Miller v. Woodward

Napton, Judge, delivered the opinion of the Court. This was a bill in chancery, filed by the plaintiff in error against Woodward & Thornton, administrators of the estate of William W. Mauzey, deceased, and John S. Wilkerson, James S. Ball, and others, creditors of said estate. The bill alleges, that in the year 1836, the complainant, in connection with three others, became securities in a collector’s bond for William W. Mauzey, in the penal sum of ten thousand dollars, conditioned for the faithful performance of his duties in that office; that, in 1837, Mauzey died intestate, and defendants, Woodward & Thornton, administered upon his estate; that the greater portion of the assets were yet in the hands of said administrators, and no final settlement had been made; that the estate is insolvent, and will not pay fifty cents in the dollar on the demands against it; that the County Court of Eay county had ordered distribution of such moneys as were in the hands of said administrators to be made among the creditors, paying on all debts in class No. 5, thirty seven and a half cents in the dollar. The bill further charges, that in April, 1841, suit was instituted by the State of Missouri against the complainant and other securities of Mauzey, on said collector’s bond, and judgment obtained for two hundred and sixty-four dollars, which' suit was not commenced until more than three years had elapsed from the date of the letters of administration. The bill charges, that complainant paid the whole amount of this judgment, and that his co-securities are insolvent. The bill prays for an injunction restraining the administrators from making distribution, and that they be decreed to pay over to complainant the amount paid by him to the State. To this bill defendants demurred generally: the demurrer was sustained by the Circuit Court. How far courts of chancery in this State have original jurisdiction in matters relating to the administration of estates, is a question which the various and apparently conflicting provisions of our statutes have very much embarrassed. The subject was very much investigated by this Court in the case of Erwin vs. Henry, (5 Mo. Rep.,) and a majority of- the court in that case, in construing the 15th section of the act to establish courts of record, and prescribe their power and duties, determined, that the words, “ exclusive original jurisdiction,” should not be extended beyond the first clause of that section, and consequently inferred that courts of chancery and the county courts had concurrent jurisdiction in the cases enumerated in the remaining clauses of the section. This appears to have been a hasty and unwarranted reading of the section. That section embodies in its twelve clauses the various powers and duties of the County Court; it declares that this court shall have exclusive original jurisdiction over all the matters detailed in the first iix clauses, concurrent jurisdiction with the Circuit Court in the cases enumerated in the seventh clause, and exclusive original jurisdiction, or, (to use more appropriate phraseology,) power to perform the various acts specified in the five last clauses. This is plain, by a proper grammatical construction of the section, which, requires the words, “exclusive — 172 — original jurisdiction,” to be understood in all the clauses except the seventh, (where the words, “concurrent jurisdiction,” are used,) and is made plainer by reference to the act in the Revised Code of 1825, in pari materia. The provision, as it stands in the Revised Code of ’35, is substantially a copy of the former law: with a view to brevity and perspicuity, it is merely divided into clauses, and its phraseology slightly altered. The section, as it is found in the Revised Code of 1825, is thus: “The several courts of probate shall have exclusive original jurisdiction in all cases relative to the probate of last wills and testaments, the granting letters testamentary and of administration, and repealing the same, appointing or displacing guardians of orphans, minors, and persons of unsound mind, in binding out apprentices, in the settlement and allowance of accounts of executors, administrators, and guardians ; to hear and determine all disputes and controversies whatsoever in relation to wills, the right of executorship, administration or guardianship, or respecting the duties or accounts of executors, administrators or guardians, and disputes and controversies between masters and their apprentices; to hear and determine all suits and other proceedings instituted against executors and administrators, upon any demand against the estate of their testator or intestate, when such demand shall not exceed two hundred, dollars, and concurrent jurisdiction with the Circuit Court,'where the demand shall exceed that sum, subject to appeal in all cases, &c. They shall have power to amend process, and cause to come before them,” &c.— proceeding to enumerate the matters specified in the eighth and subsequent clauses of the 15th section of the act of 1835. It will be seen, that there is no essential difference between the two sections, except as to the amount necessary to give jurisdiction to the Circuit Court, and the verbal alterations appear to have been solely with a view to classify and to strip the act of verbiage. A comparison of the two acts places, we think, beyond all reasonable doubt, the inference, that the Legislature, in adopting the phraseology of the act of 1835, had no intention of substantially altering the distribution of the subjects of jurisdiction appertaining to the County Court, and that, consequently, that court was invested with exclusive original jurisdiction in all the cases enumerated in that section, except the seventh. So far, then, as the fifteenth section of this statute is concerned, there appears to be no difficulty in establishing the nature and extent of the jurisdiction of the County Court. But the sixth clause of the eighth section of the same act gives to the Circuit Court “a general control over executors, administrators, guardians, minors, idiots, lunatics and persons