Butler v. Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Co.

Dixosr, C. J. This is one of those actions, now so frequent, for injuries caused by negligence, in which the principal questions are, whether there was any evidence of negligence on the part of the defendant to go to the jury, and whether the evidence also showed that the party injured was free from fault, or did not contribute by his own want of care to the injury complained of. The difficulties presented by these questions have been often experienced by the courts. “ I cannot help feeling ” says Bkett, J., in Smith v. L. & S. W. Railway Co., L. R., 5 C. P., 102. “that great difficulty is thrown upon the — 493 — judges who are called upon to determine questions of tMs sort, which make them too muck judges of fact.” Keating, J., concurs in the remark. The present case is well adapted to. illustrate its truth, especially so far as the latter question, or that of contributory negligence, is concerned; for upon that the case may be said to involve much uncertainty and embarrassment, there being no such preponderance of evidence or clear grounds of inference as to incline the mind with any undoubt-ing assurance to either side. And in this instance the difficulties have been greatly aggravated by the manner in which the case has been presented to the court — by a false and vicious practice which, by the wrongful indulgence of the court, has of late become very common, and which henceforth must cease. The trial and proceedings below were reported by a professional phonographer, and his report, containing every word, question and answer which was spoken on the trial, has been printed as and for the “ case ” in this court. These professional reporters may serve a very good purpose at the circuit — we have nothing to say about that, — but they serve a very bad purpose in this court, if such is the way causes are to be prepared and presented for argument here. The rule is explicit, that the printed case “ shall contain a brief abstract of the return of the clerk,” &c. Rule 8 of this court. The search for the “two grains of wheat hid in the two bushels of chaff” has become most tiresome and repulsive to the members of this court; and that kind of labor can be no longer endured. Let the phonograpker’s report be returned to this court, if parties will, but the printed case should only contain the testimony of witnesses, so far as it is material, reduced to narrative form, and condensed as required by the rule. In the brief of the learned counsel for the defendant is found a statement of facts sufficiently full and at large, and with one or two exceptions correct, which is comprised in two printed pages, or about nine folios. The testimony of the witnesses, that is, all the material parts of it, reduced to narrative form and given in them own words, would not have ex — 494 — ceeded ten printed pages, or about forty folios. Instead of this we have one hundred and seventeen pages, or three hundred and ninety-eight folios of printed matter, nine-tenths of which is worse than useless. It serves only to distract and annoy. We make these remarks not to censure counsel in this case — far from it; and not because this case differs from others which are so reported; but because it is just like all of them. The files of the clerk are swelled, and his pigeon-holes filled with such voluminous trash, and the practice should have been long since corrected. It reflects upon this court as much and more than upon counsel engaged, that the evil should so long have been permitted; and it is the design of these observations to remedy it. It must henceforth be «understood that the rule will be enforced, and that cases prepared as this has been cannot be read at the bar, nor perused by the judges in consultation. The phonographer’s report or return of the clerk may be referred to by folios, and will be examined for the purpose of correcting mistakes or omissions in the printed case, or verifying the statements of counsel, but not otherwise. The plaintiff rested her case, and the defendant moved for a non suit on the ground that the plaintiff had shown no negligence on the part of the defendant tending to produce the injury, and because the deceased was guilty of negligence which directly contributed to it. The motion was denied, and the exception taken by the defendant raises the question whether there was any evidence to go to the jury upon these two points. As to the first, we are free to say there was such evidence, not merely of negligence on the part of the defendant, but of a kind which should more properly be denominated gross or criminal negligence. The danger to human life from cutting a train into two parts, and running the rear part on to or over a street crossing in a populous town or village, without signal or warning to passers upon the street, is scarcely if anything less than that caused by cutting it into three parts, or making a “ running switch,” as it is called, under like circumstances, which was — 495 — characterized as gross and criminal negligence "by the conrt of appeals, in Brown v. N. Y. C. R. R., 32 N. Y., 597. The train here was divided west of the public square, and more than 85 rods distant from the street crossing where the injury toot place, the locomotive with the first ten cars passing on through the square and over the street crossing with undiminished, or at an increased speed, whilst the remaining ten cars, or detached portion, moving more slowly, reached the crossing, and the two foremost cars passed