McNair v. Hunt

To1~rr'aINs, Judge, delivered the opinioti of the court. McNair, the plaintiff in error, was also the plaintiff in the circuit court. She sued Hunt in `ejectment, and judgment being rendered against her, she prosecutes this Writ of error to reverse that judgment. The plaintiff claimed the land in questioa as a part of a ~arger tract granted by the government of S~ain to Ann 0. Camp, her grandmother, and to Antoine Riehie her father. Riehie, her father, died 25th February, A. D. 1802, his wife, mother of the plaintiff being previously dead. The plaintiff was married to Alexander McNair~ A. D. 1805, and he died in the year 1826, and Ann 0. Camp in October, 1803, leaving, as her heirs, three daughters, Mrs. Wherry, Mrs~ Bates, and Mrs. Oatharine Dodge, and three children of the wife of Antoine Riehie of whom the plaintiff was one. Hunt, the defendant, claims the land in litigation un306 der Pierre Chouteau, who claims under Gregoire Sarpy., by purchase at a sheriff’s sale, made on 29th June, 1808. Sarpy purchased the premises on the 28th day of March, 1802, at a sale then made of the estate, both real and personal, of Antoine Riehle, father of the plaintiff, as above mentioned. The plaintiff was bom in January, 1787. In the spring of the year 1803, Ann 0. Camp and Gregoire Sarpy divided between themselves a tract of land, of which the land in dispute is part, and Sarpy and those claiming under him have- since that time had exclusive possession of it till the present time; and it was admitted that alt the right and title of Gregoire Sar-py to the said land in dispute, was vested in the defendant at the time the action was commenced. It was also admitted, that in the year 1831, the plaintiff and the said Catharine Dodge executed to Bernard Pratte and others a deed, conveying all their right to a tract of land, being part of a tract of land granted by the Spanish government to Antoine Riehle and Ann O. Camp, and óf that part oí the same tract allotted to the said Ann G. Camp, on a division thereof between Gregoire Sarpy and the said Ann 0. Camp, by the surveyor general. The defendant, to prove that all tire right, title, claim, and interest which Antoine Riehle had at the time of his death to the tract of land originally granted to Antoin® Riehle and Ann O. Camp, of which the land in litigation is part, was legally sold and conveyed to Gregoire Sar-py, offered in evidence two documenta purporting to be the proceedings of the sale of the estate of Antoine Riehle, deceased, and an act of sale and adjudication of the plantation of Antoine Riehle, deceased. The plaintiff objected to these documents being used as evidence; his objections were overruled, and they were read in evidence, and the decision of the circuit court was' excepted to. T:ie first document above mentioned, contained an account of the sale of the personal property of Antoine Uchle, deceased, by hie oseen!-u, and h of no impor-;-,uco here, except as it forms a part oí •> a same proceeding of which the f-cond gives an :v .-.¡mí the sale of .ho r ; y.ovty. Th* bill of ■xce’Cton:, 1 • csedings of estate Á 1. Riehle, decease;' then v ..81" TOdflt*•. of St, f ,ouis and of Upper ■LooP1-na, which pro:-'', the oi'ice of the recorder c! *!:. . what is called the “Spanish archs •• ■ w v ■■ L/’o'!, : ~i the pnbbc vie of >iv. ' A-, i A - o :,bc ■ ■ .'¡mu. •/.trncr ' .t;;- at' ■■ :1 i die in oi.i counti1, anion.;' ' No Jí’üU -'y-íZ: ■ — 307 — 1st as to the propriety of admitting them to be read in evidence as records oí judicial proceedings; but it- is contended that those proceedings are null and void. The objections are: - 1. In a judicial sale of an estate in -which minors are concerned, no&ing is to be presumed; but all the solemnities required in the alienation of such estates must appear to have been observed, or no title passes, and the sale is void. The solemnities are: 1. The sale shall be for a good and sufficient cause. 2. The estate must be appraised and an inventory made thereof. 3. That there should be thirty days notice. 4. That the real estate shall not be sold till the personal is exhausted. 5. That there shall be a decree ordering the sale, and it must be made by a competent judge. 6. That the sale shall be made at auction. 7. That the real estate shall not be sold for less than the appraisement, and if it should not bring that, there shall be a re-appraisement, in order that • the terms may be altered. By the document here received in evidence, it appears that Gregoire Sarpy had been appointed executor testamentary of Riehle, and guardian of the minor children, and had made an inventory; and that ho applied to the lieutenant governor, stating that it was necessary to sell the property to pay debts, and praying that notice might be given of a public sale on the 21st March, 1802. The answer to his petition is, “granted as demanded, being-authorized by the lieutenant governor, who is absent on affairs concerning the royal service, &c. (Signed) Benito Vasques.” ■ The land was three times publicly offered for sale at the church door after public prayer; first, on the 21st March, 1802; second, on the 25th; and third, on the 28th, the lieutenant governor attending in person, in