Knapp v. White

The following opinion was filed at the January term, 1875. Ryan, C. J. The appellants were creditors at large of the respondent William White, Sen., long before the sale of the latter to William White, Jr., and so remained until they became judgment creditors for the same debt. During most of that time, the respondent White, Sen., was their sole debtor. For some time in 1872, after the sale, White, Jr., was a joint debtor with him to the appellants, by being bis surety on a note for the debt. But, during that'time, as well as before and after, the appellants were creditors of the the respondent White, Sen., for the whole debt. The suretyship of another for him in no way affected bis liability. And, íjs the appellants were thus continuously creditors of the respondent White, Sen., before and at the time of bis sale to White, Jr., for the debt on which they finally recovered their judgment, they are in a position to attack the sale as fraudulent against creditors, whether subsequent creditors could do so or not. And the fact that, after the sale, the vendee, White, Jr., — 148 — joined tlie vendor, tlie respondent White, 8m, in an obligation to tbe appellants, afterwards relinquished, for the debt, cannot wort any estoppel upon them from impeaching the sale for fraud. "We are quite unable to perceive any tendency in the taking or in the relinquishment by the appellants, of the liability of the vendee as surety for the vendor for their debt, to operate as affirmance or assent to the sale. We see nothing in the case to give such a color to the fact, and we can see nothing in the fact itself to give it such effect. A creditor may take or relinquish the suretyship for his debtor, of one who is a fraudulent vendee or trustee of the debtor, without, under ordinary circumstances, ratifying the fraudulent sale, or releasing the fraudulent trustee, or relinquishing the right to pursue the property fraudulently transferred to hinder creditors. Doubtless he may do so, in special circumstances or under special conditions, so as to work a ratification or an estoppel. But the mere fact that he accepts and relinquishes the suretyship of the vendee or trustee has, of itself, no such effect: has no apparent bearing, in any way, upon the sale alleged to be fraudulent. "While the vendor and vendee were jointly liable to the appellants, the question of the validity of the sale might have lost practical consequence; but the right to question the sale was not merged in the suretyship of the vendee. A less right merges in a greater, only when both have a common object or relation. Here, if the liability were joint and several, the appellants might have had judgment against the vendor only, and attacked the sale to the vendee for fraud: so, if the vendee were beyond the reach of process: so, if the vendee had died: so, if the vendee had again sold to one chargeable with notice of the fraud. And when the vendor again became the sole debtor of the appellants, the fact that the vendee had been and had ceased to be liable for the debt of the vendor, appears to .us to have no bearing on the validity of the sale. The surrender of the vendee’s sure-tyship for the vendor in no way affects his title under the sale, — 149 — wben impeached, for fraud. Ilis relations to the appellants as surety, and as yendee under a sale charged with fraud, are in no sense akin; and the cessation of one has no effect on the other. His suretyship appears to have been accepted and relinquished without any reference to the sale, and has no connection with it. The cases of estoppel founded on acquiescence in the sale impeached for fraud, or on the acceptance of benefits under it, or on the fact that the creditor was the actual vendor himself, cited by the respondents, do not appear to us to have any application to the facts appearing in this-record. The court below held the appellants to be estopped to impeach the sale, excluded evidence tending to impeach it and took the question of fraud in it from the jury. In our view, this was error fatal to the judgment, if the appellants on the trial showed title in themselves to the property in dispute. Eut bn this point, not raised in the argument of counsel, we entertain grave doubt, and we desire to have it argued before deciding the appeal. It appears that the sheriff first levied on the goods in question on' an execution in favor of the respondent Adelaide against White, Jr., and then on an execution