over it, at the distance of twenty rods, or thereabouts, behind the last car of the first section of the train. The plaintiff’s intestate was caught and run over by those two foremost cars at the crossing, and immediately killed, just as that portion of the train was being brought to a stand, with its centre nearly iu front of the depot. In the statement of facts by the defendant’s counsel, the distance between the two parts of the train is represented as much less ; but in this we think he is mistaken. Four witnesses for the plaintiff, Davidson, San-born,. Schwartz and Watts, concur in the statement that when the last car of the first section passed the street crossing, the distance was from 15 to 18 rods. Davidson and Schwartz say eight or ten cars, the length of a car being thirty feet. Sanborn says that the head of the detached portion or rear section of the train was near the water tank; it might have been half way between the water tank and the depot. This was from twelve to fifteen rods from the crossing. Watts locates the head of that section beyond or west of the water tank, and more than 15 rods distant. The other witnesses for the plaintiff did not observe and do not attempt to give the space or distance between the sections, except the witness Greenman. He says they were a car and a half or two cars apart at the water tank But in this he must be mistaken, for he is contradicted by the conductor himself, who was a witness for the defendant, and probably much the best judge of distance in such cases. He was asked: “Do you recollect, when you passed the water tank, how the two parts of the train were with respect to each other; — 496 — wbat difference there was between them?” Answer: “I did not notice. I was setting up a brake just before we got to the water tank, and that took my attention from tbe forward end. I looked before that, and they were only three cars apart. I was setting a brake at that time, and did not take any notice of the forward part of the train.” And the statements of the plaintiff’s witnesses are further directly corroborated by the testimony of the brakeman Radcliff e, who, from the top of the rear end of the hindmost car of the first section, witnessed the deceased Butler’s struggles with the horse, and looked and watched with intense interest until he saw them struck by the car, and Butler fell down or was drawn under and lost to his view. He testifies that he was ten or twelve cars distant when he saw the train strike the horse and the man. This testimony of the witnesses both for the plaintiff and defendant, and which is not otherwise contradicted, very clearly establishes, we think, that the distance between the two parts of the train at the time the last car of the first section passed the crossing, and when. Butler’s horse started, and when the collision took place, was at least that above stated. There was some conflict of testimony as to whether there was any person upon or in charge of the rear half train, by which the deceased was struck and killed. On the side of the plaintiff seven witnesses, who saw.the transaction, testified very positively that they saw no person, and that there was no one on that part of the train. All were looking at it as it came up, and some with a view of hailing the conductor or other person in charge, in case he was seen. On the other side, the conductor, one brakeman, the engineer, fireman, station agent and one other witness, testified to the very opposite, and that the conductor was there taking charge'of and setting the brakes so as to bring the cars to a stop at the proper place at the depot. The court instructed the jury (to which instruction the defendant took no exception), that if they found that “the conductor remained upon the rear end of the train, and on the top of the cars, that — 497 — be was constantly engaged in putting on tbe brakes, and checking tbe motion of tbe train with reference to stopping at tbe tbe depot, and that this portion of tbe train was in all respects managed, controlled and conducted with proper caution and prudence, and in tbe usual manner,” then, that “tbe defendant is not chargeable with negligence, and tbe plaintiff cannot recover in this action.” Under this instruction tbe jury must or might have found that tbe conductor was not on tbe top of tbe cars, and not constantly engaged in putting on tbe brakes, etc., and otherwise managing tbe train as described in tbe instruction. They need not necessarily have found, as contended by counsel for tbe defendant, that be was not on that portion of tbe train at all. He may have been there, but in tbe caboose (which was tbe hindmost car), or elsewhere, so that be was not seen and was not at bis post of duty, watching and controlling tbe motion of tbe train in such way as to avoid collisions with and injuries to persons passing along tbe street; and if tbe jury did so find, then clearly it cannot be said that tbe verdict is entirely unsupported by evidence, or even that it is contrary to tbe weight of evidence. But were tbe case otherwise, and tbe verdict in this respect unsustained by evidence, still there was other proof upon which, if properly submitted, tbe jury could not have failed to find negligence on tbe part of tbe defendant. There is no dispute, if tbe conductor was on that part of tbe train, as it seems most probable be was, that be was tbe only person on it, and that be was not at tbe front of it, but several cars back, at least three' or more, when it approached tbe crossing, and was not in position to