his judicial character, and performing the duties of scrivener for want of a proper officer, and accompanied by two assisting witnesses and the public crier. On the last day, (termed the last adjudication,) Sarpy was the highest bidder, and became the purchaser for $820, which, says the record, being repeatedly cried out by-said public crier until half past twelve of the said day, and no other person offering more, the voice “one, two, three” being given, the .aforesaid plantation was thereupon adjudged to the said Gregoire Sarpy for the said sum of eight hundred and twenty dollars, and he gave security as required. Each day’s proceedings were closed with equal solemnity, the lieutenant governor attending in person and performing the duties of scrivener. to discharge his judicial duties, customs of this State, whilst erned by the LFeut.SGovMnorhe had aright to thorize a deputy a. it is not clear that thirty days notice were ne-lidity of a sale by an administrator, laws and and, even if ft ’ were so, a shorter ingsvoidable, and their validity tkmetHn eral suit. It is not pretended that the lieutenant governor tran* scended his powers in assuming to direct the sale of the land, but that Benito Tasques had discharged the duties of judge, is the reason assigned why all this proceeding should be declared null and void. Tasques made the order f°r sale? alleging that he was authorized by the governor, he being absent on affairs concern-jng the royal service. The laws of the. province alfect-in§ the rights of the parties litigant, are as much a part the laws of this land now, as the acts of the general, assembly, and the courts of this State are equally bound to take notice of each; but in the absence of any evidence of the laws of Spain in that behalf, we should bo bound to believe that Benito Tasques, assuming to act as judge, was really authorized to do so. This presumption is strengthened when we see the lieutenant take up and conclude the judicial proceeding commenced by his deputy. The counsel for the defendant has not, however, left us without light, but has furnished us with an authority showing that a secular judge may appoint a deputy on occasion of absence, as well as for other reasons; the lieutenant governor was absent on the royal service — see Curia Phillippica, sec. 6. It seems that tire Spanish law writers express by the word null or nullity, what we do by the words void or voidable; an absolute nullity is what we define by the word void, and a simple nullity is what we term voidable. One reason assigned for deciding the whole proceeding to be void is, that there not thirty days notice given of this sale. To prove that there should have been thirty days notice of the sale, or rather, as I suppose, to prove that this sale was made on sufficient notice, we are referred to an order of the superior court of the territory, made in the year 1806. It is in these words: “ It is ordered by the that the land in the petition (to foreclose a mortgage) mentioned, be advertised, cried and sold, according to the Spanish custom, three several Sundays next,” fee. according with the plaintiff’s counsel in the belief that the judges of that court were able men and had much better opportunity than we have to ascertain the Spanish custom in this behalf, I am at a loss to discover how they should be better informed of that custom than the lieutenant governor of the day. The counsel of the plaintiff seems to have forgot that the notice of this sale was given by the lieutenant governor himself, in his own-proper person, and that Sarpy wa3 altogether passive. The salo was exclusively a judicial sale. It is well ob~ — 309 — sorved by the late chief justice of the supreme court of the United States, that the acts of an officer, to whom a public duty is assigned by his king, within the sphere of that duty, are prima facie taken to be within his power —see U. S. v. Clarke, 8 Wheaton, 452. The judge then spoke of a mere ministerial officer; this lieutenant governor was acting in a judicial character. As publicity was the object of the notice, it seems that the number of proclamations might have been the test of correctness. These proclamations wore made when the whole population of the village went out from public prayer, and when probably there were not many families living outside of the village within twenty miles distance. It appears from the cases cited that, in Spain, thirty days notice were at some remote period required, and probably still are, but for what reason the crown of Spain could require thirty days notice to be given in this then colony, I am unable to see. But even if that were the law, I should say that the act of the sale wras merely voidable, and could not be now questioned in a collateral suit; as much may be said of all the other objections here made. 3. There was efficient proof, t^at an inventory-was made, and an aPPiaisement was Though the re-®°r^dormt^show ¡t was pr0Ted’¿e-fore the Lieut, Ge°g®™°t exhausted before he ordered the of the Teal. gai presumption is, that such was *e fach and *at ¡n ¿ccordan«e law. An inventory, it is said, should have been made. Well, it seems one was made, for Sarpy in his application so states it, and it is not