Stevens v. Walpole

Gill, J. In this case the father sues for expenses incurred in nursing, etc., in earing for his minor son who fell into a defective iron grating maintained by defendant in the sidewalk in front of certain premises owned by defendant, and known as Number 1304 Grand Avenue, Kansas City. After stating defendant’s ownership (which covered a period of about twenty-five years), the petition proceeds as follows: “Plaintiff states that on the 8th day of December, 1895, and for a long time prior thereto, said defendant had maintained an iron grating in the sidewalk on said highway in front of and adjoining said premises; that one of the bars of said iron grating was on the said 8th day of December, and had been for a long time prior to that day, broken out so as to leave a space of four inches between the remaining bars of said grating opening into an excavation under said sidewalk. That the said Grand Avenue and the sidewalk pertaining thereto is a populous thoroughfare over which a large number of people are, and were at all said times, constantly passing. That said Richard C. Walpole was aware of and well knew the dangerous condition of said sidewalk and grating in front of his said premises. The plaintiff, Barney Stevens, at all the times herein men [217] tioned was residing with his family at number 1302 on said Grand avenue. That Judah Stevens, who is hereinafter mentioned, is an infant son of said plaintiff, of the age of nine years, residing with his father, the said plaintiff. That it was the duty of said defendant, Richard C. Walpole, to maintain said sidewalk and the iron grating aforesaid so as to be safe for the public, men, women and children passing along and using the same. But plaintiff says that defendant so carelessly and negligently maintained the said sidewalk and iron grating therein, in its broken and unsafe condition, without any barriers to prevent persons passing from falling through the broken place in said iron grating; and that the said Judah Stevens, the infant son of said plaintiff, on the 8th day of December, 1895, while lawfully and properly passing along said sidewalk, and ignorant of the danger thereof, fell into the said space between the bars of said iron grating, and was thereby injured, bruised, wounded and maimed in his left leg, from which said injuries so received as aforesaid, he, the said Judah Stevens, from that time to this has lain sick and diseased. That by reason of said wounds, bruises, sickness, disease and injuries to the said Judah Stevens, so caused as aforesaid, the plaintiff has had to spend his time and services in caring for said Judah Stevens, and has laid out and expended large sums of money for medicine, for nursing, and for medical and surgical services, for said Judah Stevens,” etc. The answer was a general denial coupled with a plea of contributory negligence both on part of the infant and the father. In a trial by jury, plaintiff had a verdict for $750, and from a judgment in accordance therewith defendant has appealed. [218] NmG¿m£nh>g waaik”sPieadfn¿. I. The first point, or assignment of error, relates to the sufficiency of the petition, and is manifestly without merit. The matters of objection are not so clearly set out as is usual with defendant’s able counsel, but the gist thereof, I take it, is found in the words of the brief, that “a petition which, like this one, merely asserts that the owner maintained the sidewalk and grating over an excavation, without stating the further fact that he had made, or caused to be made, the excavation and placed the grating over it, and the same was used for his private benefit, omits to state the essential facts, and the only facts which could render the owner liable for the existence of a defect.” In order to charge defendant with these damages plaintiff was not bound to allege and prove that said defendant constructed or had the grating constructed in the first instance. Nor indeed was it necessary to allege and prove that such, grating was an unlawful obstruction at the time it was constructed. The substance of the complaint here is, that the grating, though lawfully made in the first instance, had gotten out of repair, had become a nuisance, and that defendant permitted it to remain in a dangerous condition. In other words the defendant was not charged with creating a nuisance but in permitting or maintaining one. And he who maintains a nuisance is responsible for damages resulting therefrom to the same extent as though he had created it. Kirkpatrick v. Knapp, 28 Mo. App. 427; Merrill v. St. Louis, 83 Mo. 244; Benjamin v. Railway, 133 Mo. 274; Gordon v. Peltzer, 56 Mo. App. 599. In Merrill v. St. Louis, supra, it is said: “Any act of an individual done to a highway, though performed on his own soil, if it detract fpm the safety of travelers, is a nuisance. Special damage arising from [219] it, therefore, furnishes ground for a private action, without regard to the question of negligence in him who digs it. * * * Upon a person who thus employs a part of the highway, which belongs to the public for a passway, for a private use, the law imposes the highest degree of vigilance and care to keep the same in a safe condition for the public.7’ In Kirkpatrick v. Knapp, supra, the correct doctrine is thus expressed by Judge Rombauer: “We conceive the true rule to be, that one constructing and using an opening in the sidewalk of a public street for his own convenience is not only to see to its proper construction in the first instance, but also to its proper repair from time to time, so that such safe construction is maintained. In neglecting the first part of the duty, the owner would be guilty of creating a nuisance, in neglecting the second part, guilty of permitting it. In either event he would be guilty of