see whether any person was passing upon or near tbe crossing, or to give warning, or to check tbe motion of tbe cars, so as to prevent a collision; This, we think, was gross carelessness on tbe part of tbe railway company. If trains are to be-divided in this way, and run by sections across tbe streets of populous towns and villages, tbe least that can be required of tbe company is, that there should be some suitable person at — 498 — tbe forward end of tbe foremost car to notify and warn people passing along tbe street, and likewise tbe man at tbe brakes, that be may set tbem in order to avoid collision; and it might not be unreasonable, in sucb cases, that a flagman should be required at tbe crossing as a further security against danger. Common prudence, and tbe most ordinary care, would dictate that at least the former course should be pursued, and all experience demonstrates tbe necessity of it." “Tbe common law,” as tbe authors, of tbe treatise on negligence very correctly observe, “ has a peculiar regard for human life; and for this reason exacts a greater degree of care" in respect to it, than in relation to any matter of mere property. Accordingly, tbe law requires from all persons, including those who render gratuitous services, at least ordinary care for tbe safety of life; from those who render service for compensation, great care; and from those whose business or occupation necessarily involves great risk of life, it demands a peculiar degree of vigilance and sagacity, sometimes called the utmost care. Tbe killing of a human being by culpable negligence being a criminal offense, it is obvious that tbe law in civil cases ought to follow tbe criminal law, and even to go beyond it; so that there is a manifest propriety in its punishing, civilly, a low degree of tbe same negligence which in a little higher degree it would punish criminally. Moreover, upon the principle already stated, that ordinary care means tbe degree of care taken by men of ordinary sense and discretion to avoid injury to their own interests, it being plain that sucb men would, where their own lives are at risk, use a degree of care which, in respect to anything else, would be considered very great, it follows that a like degree of care in respect to the lives of others is required from all men who, under similar, circumstances, but with mere property interests at risk, would be bound to use ordinary care.” Shearman and Redfield on Negligence, § 24. See also, C. & N. R. R. Co. v. Sweeney, 52 Ill., 325. • It is not necessary to say that the business or occupation or •these railway companies is necessarily attended with great risk — 499 — of turnan life, especially under circumstances like those shown in the present case, and that the utmost care should be required. This is shown by the learned authors above quoted, and the authorities cited in § 477. And the reason for these precautions, for requiring some person at the head of that part of the train which has thus been cut off, or a flagman at the crossing, or both, appear in the opinion of the court of appeals above referred to. “A person approaching a crossing and seeing an engine with a large number of cars attached passing rapidly by, would naturally suppose that the danger of collision had ceased. His eye would follow the receding train, the noise of which would be apt to drown that made by approaching cars.” And surely nothing could be more natural. Probably not one person in hundreds, not conversant with this mode of switching, as but very few are, and not knowing that it was practised at the place, would hesitate to walk or drive upon the track after the engine and cars had passed, without in the least suspecting the secret and noiseless danger to which he was exposed. The attention being directed to the engine and cars attached, it would seldom occur to any one to turn and look for cars silently approaching by their own momentum. The writer of this opinion remembers with a shudder, how, under like circum- . stances, a collision and probable death were with difficulty prevented by the presence and warning of the brakeman upon the top of the approaching car. Had there been a brakeman here, to have seen and warned Butler as the cars approached the crossing, or a flagman stationed at the crossing, it is altogether probable his life would have been saved. The question of contributory negligence on the part of the deceased, or of the evidence upon this point as to which the jury have found there was no negligence, is, as already observed, one of much more difficulty. The deceased was standing by the head of his horse as the engine and first half of the train passed the crossing, and in plain sight of the last half, with which he subsequently collided; that is, there was noth — 500 — ing to obstruct Ms vision, bad be cast bis eyes in that direction. Just as tbe engine and that part of tbe train passed tbe crossing and went out of view east of it, tbe borse becoming frightened, probably at some object near — tbe team wbicb drove up —broke loose from tbe post to wbicb be was Mtcbed, and, struggling and jumping to free Mmself from tbe deceased, wbo beld bim by tbe bead, botb were conducted,' or propelled as it were, along tbe street to tbe crossing, where they came in contact with tbe foremost of tbe detached cars, just as that portion of tbe train reached tbe crossing, and tbe deceased fell or was drawn under and killed. If, as contended for tbe defendant, tbe deceased saw that part of tbe train, as be might have done, and knew its approach, and