris, 5 Johns., 335; Gibson vs. Stevens, 20 How., 400. In the latter case, it is true, there was a delivery order written by the vendor on the back of the warehouse receipt, which, however, did not run to bearer. The court, while admitting that that did not amount to a formal assignment, yet held that it showed beyond doubt the intent to pass the title, “ and that where that intent was evident from the language of the written instrument, and the nature and character of the contract, it was the duty of the court to carry it into execution without embarrassing it with needless formalities.” That doctrine is as applicable to a case where ■ there is the mere delivery of a receipt which itself runs to bearer, as it was there to the delivery of a receipt not running to bearer, with a delivery order indorsed on it by the vendor. ' The delivery alone in the one case as clearly indicates the intent, as the delivery and the indorsement in the other. The — 358 — case of Horr et al. vs. Barker et al., 8 Cal., 603, ateo expressly decides that such a delivery would pass the title. I come then to the conclusion that, independently of this statute, a perfect title to the wheat would have passed by the several contracts of sale appearing in this case, and the delivery of the receipts though not indorsed. True, if Comstock purchased fraudulently, the sale was voidable as against him; but if he transferred to a bona fide purchaser without notice, such purchaser would hold the property. And this being so, there seems, as already stated, nothing in the language or object of this statute that should defeat this result. On the contrary, the provisions of section 6 seem to have been designed to accomplish substantially the same purpose as the English Factor’s Act, referred to in Abbott on Shipping, 542; 1 Smith’s Leading Cases, 885. This object was, to protect those dealing with persons entrusted with the usual evidences of title, though in fact being mere agents with special authority. It grew out of inconveniences supposed to result from the rule of law that a factor authorized to sell could not pledge the property of his principal. The section under consideration provides that these receipts, &c., “ may be transferred by indorsement thereof,, and any person to whom the same may be so transferred shall be deemed and taken to be the owner of the goods, wares and merchandize therein specified, so far as to give validity to any pledge, lien or transfer made or created by such person or persons.” This language seems unmistakably to indicate that the legislature had in view the same evil that caused the English Factor’s Act, and that they were not attempting to prescribe an inflexible mode for the transfer of such property by those who were the absolute owners. If a factor or agent should attempt to make an unauthorized disposition of the property of his principal by delivering the warehouse receipt, bill of lading or other evidence of title, without indorsement, then the purchaser’s title would fail, because it could be only by aid of this statute that — 359 — he could sustain it; and that he could not do because he had not taken a transfer in the manner provided by statute. But if tbe absolute owner of tbe property sells it, and delivers tbe receipt, tbe title will pass, because be could do that without tbe statute. And as tbe purchaser in sucb case is not obliged to ask any aid from tbe stat.ute, be is not obliged to show sucb a transfer as tbe statute provided for. For these reasons we think Conlcey and Outler acquired a good title to tbe wheat, and that tbe judgment against them must be reversed, with costs.