Smith v. Omans

By the Court, PAINE, J. The only question which it is necessary to determine in this case is, whether the homestead of the judgment debtor is liable to forced sale on execution where the judgment was rendered in an action of tort ? We are fully satisfied that it is not, but that the spirit and object, as well as the letter, of our constitutional and statutory provisions on this subject, exempt the homestead from sale on a judgment in .. any civil action. The principal argument to the contrary is based upon the use of the words “ debt,” “ debtor ” and “ contracted ” in the constitution and the statute. The latter provides that the homestead shall not be liable to forced sale “for any debt or liability contracted after the first day of January in the year one thousand eight hundred and forty-nine.” It is said that the word “ debt ” includes only that which is owed upon an agreement, and that if there were any doubt about that, the use of the word “ contracted ” removes it, and shows that the intention of the legislature was to include only debts founded upon contract. But this is giving to those words a much narrower sense than that in which they were obviously used. Eor the word “ liability,” used in conjunction with the word “ debt,” is broad enough to include all .claims, whether founded upon tort or contract. And although there may be a technical distinction between “ debt ” and “damages,” still the • word “ debt ” itself is commonly and generally used to describe all obligations to pay money, whether arising from contract or imposed by law as a compensation for injuries. And in this general sense the word was evidently used in this statute, and [397] tbe word “ contracted ” does not mean founded upon a contract, but it was used in its more general sense as equivalent to “ incurred." This seems very obvious, for the reason that wherever the legislature intends to express the idea which the respondent claims they intended here, they use different language, clearly appropriate to that end. Thus, in the constitution itself, sec. 16, Art. I, it is provided that “ no person shall be imprisoned for debt arising out of or founded upon contract express or implied.” This clearly implies that there may be debts “not founded upon contract ” ; yet there are none, according to the argument of the respondents, and this provision would have had no greater effect than it now has, if it had simply said that no person should be imprisoned for debt. So in the attachment laws the plaintiff is required to make affidavit not only that the defendant is “indebted,” but also that the same is “ due upon contract express or implied,” &c. These instances show clearly the language which is used to describe the particular class of debts founded upon contract, and as clearly imply that the word “ debt,” in its general sense, is not applied to that class alone. The provision of the constitution in respect to exemption laws is in the next section to the one above quoted, concerning imprisonment for debt. And if the framers had designed to limit the privilege of exemption to debts founded upon contract, the conclusion is irresistible that they would not have dropped the clear and appropriate language just used in the preceding section to express that idea, and have substituted ' for it the general language “ for the payment of any debt or liability hereafter contracted.” The object of the exemption laws is to protect the family of the debtor as well as himself To secure this more effectually, he is prohibited even from alienating his homestead without the consent of his wife. Yet this beneficent purpose would be often wholly defeated if the homestead could be swept from under the family whenever the [398] husband cbose to incur a liability for which an action of tort could be maintained. There are also many other provisions of law, which are very clearly and satisfactorily commented on in the brief of the appellant’s counsel, which all assume or imply that the homestead is exempt from sale on any execution. The judgment is reversed, and a new trial ordered. '