Heraeus-Amersil, Inc. v. United States

Carman, Judge: This action is before the Court on plaintiffs motion for summary judgment. The parties agree that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact. Plaintiff contends that its imported merchandise, known as "fused quartz” or "fused silica,” should be classified under items 540.11 and 540.41 of the Tariff Schedules of the United States (TSUS). The basis of plaintiffs claim is that the more than 300 known liquidations of entries over a 10 year period of like or similar merchandise classified under the same claimed item numbers constitutes "an established and uniform practice” within the meaning of 19 U.S.C. § 1315(d) (1982). An established and uniform practice of classifying fused quartz and fused silica under items 540.11 and 540.41 would, according to plaintiff, preclude the United States Customs Service (Customs) from classifying the merchandise under item 540.67, TSUS, as it did in this case, because of the failure to follow proper notice procedures prior to deviating from the alleged established and uniform practice. Defendant cross-moves for partial summary judgment, contending that the notice requirement resulting from an established and uniform practice is predicated upon a "finding” of such practice by the Secretary of the Treasury.1 Defendant claims that plaintiff has failed to prove that a uniform practice existed, but irrespective of a practice, plaintiff is not entitled to relief in the absence of a finding by the Secretary. Defendant therefore asserts it is entitled to summary judgment in its favor dismissing the uniform and established practice claim. Defendant claims, in the alternative, that this Court lacks authority to determine whether a uniform and established practice existed; therefore, the case should be remanded to the Secretary of the Treasury to make the appropriate affirmative or negative finding. The defendant petitions the Court further to certify the question for an interlocutory appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(d)(1) (1982) should the Court grant any relief to plaintiff or adhere to the Court’s earlier decision in Heraeus-Amersil, Inc. v. United States, 8 CIT 329, 600 F. Supp. 221 (1984) (denying defendant’s motion to dismiss that part of the complaint relating to an established and uniform practice, and holding that plaintiff may show such practice under 19 U.S.C. § 1315(d) by actual uniform liquidations). [264] Stipulated Facts Plaintiff imports optical grade fused quartz or fused silica at the ports of Newark and John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK). At the liquidation of plaintiffs optical types that were imported from Germany during March-December, 1976 and April, 1981, Customs classified the merchandise in issue under item 540.67, TSUS.2 In the previous period of 1968 through November, 1977, Customs liquidated other entries of plaintiffs same optical types under items 540.11 and 540.41, TSUS.3 Over 300 documented entries at the two ports mentioned above resulted in classification and liquidation under these item numbers. All merchandise identical or similar to plaintiffs optical types was classified prior to December 30, 1977, under either item 540.11 or 540.41. There is no evidence that any optical grade fused quartz/fused silica was ever classified as "optical glass” under item 540.67, TSUS, or under its 1930 Tariff Act predecessor, prior to December 30, 1977. From 1968 through November, 1977, at least five import specialists at the Newark and JFK ports of entry uniformly made advisory classifications of plaintiffs optical types under items 540.11 or 540.41. In 1977, however, another import specialist assumed advisory responsibility at JFK for plaintiffs optical types. This specialist made a new advisory classification which resulted in the change of classification to item 540.67. The Secretary of the Treasury or his lawful delegee concededly made no "finding” under 19 U.S.C. § 1315(d) of whether an established uniform practice existed as to the classification of optical grade fused quartz or fused silica. Accordingly, the Secretary never published, pursuant to section 1315(d), a notice of proposed change of practice in the classification of the merchandise at issue. [265] Opinion In Heraeus-Amersil, Inc. v. United States, 8 CIT 329, 600 F. Supp. 221 (1984), this Court, in deciding defendant’s motion to dismiss in part, considered whether a uniform and established practice could arise from uniform classifications of like merchandise over a period of time which would bind Customs unless the change in practice was executed pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1315(d).4 The Court held that the plaintiff could show an established and uniform practice by actual uniform liquidations, even though the Secretary of the Treasury had made no "finding” that such a practice existed. It is clear that the established and uniform practice Congress contemplated is antecedent to a finding. Siemens America, Inc. v. United States, 2 CIT 136, 138 (1981), aff’d 692 F.2d 1382 (Fed. Cir. 1982). The applicability of section 1315(d) is thus not necessarily dependent upon a finding by the Secretary. See Heraeus-Amersil, 8 CIT at 333, 600 F. Supp. at 225. "In the absence of an affirmative or negative finding, * * * the Court, when properly presented with the issue, may resolve it.” Id. at 333, 600 F. Supp. at 224. The question now before the Court, then, is whether in light of the stipulated facts an actual established and uniform practice existed with respect to the classification of optical grade fused quartz or fused silica. In the briefs submitted in support of the cross-motions for summary judgment, and at oral argument, much of the argument of the parties was a rehash of the question regarding the necessity of a finding by the Secretary of the Treasury in order for an established and uniform practice to arise within the purview of section 1315(d). This question was previously adequately briefed and decided by the Court. See Heraeus-Amersil, 8 CIT at 329, 600 F. Supp. 221 (1984). The Court adheres to the rationale of its prior opinion which is the law of this case.5 See 18 C. Wright, A. Miller & E. Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure § 4478, at 788 (1981). [266] Precedents concerning what specifically constitutes an established and uniform practice under section 1315(d) are unfortunately sparse. Nevertheless, the Court can make the determination on a case-by-case basis according to certain guiding principles. See 8 CIT at 333, 600 F. Supp. at 225. Factors to be considered are the number of entries resulting in the alleged uniform classifications, the number of ports at which the merchandise was entered, the period of time over which the alleged uniform classifications took place, and whether there had been any uncertainty regarding the classification over its history. In essence, the question is whether a uniform and established practice existed that would lead an importer, in the absence of notice that a change in classification will occur, reasonably to expect adherence to the established classification practice when making an importation. In this case, the classification of fused quartz/fused silica under items 540.11 and 540.41 spanned a period of at least 10 years. Over 300 liquidations at two ports under these item numbers have been documented. On the basis of this large number of past entries over the long time period involved, the Court finds that plaintiff was entitled to rely upon the continued classification of its optical types under items 540.11 and 540.41, unless Customs published notice of a contemplated change in classification practice pursuant to section 1315(d). The only authority directly on point indicates that the classification practice here has existed well beyond the time span required for an established and uniform practice. Thus, in Emil Dienert v. United States, 9 Cust. Ct. 411, Abs. 47,544 (1942), the court found that 5 to 8 years of classifying merchandise as a particular article constituted an established and uniform practice. Since there was no evidence that notice to impose a higher rate was published, the court held that "Treasury officials did not comply with the provisions of section 6, Customs Administrative Act of 1938 [19 U.S.C. § 1315(d)],” and that the action of the collector in classifying the articles under a new category was "without legal force and effect.” Id. at 412. The court did not discuss the necessity of a finding. In many of the cases involving section 1315(d), the issue was whether or not some action by Customs constituted a finding. See Heraeus-Amersil, 8 CIT at 332 n.7, 600 F. Supp. at 224 n.7. The actual existence of an established and uniform practice has nevertheless often been discussed by the courts to support holdings that the Secretary of the Treasury had not made a section 1315(d) finding. E.g., Siemens America, Inc. v. United States, 692 F.2d 1382 (Fed. Cir. 1982), aff’g 2 CIT 136 (1981); see Heraeus-Amersil, 8 CIT 333 n.8, 600 [267] F. Supp. at 10 n.8. These discussions are helpful, however, in demonstrating what practices on the part of Customs are not established and uniform. In Siemens, 100 entries of merchandise classified under a particular item number over possibly 2 years at a single port was not enough to create de facto an established and uniform practice. 2 CIT at 139. That controversy centered on a ruling letter pertaining to future importations of the pláintiffs merchandise. The plaintiff argued that the letter followed by a corresponding 2 years of uniform classifications constituted a uniform and established practice. Evidence showed, however, that entries just prior to the letter were liquidated under another item number, with protests denied after the letter, suggesting that Customs had not definitively decided on the correct classification. See Siemens, 692 F.2d at 1384 & n.*. Similarly, in Washington Handle Co. v. United States, 34 CCPA 80, C.A.D. 346 (1946), like classification treatment of twenty-eight shipments over a 2-year period was not enough to create an established and uniform practice. Important to the court was the "considerable uncertainty” as to the proper classification during even the 2-year period. Id. at 86. Prior discussions demonstrate that when Customs has not had a reasonable opportunity to investigate adequately the proper classification for a type of imported merchandise, an established and uniform practice will not arise in the interim. In Naumes Forwarding Service v. United States, 42 CCPA 110, C.A.D. 581 (1955), for example, Customs reevaluated its method for determining the ratio representing the amount of imported concentrated lemon juice to natural juice. The court found that Customs was not required to follow the notice provisions of section 1315(d) when changing from a practice employed in liquidating entries over a 2-month period to one "based on the best current and authentic data.’ ” Id. at 112. In the case now before the Court, nothing indicates that Customs was uncertain or was reconsidering the classification of fused quartz/fused silica prior to changing the classification of this merchandise. The Court is impressed that the practice existed for at least 10 years. Only upon reassignment of advisory classification responsibility did an import specialist initiate the change to classification under item 540.67. Unless Customs publishes notice of a contemplated change, the legislative objective under section 1315(d) of "lending certainty to the importing process” would clearly be circumvented. See Heraeus-Amersil, 8 CIT at 331, 600 F. Supp. at 223. The failure of Customs to provide notice is not vitiated by the omission of a "finding” regarding an established and uniform practice. Conclusion For the foregoing reasons, plaintiffs motion for summary judgment is granted. In these circumstances where Customs displayed no [268] ambivalence as to the classification of plaintiffs merchandise for 10 years in 300 liquidations, the Court holds that as a matter of law a uniform and established practice existed. To be valid, Customs’ classification of the merchandise, beginning in the spring of 1978, under a variant item number should have been preceded by publishing notice of the change pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1315(d). The involved entry must accordingly be reliquidated under item 540.11 or 540.41.6 Defendant’s petition for interlocutory appeal is moot, since appeal may now be taken from the judgment for plaintiff. Footnotes [1] The Customs regulations provide that a uniform practice may also be established by publication of a ruling pursuant to 19 C.F.R. § 177.10(b) (1984). [2] Item 540.67 of the TSUS, as modified by T.D. 68-9, provides: Optical glass in any form, including blanks for spectacle lenses and for other optical elements; non-optical-glass blanks for corrective spectacle lenses; synthetic optical crystals in the form of ingots, segments fo ingots, sheets, or blanks for optical elements; all the foregoing not optically worked; polarizing material, in plates or sheets, not cut to shape or mounted for use as polarizing optical elements; 540.67 Other optical glass and synthetic optical crystals; polarizing material... 25% ad val. [3] Item 540.11, TSUS, as modified by T.D. 68-9, provides: Glass, in the mass; glass, crushed, powdered or d or flaked flaked (frostings); and waste or scrap glass; all the foregoing except glass provided for in items 540.21 and 540.27: Glass in the mass: 540.11 Containing over 95 percent silica by weight 7.5% ad val. Item 540.41, TSUS, as modified by T.D. 68-9, provides: Glass rods, tubes, and tubing, all the foregoing not processed: 540.41 Containing over 95 percent silica by weight. 7% ad val. [4] 19 U.S.C. § 1316(d) (1982) provides: No administrative ruling resulting in the imposition of a higher rate of duty or charge than the Secretary of the Treasury shall find to have been applicable to imported merchandise under an established and uniform practice shall be effective with respect to articles entered for consumption or withdrawn from warehouse for consumption prior to the expiration of thirty days after the date of publication in the Federal Register of notice of such ruling; but this provision shall not apply with respect to the imposition of antidumping duties, or the imposition of countervailing duties under section 1303 of this title. [5] The Court gleaned that Congress, in codifying a then-existing administrative practice by enacting section 1315(d) "was attempting to lend certainty to the importing process. The importing community is thus aided by the provision’s remonstrance that an estabjished and uniform practice not be changed absent public notice. [Citation omitted.]” Heraeus-Amersil, 8 CIT at 331, 600 F. Supp. at 223. The Court held that implementations of this Congressional intent was not necessarily dependent upon a finding by the Secretary of the Treasury. The Court reached this conclusion by looking at what had been considered in other cases decided under section 1315(d). Given that “many cases have passed on the question of whether an actual uniform practice existed,” one is therefore led to "conclude that the issue was meaningful to the determination. Otherwise, it would seem that the courts were engaging in useless formulations.” 8 CIT at 332,600 F. Supp. at 224. Second, the effect of having section 1315(d) dependent on a finding by the Secretary would be the nullification of the Congressional purpose in certain cases: To be sure, when the Secretary makes a finding that an established and uniform practice either exists or does not exist, that determination is within the Secretary’s congressionally designated discretion. See Washington Handle Co. v. United States, 34 CCPA 80, 86 (1946). Such a determination cannot be disturbed by a court, except, perhaps, for an abuse of that discretion. See Rank Precision Industries, Inc. v. United States, 68 CCPA 78, 84, 660 F.2d 476, 480 (1981). In the absence of an affirmative or negative finding, [266] however, the Court, when properly presented with the issue, may resolve it. In this connection, I well heed Chief Judge Markey’s stern admonition in the Ditbro Pearl case that to hold otherwise "would render § 315(d) a nullity in the hands of a Secretary choosing to refrain from ever making a finding.” Ditbro Pearl Co. v. United States, 62 CCPA 95, 97, 515 F.2d 1157, 1159 (Markey, C.J., concurring). Id. [6] The summons filed in this case, Court No. 81-1-00100, covered only entry number 188,596, which was liquidated on May 12,1978. Although Court No. 81-1-00100 has been designated a test case and other cases have been suspended under it, the Court’s holding is limited to entry number 188,596. Merchandise of subsequent entries would not necessarily be entitled to classification based on an administrative practice which has been interrupted and is therefore no longer uniform.