unreasonable to suppose that the lieutenant governor would not otherwise have suffered the sale to proceed. But an appraisement should have •been made, ibe most convenient mode ol appraising these goods, was to do it while the sale proceeded, and while the .court was sitting, to approve or disapprove. The real estate should not have been sold till the sonal estate was exhausted. The real estate, it seems •from the record, was not sold till the personal estate was exhausted,and it must now be supposed that the court then sitting, decided the sale to be necessary, Or rather, that it was decided to be necessary when Sarpy applied for an order of sale, on proof then made, proof, too, which it is as unreasonable to suppose would be preserved reeord, as that an executor or administrator ol the present da'y should preserve the evidence by which the county court is satisfied that he ought to have an allow-anee lor money paid out m the proper discharge ot tus duties. The court, in the settlement of estates, sents the government or commonwealth in the protection of the rights of the successors, and those interested must attend and make their objections then, in due form of law, or be forever after silent. No honest man of — 310 — common sense would ever take on himself the administration of an estate on other terms. 5. By the laws thenin force, a Mi^e land16 with permission oí the judge. ■ 6. That, finally, the laws then in existence, could, at any time with-this°'ad^udication and sale, have jected to the proper courts* failing to do so, the judgment and whieh ° a*t worst but voidable, ■4iot now be at-iered as'evhience in a collateral “itThe sale was made at auction, as abundantly appears on the face of the record, and with a degree of caution, perhaps, never at this day practised. The lots were very small, and the purchaser of each particular lot gave security for each lot as he purchased, But Sarpy, the executor and guardian, purchased the land. Ihe guardian and others may purchase with the permission of the judge —1 Febrero, p. 394, No. 2; 3 Febrero, p. 47, No. 85; and 5 Febrero, p. 20; No. 301. The same authorities show tfiat the plaintiff might, within four years after she came of age, viz. in January, 1808, have objected to any of these proceedings for good cause shown. The probate courts of the territory, the court of common pleas, and the courts of chancery established in 1810, each had jurisdiction. The judge presided at the sale when Sarpy purchased, and consequently he-purchased by permission. The principal- privilege of the minor is the benefit of an entire reslitution which is granted him, (says the same author, p, 92, vol. 5,) on account of his want of experience, liability to imposition and fraud of his adversary, in those contracts in which he is prejudiced. It might not have' been at all disadvantageous either to Sar- or those’ claiming under him, to have restored the in dispute at any time after the year 1808, and the-defendant, Hunt, began to improve the land by building,, &c, The money produced by the sale, and interest a,t 6 per cent, was probably more than i t would then have-^een so^ ^or' ^ut instea<I of proceeding to set aside the in a court of proper jurisdiction in due time* this action of ejectment is commenced^ and the whole record °* proceedings before the lieutenant governor is objected to. as evidence,, as if it were 'a mere blank. Every judgment, says the same author, has in its favor the presumption that it has been rendered according to-the form prescribed by law, with the knowledge of the-cause, and by a lawful judge having jurisdiction'to render it, particularly if he be a superior one; and if it is an ancient one, the presumption is increased, that all the requisites and substantial solemnities preceded it. Nevertheless, as it happens frequently that judgments contain the defect of npllity for various reasons, which I am about to specify, they can be attacked and rescinded for this cause, although it be that, if the parties agree to it. — 311 — the null judgment is confirmed, for the null act becomes valid by the consent to it, as is said in the law. possession of ¿¿“hose 1 claiming under him, is sufficient presuma*a deed, The judgment may be null or unjust ' It is called null when it is rendered against the form and solemnities required by the laws; and unjust when it is rendered against the rights of the litigant; wherefore, lawyers in appeals pray the superior court to declare it null, or re* voice it as unjust. Judgments may be called and are null for want of the judge’s jurisdiction or the citation of the party —see 4 Febrero, p. 336-7. These last are what we call void judgments, and if the defects alleged in the proceedings before the lieutenant governor, of which the record offered in evidence contained a history, be, such, then the circuit court should have rejected the evidence as inadmissable. Hut this is not pretended, and the nullities pointed out in the proceedings are merely what we call errors, for which the proceedings of the lieutenant governor might (il application had been, made in due. time to the terrritofial courts) have been possibly rescinded and revoked. But it is contended that this tract of land was