yet voluntarily and rashly went upon tbe crossing, or suffered himself to be drawn there in bis effort to prevent tbe escape of tbe borse, it seems clear that it was negligence on bis part, wbicb should prevent a recovery. Tbe court below distinctly so charged, but tbe jury found in the negative, or that be did not see and bad no knowledge of tbe approach of tbe cars, and that there was no want of reasonable care on bis part in not knowing or ascertaining their approach. If tbe opposite bad been tbe finding of tbe jury, it is very improbable that tbe verdict could have been disturbed. But they having found as they did, tbe question now is, whether tbe verdict must not stand. Tbe deceased stood by tbe borse, facing tbe railway track, and distant about 77 feet from tbe place of collision. He was upon tbe side of tbe borse opposite that whence tbe cars were approaching. Tbe bead and neck of tbe borse might possibly have partially obstructed bis view. His attention was doubtless fixed upon tbe locomotive and that part of tbe train wbicb passed directly before bim. Tbe other section of tbe train was, as we have seen, at that time, from 15 to 20 rods in tbe rear, and some distance from tbe crossing. Had that section followed tbe other so closely that tbe eye, in losing sight of tbe latter, would naturally have caught sight of or been directed to tbe former, then it might — 501 — reasonably be presumed that tbe deceased must bave seen and known of its approach. But at tbe distance by which tbe two parts were separated, tbe presumption seems now hardly reasonable, if indeed it be not tbe other way. And when it is remembered that just as tbe first section passed in front of him tbe horse started, and tbe struggle commenced in which tbe unfortunate man lost bis life, tbe presumption is very greatly weakened that be ever knew or was conscious for a moment of tbe approach of other cars until be was struck by them, and it was too late for him to save himself or guard against tbe calamity. Upon this point, therefore, although not free from doubt, we are inclined to express our satisfaction with tbe verdict of tbe jury, and to say upon tbe evidence, as they bave said, that tbe deceased bad no knowledge of tbe danger to which be was exposed. And this conclusion is further supported by that universal love of life and strong natural impulse to save one’s self in tbe face of a known danger, which must bave prompted tbe deceased to abandon tbe horse and not to offer himself a useless and certain sacrifice. At all events, tbe question was peculiarly one of fact, to be found by tbe jury from all tbe circumstances ; and unless we can say there was no evidence and nothing in tbe circumstances proved to uphold their finding, tbe verdict must stand. Langhoff v. M & P. du C. Railway Co., 19 Wis., 497; Shearman & Eedfield on Negligence, § 11. And upon tbe other branch of tbe question, whether tbe deceased was guilty of negligence in not having known or ascertained tbe approach of tbe cars, it seems equally difficult to say that tbe verdict was incorrect or should be set aside. It would bave occurred to but very few, and it might with safety be affirmed, to no ordinarily cautious and prudent man, under tbe circumstances, to bave looked, if time and opportunity bad permitted, for tbe approach of cars as those cars were approaching. Tbe deceased, not knowing and having no reason to anticipate their approach, was acting as most men of ordinary care and prudence would act in like situation. He ’was en — 502 — deavoring to prevent the escape of his horse, so long as there was hope in such effort, and but for the unforeseen and unexpected approach of the ears, through the negligence of the railway company, it does not appear that he was incurring any especial risk in so doing. He had just seen the train pass, drawn by the engine in the usual course, and naturally supposed he might go upon the track with safety. Absorbed, too, in his efforts to stop the horse, he doubtless had no time to look for other cars moving along the track. No man would have thought of doing so. He was suddenly overtaken by a misfortune, an accident, in the breaking away of his horse, and was prudently endeavoring to avoid the consequences of it. Negligence implies some act or conduct in itself wrongful, under the circumstances — the wrongful doing or omission to do that which reason and prudence would suggest in the then situation of the party. Situated as the deceased was, it was not wrongful in him to make eArery effort he was capable of to stop the horse, consistent with a proper regard for his own safety; and if, from all circumstances as they appeared to him, and as he might reasonably suppose them to be, he believed he could do so, it was not negligence to make the attempt, even though believing he might possibly not succeed, or might receive an injury from that cause alone. That risk he took, but not the risk of injury from the negligence of others, of which he had no knowledge, and which he had no adequate means of ascertaining or guarding against. The rule of law in respect to the use of care, the absence of which constitutes negligence, is that it must be reasonable care, adapted to the circumstances of the case. Todd v. Railroad Co., 7 Allen, 207; Goodale v. Worcester, &c., 102 Mass., 406. So far as the deceased was concerned, therefore, the collision was purely acccidental. A sudden change of .circumstances, an emergency which to him was inevitable, prevented his seeing the approaching cars as others around him