Matson v. Field & Cathcart

Scott, J., delivered the opinion of the Court. This is the case reported in the 8th Mo. Rep. 686, of Field & Cathcart vs. Matson. After the judgment against Field and Cathcart had been affirmed in this Court, they on the very same grounds which are reported in the said case, and on which they in the first instance applied to the Court of Common Pleas to set aside the judgment and grant a new trial, by a bill in equity, applied to the Circuit Court of St. Louis county, for a perpetual injunction restraining all proceedings by Matson under his judgment against Field and Cathcart. The bill was demurred to for the want of equity, and the demurrer was overruled. The defendant, Matson, failing to answer, a decree was entered against him perpetually restraining him from enforcing his judgment against Field and Cathcart. If the Circuit Court had barely granted a new trial, there would have been some semblance of justice, if not of law, in its proceedings. But by perpetually restraining Matson from the use of his judgment, he was sent away without redress, totally unheard. A plaintiff brings an action at law against a defendant, he takes a judgment by default, which is matured into a final judgment. An application is made to set aside the default, and grant a new trial. The motion is overruled, and the judg [102] ment overruling that motion is affirmed in the Supreme Court. After-wards the defendant, on no other grounds than those on which he applied for relief to the Courts of law, goes into equity and obtains a perpetual injunction to the judgment. The bare statement of this case, is sufficient to show how irreconcilable it is to all principle. As there had been no trial at law on the merits, it is obvious that if a Court of equity interfered at all, it should have again permitted a litigation of the rights of the parties in a Court of law. In what a situation is this Court placed by this proceeding. This question has once been determined here, and now upon the very same grounds upon which it has once been decided, we are called upon to decide it again. Inter est reijmblicm tit sit finis litium. But no principle is clearer than that a Court of equity had no authority to interfere in this case. Various cases have been cited from the Virginia Reports in order to warrant the exercise of the power assumed by the Circuit Court; and Tucker’s Commentaries have also been relied on in support of this decree. Tucker, after a lucid review of the cases in which new trials had been granted in equity after a judgment at law, concludes by saying, “it will have been observed from the cases heretofore cited, that the interference of a Court of equity in granting a new trial, arises only from the inability of the party to make his application to a Court of law; for if he has made it, and ithas been refused, it cannot be successfully renewed in equity on the same ground; and if he has failed to make it, when he might have done so, he is entitled to no relief. That it is obvious that a Court of equity substitutes itself for a Court of law, and in all such applications the Court of equity should adopt the principles and rules of the Court for which it is substituted.” In the case of Bateman vs. Welloe, 1 Schoale’s and Lefroy’s Rep. 201, when an injunction was applied for, on the ground that the plaintiff’s demand was unconscientious, and where a verdict had been obtained against a defendant who had neglected to apply for a new trial within the time appointed by the rules of the Court of law, Lord Redesdale observed, “it is not sufficient to show that injustice had been done, but that it has been done under circumstances which authorize the Court to interfere; because if a matter has already been investigated in a Court of justice, according to the common and ordinary rules of investigation, a Court of equity cannot take, on itself to enter into it again. The inattention of parties in a Court of law can scarcely be made a subject for the interference for a Court of equity. Unless a verdict has been obtained by fraud, or a party has possessed himself improperly of something by means of which [103] he has an unconscientious advantage at law, which equity will either put ■out of the way or prevent him from using, equity does not interfere to grant a tidal of a matter which has already been discussed in a Court of law, a matter capable of being discussed there, and over which the Court -of law had full jurisdiction.” So in the case of Simpson vs. Hart, 1 •John. Chan. Rep. 97, Chancellor-Kent held, “that where Courts of law and equity have concurrent jurisdiction over a question, and it receives a decision at law, equity can no more re-examine it than Courts of law, in a similar case, could re-examine a decree in the Court of Chancery. That the principle that a matter once considered and decided by a competent tribunal, shall not be reviewed by any other tribunal having ■concurrent power except in the regular course of error or appeal, does not rest on the mere technical form of the decision. It is the unfitness and vexation and indecorum of permitting a party to go on successively, by way of experiment, from one concurrent tribunal to another, and thus introduce conflicting decisions. The principles of this case were fully acknowledged on an appeal in the Court of errors, although the decree -on other grounds was reversed. Judge Naptgn concurring, the decree Is reversed and the bill dismissed.