Waddingham v. Gamble

Opinion of the court delivered by Tompkins J. Gamble brought his action of ejectment in the circuit court of St. Louis county, against Waddingham, and the other defendants were on application, admitted as co-defendants. Judgment being given against them in that court, they appeal to this. — The defendant in error, on the trial of the cause in the circuit court,gavé in evidence an extract from the books of the Recorder of Land Titles for the territory of Missouri: by which it appears, that an out lot of the town of St. Louis, of forty arpens, was [468] confirmed to Joseph Tayon, in the year 1815. He also gave .in evidence the following extract from Livre Ter-rien, No. 2. (a provincial land book, under the Gvernment of Spain.) “I the undersigned, Martin Duralde, in virtue of the power with which Don Pedro Piernas, Captain of infantry, and Lieutenant- Governor of the Establishments and other dependant posts of the Spanish Government of Illinois, has invested me, at the request of the inhabitants of this post'of St. Louis, desiring that the dimensions, courses and boundaries, of the lands which they possess' in its vicinity, may be determined by a person competent and authorised for that purpose, declare to all those whom it concerns, that on the requisition of each one of said inhabitants, during the autumn of the year' 1770, andof the spring of the years 1771 and 1772, (the days and months whereof I do not mention, the operations having been made by turns, and not consecutively, as to those who have possessions distinct from each other, and situate in different places,) and particularly on the request of Mr. Joseph Tayon, I went from my dwelling, situate in the said post of St. Louis, to a tract of land of one arpent wide, by forty long, belonging to him, partly cultivated, and partly fallow, situate in the prairie that touches this village, and immediately on one side, upon the ' domains of the King, of one arpent in width, and grazing by its extremity the foot of the mound, and bounded on the other side by Paul Kiercereau, and on the two others by the domain of the'King, to survey it.” It further appears' from the extract, that Duralde finished the survey, giving the courses of the lines, and setting stones in the ground at each corner. In the- margin of the book in which M. Duralde made this entry, and oposite to that entry, was the following memorandum in French, viz: “Reunited to the Royal domain from their having been abandoned for,a long time, St. Louis, 4th June 1793, Trudeau.” It appeared- in evidence that this memorandum was in the hand-writing of Jaques Glamorgan, and that the signature was that of Zenon Trudeau, then Lieutenant Governor' of'the province; but that Glamorgan held no office; and it did not appear that-Tayon had any notice of the said entry. The plaintiff then gave evidence of a sale of said land among the heirs of Tayon, made by order of the circuit court of St. Louis county, on a petition for a partition of said land, and a deed made to him as'purchaser at such sale, was given in evidence. The plaintiff offered in evidence the testimony of several witnesses taken in depositions, which was objected [469] to, though it was taken within the hours specified in the notice, because the defendant had not arrived in time to cross-examine them. Pierre Chouteau, one of the witnesses, states, “that he knows of Joseph Tayon, now deceased, having a field let in the common- field, west and adjoining to the town of St. Louis, which said field lot, containing one arpent by forty arpents, (meaning that it was one arpent wide, by forty long,) was situated near the place called the Big Mound, and bounded north, as he believes, by one Kiercereau — which said lot, with' others, was surveyed in the years ‘1770 and 1772, by Martin Duralde, by order of Don Pedro Piern as, Lieutenant Governor of Illinois, and at the request of the inhabitants: and that he, the deponent, attended Duralde at the surveying of said lots, as a student surveyor under him; That said Tayon did cultivate said field during at least twenty-five consecutive years’, prior to, and since the surveying thereof; and did not cease to cultivate the same until the month of May 1780, or V annee du coup, at which time the common, fields were abandoned. That one Jean Baptiste Provenchere, cultivated a field lot situated and lying south of the said field lot of the said Joseph Tayon, which said Provenchere ceased to cultivate in said year 1780. That being informed by Mr. Rene Paul, that John Mullanphy had enclosed apart of the said Tayon’s field lot, he, the said deponent, in the presence of the said Rene Paul, told said Mullanphy of it, and required him to have said fence removed, but that Mullanphy replied that he had purchased said land of John B. Provenchere,’and would not remove his fence, unless compelled by due course of law.” Evidence was then given on the part of the defendants, of a confirmation by the board of commissioners,, to Mullanphy, under Provenchere, in the year 1809, of a tract of land two arpents in front, by forty arpents deep, situated near the town of St. Louis. From the confirmation, it appears that Mullanphy produced before the board of commissioners, a conveyance from the said John Baptiste Provenchere to himself for the same, and that on the application of Provenchere, testimony to establish his claim was received by the board: and several witnesses produced on the part of the defendants below, proved that Provenchere (under whom the defendants, as heirs &c. of John Mullanphy, claim,) cultivated for many years, a field west of the mound above spoken of, and lying near the said mound. From their evidence, it appears that Provenchere ploughed nearly from north to [470] •south, and the traces of the furrows yét lemain visible— that'Provenchere had no separate field-^ffh’at. there was a common field, in which many of the .villagers cultivated, ■one of the witnesses among the rest.