could do. It was mere misadventure or unavoidable accident on his part, and negligence on the part of the — 503 — company, which produced tbe injury. It is for the protection of those who thus, by mischance or otherwise, and without fault on their part, are unable to protect themselves, that the obligation of care and diligence is imposed by the law on others not so disabled. If a traveller by carriage, upon a stormy day, when it is customary to have the carriage top extended, and health and comfort require it to be, should approach a crossing as Butler did, and, seeing the engine with a large number of cars attached pass by, should drive upon the track and be caught or struck and injured as Butler was, could negligence be imputed to such traveller so as to defeat an action for the damages sustained ? It must, we think, to say the least of it, be very doubtful whether it could be, and, should a jury return a verdict against the company, whether such verdict could be set aside. But the present is a much stronger case. Here the deceased was governed by no motives of comfort or convenience, and not by any general custom or habit of people, in not looking out for the approach of other cars. A paramount and unyielding necessity forbade and restrained him. Erom the moment the horse started he could not use his eyes, if he would, for his own protection. It was his misfortune, but not his fault that this was so. The case nearest like this, in some particulars, is that of Rothe, Admr., v. M. & St. P. R. R. Co., 21 Wis., 256. But there the deceased was walking upon the private grounds of the railway' company, and not upon a highway or street crossing, which makes all the difference in the cases. He had no legal right to be where he was, and besides was familiar with the location of the track, and the frequent use made of it by the company in allowing loose or detached cars to run over it (the latter fact and the fact that the deceased was struck by one of those cars not being stated in the report). In that case, therefore, the deceased voluntarily deprived himself of sight, and partially of hearing, too, under circumstances of known danger, or where it was most reasonable he should have apprehended it. Here, — 504 — however, the facts are reversed. The vision of the deceased was not voluntarily lost to bim, but involuntarily and by accident, without his fault. He was no trespasser upon the lands of the company, but was in a public highway, where he had lawful right to go; and was not aware of his liability to injury, and had no reason to anticipate it. The remaining exceptions relate to the several requests to charge made by the defendant, and which were refused. The general charge was regarded as sufficiently favorable, and was not excepted to. The request numbered two, which was refused, was in these words: “If the deceased saw the approaching train, or could have seen it by looking, it was negligence on his part to go in front of it.” This request was incorrect, or calculated to mislead the jury, in its second proposition: “ or could have seen it by looking.” The jury might, and undoubtedly would, have understood from this the natural or physical ability of the deceased to have seen the approaching cars had he looked in that direction — the fact that there was nothing to obstruct his view, which fact alone they were to consider in determining whether he ought to have seen them. The request, if granted, would have excluded from them consideration all the other facts and circumstances which tended to excuse or prevent the deceased from looking that way, and to show that there was no negligence on his part in not doing so. f There were no facts in the case to which the request numbered three was applicable, or upon which to rest it. There was no evidence in the case tending to show that the horse was either “ high spirited or fractious,” or accustomed previously to be scared or to run away, to the knowledge of the deceased, or of any one else. The objections to the two next requests, numbered four and five, will sufficiently appear from the remarks already made, and further comment is unnecessary. The logic of the sixth request was this. The deceased being — 505 — engaged in an attempt in itself perilous, and one wMch might have resulted in the loss of Ms life, therefore the defendant, its agents or servants, might lawfully hill him by an act of gross carelessness. It is conceded by the learned counsel, that the rescue of the horse was a worthy object, and the effort laudable ; and this being so, it requires no argument to demonstrate the unsoundness of the proposition. By the requests numbered fourteen and fifteen the court was asked to usurp the functions of the jury, and to declare what the evidence established upon one point, and what it did not establish, or that there was no evidence, upon another. It would have been clearly erroneous to have granted them. The sixteenth request might, perhaps, with propriety, have been allowed. But of tMs we need not speak, since the jury by their verdict have negatived every fact upon wMch the request was predicated, and have found that the deceased had no knowledge of the approacMng cars, and therefore could not have come to the conclusion that he could hold on to his horse and turn Mm so as to avoid a collision with them. If it was error, therefore, to refuse the request, it has now become an immaterial one. By the Court. — Judgment affirmed. LyoN, J., took no part in tMs decision, the cause having been tried before him at the circuit.