ed to Mrs. Ann O. Camp and Antoine Riehle, jointly, and that no partition was made betweent hem, and that the land in dispute being common to both, the plaintiff is entitled to recover, in this action, one-third of fourth, or one-twelfth part of the tract of land held by the defendant under Sarpy. The evidence is the act of partition admitted on the record to have been made be* tween Ann 0. Camp and Sarpy in the spring of the year 1803, and the absence of any positive proof of a partition between her and Riehle in his lifetime. In the act of sale, it is described at the first adjudication, as a plantation “formerly belonging to the deceased, containing one thousand four hundred and fifty-two arpens of land, part of which was under fence, on which there stands a dwelling house, &c. and orchard; which land is bounded on the one side by the widow Camp, on the other by lands of Carondelet, and on the other by the domain of the king, as appears by the figurative plat of survey, and as the same stands oh this day.” More than one year after this sale, Ann 0. Camp was living, and made with Gregoire Sarpy an act of partition of this land. It was also admitted that in the year 1831, the plaintiff and Catharine Dodge executed a deed to Bernard Pratte and others, by which they conveyed all that certain tract of land, and all their right, &c. to and — 312 — in the same, whether by descent or purchase, being part of a tract of land granted to Antoine Riehle and Ann O. Camp, by the Spanish government, and of that part of same tract allotted to the said Ann on a division thereof between Gregoire Sarpy and her. Plow long Riehle may have been in possession of the tract sold as his plantation, does not appear. But it appears that he had erected a dwelling house and other out houses, planted an orchard, and made an inclosure; and these acts were so notorious as to gain the land the reputation of being called at the ■time of sale, the plantation formerly belonging to the deceased. If, however, we unite to his possession that of Sarpy and those claiming under him, till the time this suit w*as commenced, we have a possession of more than thirty years. A figurative plat of survey, (according to the record,) as the same stands on this day, was exhibited on the day of sale. No jury could hesitate to find, under such circumstances, that a division of this land between Ann O. Camp and Antoine Riehle had taken place in his lifetime, and that the act of partition made by her and Sarpy in October, 1803, was but a recognition of the former act of partition made between her and Riehle in his lifetime. But the question recuis, why did not the plaintiff complain to a competent tribunal in due time to have this sale to Sarpy set aside ? In deciding on the points of law arising on the record m this action of ejectment, we are required to look into'another record of proceedings that took place thirty years past, and to discharge the duty of judges and jurors, by declaring whether there evej had been a partition of the land granted to Ann 0. Camp and Riehle, m the lifetime of Riehle. The jury, in my opinion, were bound to consider the fact as proved, and if it were open to them,'there is on the record an abundance of evidence to justify a finding of a partition in Riehle’s lifetime between him and Mrs. Camp, his moth8r-in-law. Was any error committed by the circuit court in the instruction given to the jury? The court instructed the jury, that if they should not be of opinion that there was fraud in the proceeding, on the part of Sarpy and those claiming under him, the defendant has made out a legal title to the land in question. The whole of the evidence in the cause, except one deed, was admitted evidence, and record documentary evidence. This deed was proved to have been made by Mrs. Catharine l)odge to the plaintiff, and by it she granted to the plaintiff all her right and title of in and to tho — 313 — land in dispute,on the 7th May, 1831. It was the exclusive province of the court to declare to the jury the law arising on the documentary evidence, and also of the admitted evidence; and it might, with the utmost priety, have declared to the jury, whether or. not, on the testimony, documentary and admitted, the defendant had made out a legal title. The deed proved to have been executed by Mrs. Dodge cou¡d avail the plaintiff nothing, unless the jury believed there was fraud in the proceedings on the part of Sarpy. . In that case she would, if the jury had found the deed to be good, have recovered one-twelfth part in her own right, and one-fourth part in the right of Mrs. Dodge, the maker of the deed. In giving this instruction, then, the circuit court committed no error as it seems to me. For reasons above given, then, I am of opinion its judgment ought to be affirmed, and such being the opinion of the other judges, it is affirmed. N. B. On the argument of this cause, the counsel for the appellant abandoned the point made in his brief, that the sale of the estate of Antoine Riehle was not ordered by competent authority, and admitted that the lieutenant governor might,in his absence,appoint a deputy to discharge his judicial duties. But when I wrote the opinion, I did not recollect it.