- ■ ■The plaintiff then produced Rene Paul, to give testimony ftb rebut that of the defendants. He stated that, “as deputy surveyor of the United States, under instructions' -from the Surveyor Genefal, he surveyed the common field lots adjacent to St. Louis, the plat whereof» had been-given in evidence, - exhibiting the manner in which he surveyed and located the -several claims. That his insti uctionkwere to locate, first, all the land's for which there were' péncessions; and seeo.ndl/, those confirmed without gcaáts-to suppport them. And he was instructed also, .to gét the necessary information for making said surveys, by examining re-eoids and taking witnesses on the ground: that the confirmations were all furnished him; that he -.consulted the Livre Terrien, (provincial land book; above ^mentioned) and made a plat pf the said eomrüon- field lots, and also hdd a plat. fi;om different persons who had claims, Antoine Riviere, called Bacane, and Rene Dodier, had given to TTHunt, the recorder of land titles, a list of the lands in said common fields; and he took the said Bacane and Dodier, before he made the surveys, ahd-went. upon the -land, and they pointed out to the witness the different iots-in the said common fields, and the owners names; and the list so given by them, was the same as'that given to Mr. .Hunt, the recorder: that he took them across the lands more than once, and they adhered to the same locations -of the claims of the persons interested in the common fields. Shortly afterwards, the witness surveyed the said common fields, but the said Bacane and Dodier were not with him then. That in' making said survey, he found e-vea’y corner stone of skid surveys, except one or two, where they ought to have been according to such locations of said lands. Said Bacane and Dodier, on the occasion aforesaid, showed the land-of John B. Proven-chere as lying between Lirette and Guión: Lirette’s land once belonged to Chancellier. Witness had several conversations with John Mullanphy respecting said Proven-chere’s 'land. Witness told Mulanphy that the arpent opposite to the big mound (the same above mentioned, opposite to which Provenchere, as was téstified, cultivated,) was Tayon’s. Mullanphy. said he claimed two arpents under Provenchere, one under Lirette, one under Yein, and one under Moreau; that he would hold the ' two arpents south of the mound by his confirmation; and [471] the land oposite to the mound, he would hold until some person should take it from him by law. The land wrhich the witness surveyed for Provenchere is south of the mound; the north boundary oE Provenchere’s land, as surveyed by the witness, is five arpens south of the mound. That the said surveys were made in August or September 1826; that if Provenchere’s two arpens are located opposite the mound, as contended for by the defendants, it would alter the location ofall the tracts north and south of it, in the common fields, as made by witness, according to the connected plat.” Other witnesses were examined, whose testimony it is not material to notice here. It may be proper to remark, that the two persons Do- ' dier and Riviere, called Bacane, mentioned in the testimony of Rene Paul, were two of the witnesses produced by the defendants to prove the locality of Provenchere’s cultivation; and that they refer to the testimony formerly given by them to Mr. Hunt, the recorder, as given at an earlier period of their lives, when their memories were more accurate. A survey made by the county surveyor, was given in evidence: he states that he found no corner stones, and gives it as his opinion, “that Mr. Martin Du-ralde may have located the Joseph Tayon forty arpent lot, one arpent north of where it now stands — its present north boundary becoming'thereby its south boundary,” quoting, apparently as a reason therefor, the language of Duralde’s entry in Livre Temen, viz: “Et immediatement d’ un cote au domaine du Roi, d? un arpent de large et rasant par son extremite h pied de la monticule appellee la Grange.” As the lot of Tayon is located in the survey made by Rene Paul, it is bounded on its eastern extremity by the foot of the mound, which if the true meaning of the phrase “rasant par son extremite le pied de la monticule” — translated, “grazing by its extremity the foot of the mound;” and this is conformable to the survey of Rene Paul above mentioned. If we suppose with the county surveyor, that it may have been located one arpent further north, then it would not be bounded on the east by the mound at all, but the longer sid of the parallelogram being produced, would pass on the north of the mound, as it is represented on each plat. On this evidence the defendants moved the court to instruct the Jury — 1st. That if they believed the confirmation to Mullanphy, assignee of Provenchere, covered the land Ulaimed by the plaintiff, then they must find for the defendants. 