Hampton v. Pullman Palace Car Co.

Ellison, J. When the porter arranged plaintiff’s berth at night, he placed her valise in the berth above the one she occupied, and she put her satchel in the berth with her. She had the porter get the valise down in order that she might get something out of it; after which, as she was fastening it, the Pullman conductor came along and helped her ; when he had finished, she remarked she would have him return it to the upper berth. But the conductor said it would be perfectly safe in the unoccupied seat opposite her berth, at the same time placing it there. Defendant contends that this evidence should not have been admitted. But we think it was proper testimony. It was the duty of defendant’s servants to keep a reasonable watch over the hand-baggage which she brought with her into the car, and to use reasonable diligence in preventing its loss by theft. Bevis v. Railroad, 26 Mo. App. 19. It is to be — 141 — assumed that plaintiff knew of this duty and expected its performance. It was a service which defendant had chosen these servants to perform, and it would, he unreasonable to hold the passenger responsible for the manner or choice of modes of performance. She may well have supposed, and she had a right to infer, that these servants could care for it better in the place the conductor put it than in the berth above the one occupied by her. It is not unlike the conductor having said to her: “It is my duty to keep watch over this valise while you are asleep. I can perform that duty better by leaving it at this place, and I shall put it there.” II. When plaintiff arose next morning, a short time before reaching Kansas City, she noticed the valise was not where the conductor placed it. She went to the dressing room of the car, and, after making her toilet, returned, and still not seeing the valise, asked the porter and conductor about it. The porter began to hunt around for it, and answered that he had seen the valise early that morning. The conductor stated that he had moved it during the night — that he put it in the aisle by plaintiff’s berth. He further advised her to go to the check stand at the Union Depot to see if it should be left there. She did so, but failed to find it. The defendant objected to all these statements of the conductor and porter, which took place next morning when she discovered her valise was gone, for the reason that they had no power or authority to bind the defendant by such statements ; that such statements were hearsay, and that they were not made in, the line of duty of such servants. The rule concerning the declarations of agents is nowhere better or more plainly stated than by Green-leaf’s Evidence, volume 1, section 113, when he says that “The principal constitutes the agent his representative in the transaction of certain business ; whatever, therefore, the agent does, in the lawful prosecution of that business is the act of the principal whom he represents. — 142 — And, where the acts of the agent will bind the principal, there his representations, declarations 'and admissions, respecting the subject-matter, will also bind him, if made at the same time, and constituting part of the res gestee. * * * The party’s own admission, whenever made, may be given in evidence against him ; but the admission or declaration of his agent binds him only when it is made during the continuance of the agency in regard to the transaction then depending, et dum fenet opus. . * * * Whenever what he did is admissible in evidence, there it is competent to prove what he said about the act while he was doing it; and it follows, that, where his right to act in the particular matter in question has ceased, the principal can no longer be affected by his declarations, they being mere hearsay.” Our opinion is, that under this statement of the law, the evidence objected to was properly received. In this case the defendant constituted the porter and conductor its agents to care for and watch over plaintiff ’ s valise while she was asleep and during the time she was engaged in making her toilet next morning. The right and duty to represent defendant in this matter did not cease until the valise had been (if it may be so expressed) again put in plaintiff’s charge. When plaintiff asked for her valise, it was the duty of these servants to show her where it was, or to account for it.. This was certainly the most natural thing to expect in such a situation and under such circumstances; and I think it was as lawful as it was natural. Their statements at this time were made before their duty, in regard to this affair or transaction, had ceased. They were made during the continuance of their representation of defendant in regard to this particular matter. It was a transaction yet “depending et dum fenet opus.” Our position in this respect is not in conflict with Bevis v. Railroad, 26 Mo. App. 19, and is sustained by high authority. In Morse v. Railroad, 6 Gray, 450, statements of the conductor and station master, made next morning after — 143 — a trunk was lost, in accounting for the trunk, in answer to inquiries made in behalf of the plaintiff, were admitted in evidence. This case was affirmed in Lane v. Railroad, 112 Mass. 455, where the declaration of a freight agent, in answer to a demand for freight, that he “thought, perhaps, the Thompsons had got it,” was admitted as being made during the continuance of the agency and in the course of duty as to that transaction. To the same effect is Gott v. Dinsmore, 111 Mass. 45. Our view of this matter is, furthermore, not in conflict with the rule as announced by Judge Henry in McDermott v. Railroad, 74 Mo. 516, and in Adams v. Railroad, 74 Mo. 553. In the case first cited the judge