of unsound mind,” and they are directed “to proceed therein according to the rules, usages and practice of courts of equity.” This is a very indefinite grant of power, or definition of jurisdiction, and it must be confessed, that to fix upon it a proper and reasonable construction, is not without its difficulties. If the section were alone on the statute book, and disconnected from the fifteenth section heretofore ‘alluded to, its meaning would be obvious. The “rules, usages, and practice” of the English chancery courts, in their exercise of control over executors and administrators, are as well defined and established as any other branch of equity and common law jurisprudence. This head of equity, as may be seen by reference to English and American authorities, comprehends — 173 — almost the entire field of jurisdiction occupied by our administration act, and by that act apportioned to the County Court. Legatees could establish their legacies; creditors could compel a settlement and account of the assets; and the administrator himself would go into a court of equity, and institute a suit against the creditors generally, for the purpose of having their claims adjusted, and a final decree, settling the order and payment of the assets. Courts of equity, in England and in those States where the equity jurisprudence of England has been adopted, have, at the instance of a legatee or curator, taken the entire settlement of the estate from the ecclesiastical or probate courts; and in point of practice, where the estate is large and anywise involved, it is usually settled by a master In chancery, to the entire exclusion of the probate court. To adopt, therefore, the usages and practice of the English courts' of chancery, in extremo, would be to render our chancery courts and county courts concurrent tribunals, in all matters relating to the settlement of estates. The history of the origin and growth of this jurisdiction in England is sufficient, apart from the positive enactments of the statute, to show, that the reasons which called it into existence do not require its exercise here. Judge Story, in his treatise on this branch of equity, (Story on Equity, 505,) disavows the idea, that the sole ground of this extensive jurisdiction results from the duty of that court, to enforce the execution of trusts; for if this were the true ground, it would follow, that instead of concurrent, it would have exclusive jurisdiction. The true ground assumed and acted on in England was, that in all the cases in which they would take cognizance, the remedy at law either did not exist at all, or was not “ plain, adequate, and complete.” From the examination of the reasons by which Judge Story, in his treatise on this subject, justifies the gradual attainment of this extensive jurisdiction by the chancery courts in England, and in those of the United States where the English system has prevailed, it will be seen, that all this power in the chancery courts grew out of the same jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical courts. Those courts, in the first place, had no means of enforcing a discovery of assets, and no power to marshal the assets on equitable principles, and, indeed, no way of reaching what in England were termed equitable assets. The second chapter of our administration act makes ample provision on this subject. The administrator or executor must make inventories'of all the decedent’s property, under oath, and if a suspicion arises, that any one has 'concealed or embezzled any of it, the individual charged with such concealment or embezzlement may be cited before the County Court, and compelled to answer.—See the act, ch. 2, sec. 9,10,11. I do not undertake to say, that all the distinctions between legal and equitable assets are destroyed by our act, but it is certain, that the whole doctrine of marshalling assets has no application here, in cases of intestacy ; and even in case of a will, it is not easy to conjecture an instance in which a court of equity would, on that ground solely, have a right to interfere. No power of giving preferences is reserved to the administrator: under the direction of the County Court, the assets are distributed to the creditors pari passu; and the precise order for the payment of debts, legacies, &c., is pointed — 174 — out in the statute, and is not founded on any supposed dignity of debts which existed at common law. What occasion can there be for marshalling assets here, when bond creditors and simple contract creditors are all on a footing, except so far as superior diligence creates a preference? — 2 Fonbl. Eq.,b. 4, ch. 3; 1 Story Eq., 510. In the next place, the ordinary courts could not compel the executor or administrator to prove the items of his account, or swear to its correctness. This is amply provided for in our administration act. Before the act of descents and distributions, it was also doubtful whether an administrator could be compelled to make any distribution of an intestate’s estate. Where payment of a legacy was pleaded, the ecclesiastical courts required two witnesses; executors were entitled to the residue ; and legatees could not be compelled to give refunding bonds : so that, Judge Story says, “practically speaking, in cases of any complication or difficulty, the court of chancery has acquired almost an exclusive jurisdiction.”