2. —That if they believed that the land in dis [472] pute, was reunited to the domain of the King by the Lieutenant Governor, then they must find for the defendants. 3. — If they believe that Provenchere was in possession of the land in question, and cultivated the same since the year 1793, and before the 20th day of December 1803,'then the act of Congress of 13 th June 1812, confirmed said land to said Provenchere, or his legal representatives, and the plaintiff cannot recover in this case. 4th. — That the plaintiff got no title under Joseph Tayon to the land in question by the proceedings in partition, and the commissioners’ deeds given in evidence. 5th. — 1That there is no legal evidence that the parties to said proceedings in partitiori, were heirs of Joseph Tayon 4eceased. ®Pj”ion of t!l0 Def. in ejectment claimed title to. t5l<r land in. dis-ofone?,towíom8 def. contended, it 0f Comm’rs^but offered no evi°L-,th<l lo,' confirmed — the coupt did right in that if theyUbe-Hevedthe confir-jC0V* question, they" must find for def. p,“eV<tUlt to show that land was, sub-^¡nt to him from the Kina of Spain, the ting by the Lieu, who’Ta?auYheS title of the K. of S. having confirmed the land to nomain of the [472] The first instruction was very properly .refused,' be? cause no evidence whatever was offered of the location ,óf-thedand confirmed 'to Mullanphy; indeed the party appeared studiously to have avoided interrogating their witnesses as the location by the act óf Buralde, who was appointed to survey, all their questions being directed to the location of the field which hé cultivated. The field cultivated by him being inclosed with those of many others, and the cultivation commenced many years before the survey, and probably before any of them ever thought of having a survey. It-would be probably possible for any surveyor ever to lay on their separate tracts in the shape these lots were surveyed, and at the sametime to give to each man his field. The ploughing was from north to south, as testified by. several witnesses, The lots, were except two, one arpen in width from north ió south, and forty arpens long, from' east to west. In all probability the field of Mr. Provenchere crossed the lots of more than six persons of one arpen in width. Habitation and Cultivation were the moving considerations of the King of Spain for granting land — all these persons had inhabited and cultivated, and thereby substantially earned the land, and a compromise must be made. - Mr. Provenchere accepted his tract of two arpens in width, by forty in length. It vvás confirmed to him by the board of commissioners, as surveyed by the authority of the Spanish Lieutenant Governor: and now he contends fop land in another place, granted to some other person. The court, as we think, committed no ror in refusing the first instruction. 2nd. The instruction asked, appears most extraordinary.' If the land in question were reunited to the royal domain by the act of the Lieutenant Governor, it became the [473] erty of the United States, and who shall contest their right to give it to whom they please? No error then, we think, was committed here in refusing this instruction.— 3rd. The answer to this is, that Provenchere had land confirmed to him in consideration of cultivation &c. and that there is no evidence that this is the land': on the contrary, there is the strongest evidence that this is not the land* Furthermore, there is no evidence of the cultivation of this land, after the alleged reunion of the land to royal domain. Chouteau states that it never was cultivated after “P annee du coup,” viz: 1780, when many of the villagers were massacred by the Indians ;■ and nei-t[ier t[ie otker witnesses say that it was. There was no error then, in refusing this instruction. 4th and 5th. If there had been any thing incorrect in the proceedings ^113 circuit court in the prayer for a partition, the objection should have been taken then by some person in-terestéd; but this is not done; and the judgment of that court is not to be reversed by this court in a collateral suit. X here is no error here then, in refusing these, it also objected, that the plaintiff finished taking his depositions before the defendant arrived at the place, but not pretended that the hour was at an unreasonable time of the day, or that the plaintiff began to take his deposi-^ons before the appointed time. We think, then, that no error was committed here. It is the opinion of this court that the judgment of the circuit court ought to be affinn-ed’ alld acc°^gly it is affirmed, The court did right -in refusing jury,8 that ifhthey believed that P. had title to the 1u.estl0n, cultivation and subsequent mus'” fin^for^def —there being no" evidence to prove firmed'to pnln°n" consideration of cultivation and Wantfn Tie! pute, but strong proof to the contrary. The judgt. oí the cir. ct. in a suit for the partition of land,' will not he reversed by the sup.ct. in a. collateral suit — objections must come from persons interested. Depositions taken at the appointed time and place, and at a reasonable time of day, are riot to beyxcluded because the party notified to attend did not arrive until the othet party had finished taking the depositions.