negligence, such as in a proper case would subject him to damages for injuries occasioned.” Neither is it necessary to allege, as defendant’s counsel seem to suggest, that this grating was kept and maintained in the sidewalk as a lenefit or convenience to the defendant. It is enough that he maintained the grating in the highway whether it conferred any benefit on the defendant’s property or not. As said by plaintiff’s counsel, it would be a monstrous doctrine to hold that the defendant might maintain a nuisance in the highway, and yet unless its maintenance conferred a benefit on defendant or his abutting property he could not be held for damages resulting to those rightfully using the highway. Negligence is sufficiently alleged. If defendant desired this feature of the petition to be made more definite and certain he should have filed a timely [220] motion to that effect. It is now too late after trial and verdict. Egéstae™ips! of II. It is further contended that the court erred in admitting certain testimony as to the statements made by the injured boy while going from the sidewalk up the stairway leading to his home, when and where he stated that he was hurt by falling through the broken iron grate next door. This is claimed to be mere hearsay and not admissible as part of the res gestae. As to the competency of the admissions or declarations of parties to a transaction, made at or near the time of the occurrence, much has been said and written. Ii would serve no useful purpose to review at length the different cases or to comment on the language of the text writers. The general rule or principle is fairly well settled; the difficulty is in its application to the varied circumstances of different cases. The ancient rule required that the declarations to be admissible should be strictly contemporaneous with the main event. But this has been considerably modified. Such declarations are now admitted even when perceptible time has elapsed since the main transaction, provided they were made under the immediate influence of the principal transaction, and are so connected with it as to characterize or explain it. As said by Judge Black in Leahey v. Pair Grounds Co., 97 Mo. 165, “the declaration, to be a part of the res gestae, need not be coincident, in point of time, with the main fact to be proved. It is enough that the two are so clearly connected that the declaration can, in the ordinary course of affairs, be said to be the spontaneous exclamation of the real cause. The declaration is then a verbal act and may well be said to be a part of the main fact or transaction. If the subsequent declaration and the main fact at issue, taken together, form a [221] continuous transaction, then the declaration is admissible.” The rule is thus expressed in 21 Am. and Eng. Ency. L., p. 101: “If they (the declarations) amount to no more than a mere narrative of a past occurrence or of an isolated conversation held, or an isolated act done at a later period, they are not admissible; but if declarations of a past occurrence are made under such circumstances as will raise the reasonable presumption that they are the spontaneous utterances of thoughts created by, or springing out of the transaction itself, and so soon thereafter as to exclude the presumption that they are the result of premeditation or design, they will be admissible as part of the res gestae.” Under these rules it seems clear to us that the trial judge committed no error in permitting the witness, Lizzie Crow, to testify as to the declarations made by the boy as he came up the stairs leading from the sidewalk. According to the evidence'the child had just taken his foot and leg out of the defective grating located near the bottom of the steps, and crying with pain was going up the stairway next door, as a child would, to submit the injuries to his mother. He was met on the steps, half way up, by Lizzie Crow, and the question was asked, “Joe, what is the matter with you?” The answer promptly came, “I fell in next door where the iron is broken out.” We think this exclamation, uttered, it seems, within a few seconds of the accident and only a few feet from the location of the broken grating, must be treated as part of the main occurrence. The declaration came spontaneously from the boy then smarting with pain resulting from the wound in the leg. There was no chance for the concoction of a false story, and the cry was uttered so near, in point of time, to the accident as to preclude the idea of deliberate design. [222] ™f?£ivegfáLág' autyfscienter. III. There was abundant evidence to establish defendant’s negligence in maintaining a defective grating. Several witnesses testified that one of the iron bars had been out for several years prior to the accident; and according to the testimony °f some of the witnesses, defendant had been warned thereof and advised to repair the defect. At all events the defect had existed for such a length of time that defendant might well be charged with constructive notice. Defendant’s failure to repair after actual or constructive notice, was negligence. In thus using the sidewalk for his private purpose the law not only imposed the duty of proper and careful construction in the first instance, but, as already stated, required defendant to inspect the same from time to time and maintain the grating in a reasonably safe condition. The rights of the traveling public over the sidewalk were paramount to the private uses of the defendant. His right to place the grating there, so as to let in the light and air to his basement, was subject to the superior claims of the public. The mere fact that some eighteen months before this injury defendant sent mechanics to the building with general instructions to do all necessary repairing will not excuse the defendant from