recognizes the distinction between that case and the class to which the one at bar belongs. A comparison of those cases with this will reveal a clear difference in class. III. Defendant further insists that, were a proper case otherwise made out, the recovery was permitted for more of the contents of the valise than is allowable under the law in such cases -and asked the following instruction which was refused: “The court instructs the jury that as to the following articles included in the petition and valued at the following sums, viz.: One silk dress, valued at fifty dollars ; one bonnet, valued at five dollars; two table scarfs, valued at $1.50 ; two gauze vests, valued at $1.50 ; one night gown, valued at $1.25 ; three neckties, valued at $1.05 ; one toboggan cap, valued at one dollar ; one leather purse, valued at one dollar ; one watch case, valued at two dollars ; total, $64.30. It is admitted by the plaintiff that they were not either necessary or convenient for her use while traveling xipon the car of defendant and while making said journey, and would only have been used or needed by her if she had stopped -at Denver City or St. Joseph, while visiting friends in these ■ places, and for use during such visits, and that, as to all the aforesaid articles and the value thereof, your verdict and finding must be — 144 — for the defendant.” The value of the articles of table scarfs, watch case and thrée neckties was voluntarily remitted from the judgment on the motion of plaintiff ; such articles being for presents for friends, as stated by plaintiff. We will, therefore, not give to them any consideration. The plaintiff was asked, on cross-examination, to name the articles which were not necessary for her to have upon the trip from Denver to Kansas City ; to which she answered, that the silk dress, value, fifty dollars; plush bonnet, value, five dollars; one nightgown, $1.25; two table scarfs, $1.50; two gauze vests, one dollar; three small neckties, $1.05; one toboggan cap, one dollar; one leather purse, one dollar ; one satin-lined watch case, two dollars; were not reasonably necessary to, or convenient for, her trip or to have on the train with her, and that she would not have had them on the train with her except for her contemplated visits; that she would not have needed them before she got home but for the visits, and, if she had not expected to make the visits, she would have put those articles in her trunk. ■V No question was made at the trial, or here, as to the articles in the valise being properly denominated baggage, that is to say, that, if the valise had been checked as baggage, the railway carrier would have been liable for its loss. But the point is made that she can only recover of a sleeping-car company for what was necessary or convenient for her use while traveling upon the ear and while making the journey. If this point were allowed it would certainly restrict the liabilities of these companies to an exceedingly narrow limit. If a female passenger is only to be protected in the property which is necessary and convenient for her use while making the trip, her necessities, for all ordi- ' nary trips, would be restricted to the clothes, jewelry and necessary expense money, which she would have on her person when entering the car, with the addition of a sleeping robe. Nothing is, perhaps, better known — 145 — than that the traveling public carry with them valises con-staining articles of baggage, not merely necessary for use while on the car but for use after leaving the car. And so it is known and understood throughout the country that sleeping-car companies invite travelers into these cars with such baggage, receiving the passenger with it, as a part of his belongings. They say to him, in effect : Bring such baggage into our car and trust to us while you sleep. I am, therefore, satisfied that the liability of sleeping-car companies should extend to, and be made to cover, such articles of baggage as are ordinarily or usually carried by travelers, in-like situation, in valises which they carry with them into the car under such invitation. If the articles in the valise would be considered baggage in an action against a carrier under the law as laid down in Thompson’s Carriers of Passengers, 510 ; Railroad v. Fraloff, 100 U. S. 25, and in Spooner v. Railroad, 23 Mo. App. 403, I can see no reason why a sleeping-car company should not be held liable for the same baggage upon a loss occasioned by a failure to keep reasonable watch over and to use reasonable diligence to protect it. Applying this, as I think, reasonable, and just rule to the facts of this case, we find that / the court properly refused the instruction. IY. I am unwilling to allow anything against plaintiff’s case on account of her having with her on her travels a trunk which she had' checked with the railroad company, or that in preparing for the journey she placed some articles in the valise which she did not need while on the car and only expected to use in case she stopped a day or two at Denver (an intermediate point) to visit a friend. Y. The objection urged as to the complaint is not tenable. We think it states a cause of action. It sufficiently appears from it what the real complaint is, and while the allegation as to defendant being a carrier of passengers, if understood to state that it was a common — 146 — carrier, might have been omitted, the whole paper is amply sufficient, under our liberal dealings with proceedings before a justice of the peace. It is not necessary to notice some other suggestions urged by counsel, as the foregoing is sufficient to express the view we take of the case. The judgment will, therefore, with the concurrence of the other ■judges, be affirmed.