— Story’s Eq., p. —. In relation to legacies, the English courts of chancery have acquired, in many instances, an exclusive jurisdiction. This was assumed on the ground, that the executor was a trustee for the benefit of legatees, and, therefore, as a matter of trust, legacies were within the cognizance of that court. It was also claimed as incident to discovery and account, and lastly, because of the want of any adequate and complete remedy elsewhere. Upon this last ground, courts of chancery, in cases of legacies to married women and infants, and bequests involving the execution of a trust, have claimed and exercised exclusive jurisdiction, by enjoining the ecclesiastical courts from proceeding at all, and settling the whole matter in chancery. It is thus seen, that the principal reason given by the equity courts of England for their assumption of such extensive jurisdiction, both concurrent and exclusive, over executors and administrators, and the settlement of estates, has been for the want of an efficient and adequate remedy at law. These defects, it is also seen, in the power of the English ecclesiastical courts, do not, to any extent, exist in the organization or powers of our courts of probate. It is true, that where courts of equity have once acquired jurisdiction, in consequence of the want of remedy elsewhere, the subsequent provision of a remedy by the legislative department has been held not to divest chancery of its jurisdiction, unless exclusive words are used in the act. It is better to increase the jurisdiction of courts, than to limit them; for thereby a choice of tribunals is left to suitors. But the principle has no application in this case; for the legislature have used, as we have seen, exclusive words, and the county courts and courts of chancery cannot be concurrent, except so lar as they are made concurrent by the seventh clause of the fifteenth section. By that section, it has been seen, that the circuit courts have concurrent jurisdiction with the county courts in all suits against executors and administrators, where the demand exceeds one hundred dollars. The Circuit Court has both common law and chancery jurisdiction, and where the demand is an equitable — 175 — one, there can be no doubt that, under this provision, the Circuit Court will take cognizance of such demand, as a court of equity. The provisions of the act concerning administration evidently contemplate this exercise of jurisdiction, for the seventh section of article 4, p. 56, provides, “that any person having any demand against an estate, may establish the same by the judgment or decree of some court of record, in the ordinary course of proceedings, and exhibit a copy of such judgment, whether rendered before or after the death of the deceased, to the County Court.” It is apparent, then, from an examination of the different provision of our acts, that the general control over executors and administrators, given by the sixth clause of the eighth section of the act concerning courts, must be limited in its application to such cases as are not provided for in the more specific distribution of equity jurisdiction, to be found both in our act concerning administration, and in the act defining the jurisdiction and powers of the county and circuit courts. The clause appears to have been inserted through abundant caution. The legislature, notwithstanding the care with which they had devised, in the law of administration, suitable modes by which estates could be settled without the aid of courts of equity, except where the intervention of such court was expressly authorized, thought proper to invest the courts of equity with this general control over executors and administrators, to be exercised where the remedy at law was still inadequate. The right of a security to recover from his principal the amount which he has paid in his behalf, is a right which may be established in a court of law; but his right to stand in the place of the creditor, as to all securities, funds, liens, and equities which he may have, is a right which can only be established in a court of equity. In Wright vs. Morley, (11 Vesey, 22,) the doctrine is thus stated by the master of the rolls: “I conceive, that, as the creditor is entitled to the benefit of all the securities the principal debtor has given to his surety, the surety has full as good an equity to the benefit of all the securities the principal gives to the creditor.” In Parsons vs. Briddock (2 Vern., 60,) it was established, that the surety had precisely the same right that the creditor had, and was to stand in his place. In Cheeseborough vs. Milland, (1 Johns. Ch. Rep., 403,) the chancellor says: — “If the creditor to a'bond exacts his whole demand of one of the sureties, that surety is entitled to be substituted in his place, and to a cession of his rights and securities, as if he was a purchaser either against the principal debtor or his co-securities.” In Hays vs. Ward, (4 Johns. Ch. Rep., 123,) it was again said:— “It is a settled principle in the English chancery, that a surety will be entitled to every remedy which the creditor has against the principal debtor, to enforce every security, and to stand in the place of the creditor, and have his securities transferred to him, and to avail himself of those securities against the debtor. This right of the surety stands not upon contract, but upon the same principle of natural justice upon which one surety is entitled to contribution from another.” There can be no question but that courts of equity have jurisdiction in this and similar cases, in which sureties wish to avail themselves of every advantage which the creditor had against their principal. The amount involved places the — 176 — case within the concurrent jurisdictions of the county and circuit courts, and the demand being purely equitable, it falls to the Chancery side of the Circuit Court. The statute of limitations is no bar to this demand, whether suit be instituted in the County Court or a Court of Chancery. Our act provides, that all demands not presented against an estate within three years, shall be forever barred; hut this statutory provision was not designed to work the gross injustice of barring demands against an estate which never accrued until after the expiration of the three years. Suppose the testator had executed in his life a deed with covenants, and a breach of the covenant happens more than three years after his death, would an action for such breach be barred ? Here the cause of action did not accrue until the three years had elapsed, for, until the complainant had paid the judgment against Mauzey’s estate, he had no right of action. The decree of the Circuit Court of Ray county, dismissing the bill of complainant, will therefore be reversed, and the cause remanded, and that court will proceed with the case in conformity to this opinion.