in favor of the appellants against the respondent White, Sen.; that, having the goods in his possession, he sold them separately, on each of the executions, at -the same time and place; to the respondent Adelaide on the former execution, and to the appellants on the latter; and that he delivered the goods to the respondent Adelaide, as purchaser, probably before the sale to the appellants. We do not think it proper to discuss our doubts, in advance of the argument, beyond the mere statement that we do not understand how the sheriff could hold possession of the goods, at the same time, as the property of one person on one execution, and as the property of another person on another execution; and make separate valid sales of them, at the same time, — 150 — to different purchasers, for different prices, on different titles; of necessity making delivery only to one; so as to vest a title in the purchaser to whom he made no delivery. And we desire to have it argued by counsel, -whether the sheriff’s sale to the appellants, in the circumstances, vested in them a title to the goods, which they can assert in this action; assuming the sale from the respondent White, Sen., to White, Jr., to have been fraudulent and void as against the appellants. The cause will therefore be continued for the term, to be argued hereafter on the point now reserved, only. And, before it will be heard, the appellants must print and serve a new case. The case presented at this term was printed in disregard of the rule, and was an abuse of the time and convenience of the court. As much of the bill of exceptions, itself defective with all its extravagant length, as was necessary to the intelligent discussion and decision of the questions involved in the appeal, might well have been presented in some half dozen pages of printed case, instead of the wilderness of 393 folios of type, through which we had to wander, and from which we could escape only to the manuscript record, as a choice of evils. That case cannot be again used in this court, and the cost of printing it should not, in any event, be taxed in the costs of the appeal. By the Court. — Let an order be entered in conformity with this opinion. A new printed case having been served and filed, the cause was again submitted on briefs at the January term, 1876. Moses Hooper, for appellants: It appears that the sheriff actually levied upon and sold to Adelaide White nothing but the interest of White, Jr., in the property. True v. Congdon, 44 N. H., 48; Rorer on Jud. Sales, § 1055. By virtue of the sale to plaintiffs upon the execution against White, Sen., they obtained all the title and interest of the latter in the property, unless this result was — 151 — prevented by the delivery of tbe property by the sheriff to Adelaide White, upon the sale to' her. But a sale is complete when the parties have agreed and the money has been paid and received; and the property, then passes to the vendee, whether there is a delivery or not. 1 Parsons on Con. (5th ed.), 525-553; Sewell v. Eaton, 6 Wis., 490; Sanborn v. Hunt, 10 id., 436; Congar v. Railway Co., 17 id., 477; 4 Mich., 238. If the goods had not been sold to Adelaide, but, after the sale to plaintiffs and payment by them, without delivery made, possession of the goods had been taken by a stranger, without actual title or right of possession, could not plaintiffs have maintained replevin for them ? If the sheriff sells the goods of A. upon on execution against B., the purchaser gets no title. Bryant v. Whitcher, 52 N. H., 159; Smith v. Montgomery, 5 Iowa, 370; Symonds v. Hall, 37 Me., 354; Chambers v. Lewis, 28 N. Y., 454; Carter v. Simpson, 5 Johns., 535; Paxton v. Freeman, 6 J. J. Marsh., 234. It may be that in the case first cited the court merely holds that the purchaser obtains no title as against A. But if, while the goods are in the officer’s possession under the execution against B., A. sells, in good faith and for value, to C., does not 0. become vested with A.’s rights, and can he not maintain replevin for the goods as against the purchaser at the execution sale? And if, instead of A. selling" his interest and might of action in the goods, they are levied upon and sold to C. under an execution against A., C. still obtains all the right, title and interest of A. therein. Griffith v. Fowler, 18 Vt., 390; Sanborn v. Kittredge, 20 id., 632; Rakestraw v. Hamilton, 14 Iowa, 147; Popelston v. Skinner, 4 Dev. & Batt., 156; McGhee v. Ellis, 4 Litt., 244; Austin v. Tilden, 14 Vt., 325; True v. Congdon, supra; Rorer, §§ 1051, 1055. He can therefore maintain replevin for them. Felker & Weisbrod, for respondents: It is clear from the evidence that the levy on the execution against White, Jr., and the sale thereon to Adelaide — 152 — White, were eacb prior to tbe levy and tbe sale, respectively, under wbicb plaintiffs claim. Tbis being so, plaintiff's did not acquire any title by tbe execution sale to them. Tbe lien of an execution is lost if tbe officer, after levy, suffers tbe property to remain with tbe debtor as bis own, or voluntarily permits tbe debtor to regain possession thereof. Barnes v. Billington, 1 Wash. C. C., 29; Wilson v. Hensley, 4 Ired. Law, 66; Knower v. Barnard, 5 Hill, 377; Camp v. Chamberlain, 5 Denio, 198. Tbis must be on tbe principle that the abandonment, surrender or transfer of tbe property by tbe officer ends tbe lien created by tbe levy. If so, why was not tbe sale and delivery of tbe property to Adelaide White such a surrender or abandonment of possession by tbe officer as to defeat tbe levy and sale under tbe other execution? It may be that tbe officer could have retaken it under plaintiffs’ execution, and then made a valid sale; but no such retaking is claimed here. Tbe fact, if it be such, that Adelaide White acquired no title by the sale to her, does not help tbe plaintiffs. But she obtained a prima faeie title by possession, wbicb is superior to any wbicb they can show. In support of these views counsel cited Herman on Ex., cb. 8, §§ 158, 172, cb. 9, § 182, and cb. 11, § 211; Cochran v. Roundtree, 3 Strob., 217; Davidson v. Waldron, 31 Ill., 120; Cooley v. Harper, 4 Ind., 454; Border v. Benge, 12 Iowa, 330; Barham v. Massey, 5 Ired. Law, 192; Allen v. Scurry, 1 Yerg., 36; Wheeler v. Nichols, 32 Me., 233; Leach v. Pine, 41 Ill., 66; Davidson v. Waldron, 31 id., 120; Newman v. Hook, 37 Mo., 207. Ryan, C. J. In tbe former opinion on tbis appeal, we said that we did not understand bow tbe sheriff could bold possession of tbe goods, at tbe same time, as tbe property of one person on one execution, and as tbe property of another person on another execution; and make separate, valid sales of them, at tbe same time, to different purchasers, for different prices, on different titles; of necessity making delivery only — 153 — to one; so as to vest a title in tbe purchaser to whom he made no delivery. After reargnment on that point, we are still wholly unable to understand it. "When a sheriff levies an execution upon goods as the property of a judgment debtor, they are, as such, in custodia legis, and he is vested with a special property in them, in right of the execution. Martin v. Watson, 8 Wis., 315; Herman’s Exec., §§ 172, 173. If, after levy, the sheriff discover that the goods are not the property of the judgment debtor, he may, at his peril of the fact, relinquish the levy and possession of the goods. State v. Swigart, 22 Ark., 528; Herman, § 159. But, so long as the sheriff adheres to the levy and retains possession under it, his special property and possession can be divested only by legal process or proceeding against him, in right of an adverse title. He cannot himself, retaining his levy and possession against one judgment debtor, levy another execution against another judgment debtor, on the same goods; and so become vested with conflicting special titles, in adverse rights. The law sanctions no such anomaly. The sheriff levies at his peril of the judgment debtor’s title; and cannot be tolerated to assert his possession of goods, as m custodia legis, as of different adverse owners. See Booth v. Ableman, 16 Wis., 460. So far as we know, this is the first time such a feat has been attempted. Having first levied the respondent Adelaide's execution on the goods in controversy, as the property of White, Jr., and adhered to that levy until he sold and delivered the property to her as purchaser at his sale on her execution, the sheriff was outside of his duty and authority in levying the appellant’s execution against White, Sen., on the same goods; and his sale to them was void, vesting no title in them. The appellants therefore failed in proof of title, essential to their recovery in replevin. And the title of White, Jr., and .the question of fraud in the sale of White, Sen,, to White, Jr., were immaterial on the trial. — 154 — Tbe judgment of tbe court below is therefore affirmed. By the Oowrt. — Judgment affirmed.