the consequences of this defective grating. The decision in Independence v. Slack, 134 Mo. 66, has clearly no application to the facts of this case. The negligence here complained of is more analogous to that of Matthews v. Railway, 26 Mo. App. 75, and cases cited at pages 79, 80 and 81 of the opinion, as also cases cited under our first paragraph, supra. [223] "ltÍuctio¿s!n" [222] IV. We have carefully examined the instructions given and discover no substantial error. They fully and fairly present every feature of the case, whether for plaintiff or defendant. In plaintiff’s behalf but [223] one instruction was asked or given relating to the main issues; and while it is somewhat lengthy it yet clearly advised the jury as to the law of the case. They were, in effect, told that defendant was in duty bound under the law to keep and maintain the iron grating in the sidewalk in front of his property in a reasonably safe condition; and failure to do so, after he knew of its defective and dangerous condition, or by the exercise of ordinary care might have known thereof, was negligence on his part; and if they found from the evidence that defendant failed to keep said grating in a reasonably safe condition, and failed to repair same after he had knowledge, or by the exercise of ordinary diligence might have known of its broken and unsafe condition, and that plaintiff’s infant son, while passing along the sidewalk and exercising that degree of care expected of one of his age, fell into said grating and was thereby injured, then defendant would be liable therefor. The instruction continues: “So that, if you shall further find and believe from the evidence that said Judah Stevens was of the age of eight years, and was living with and under the charge and control of plaintiff, and that he, the said Judah Stevens, on the 8th day of December, 1895, while passing with ordinary care and diligence for one of his years along and over said sidewalk and iron grating in front of defendant’s said premises did fall into a space in said iron grating made by a bar of said grating being broken out, if you shall find and believe from the evidence that a bar of said grating was broken out, and that in so falling through said grating his left leg was thereby injured and bruised, from which said injuries and bruises so received as aforesaid, he, the said Judah Stevens, has lain sick and diseased and by reason of said bruises, injuries, sickness and disease so caused as [224] aforesaid the plaintiff has had to expend his time and services and sums of money, for medicines, for nursing, for medical and surgical services, or has become liable to pay for the same for the said Judah Stevens, then your verdict should be for the plaintiff, unless you. shall believe from all the circumstances .detailed in evidence that the plaintiff himself was negligent in the premises, and that such negligence, if any, was the proximate cause of the injury complained of, and without which such injuries would not have been received.” As to the measure of damages the court instructed as follows: “If you find for the plaintiff, you will, in assessing his damages, allow him such reasonable compensation for his personal services as shown by the evidence, if any, in caring for and nursing his infant son Judah Stevens and for such reasonable sums of money as shown by the evidence he has necessarily laid out and expended or become liable therefor, for medicine, for nursing and for medical and surgical services for the said Judah Stevens on account and by reason of the injuries in question.” The court then, at defendant’s request, told the jury in terms not to be mistaken, that even if one of the bars of the grating was broken out, yet if it was still in a reasonably safe condition for ordinary use and travel, then'tke defendant was not liable; and that what was meant by reasonably safe should be determined by the judgment of an ordinarily prudent and cautions person under like circumstances; that if the boy knew of the break in the grating before he was injured, but carelessly and negligently passed over the same, without such care as an ordinarily prudent person of his age would be expected to exercise, and tliat because of this negligence the accident happened, then plaintiff was not entitled to recover. And moreover.the [225] court instructed that plaintiff could not recover if he failed to observe the care of an ordinarily prudent person. The jury was explicitly advised that if a prudent man under the circumstances, after discovering the dangerous condition of the grating, would have notified the city authorities or the defendant that the grating was broken and called on them to repair the same, then such care should have been expected of the plaintiff, which if he failed to exercise, and the injuries to his boy followed, then the plaintiff could not recover. And further the jury was told that if the boy was in a healthy condition at the time of the injury and that the blood poisoning was caused by careless treatment, then defendant was not liable “for the expenses of surgical or other treatment rendered necessary by such disease.” These several instructions correctly and fully covered every substantial theory of the ease. While it is true there was no testimony as to the value of plaintiff’s services in nursing and caring for his infant son, yet the facts were fully before the jury and they were qualified to fix such value in the light of their own knowledge and experience. Murray v. Railway, 101 Mo. 236. So as to the cost of medicines used in the boy’s treatment, there was no error in allowing plaintiff to exhibit the druggist’s bills therefor; nor was it error to direct the jury to allow the value of such medicines. There was, too, abundant evidence to prove that the blood poisoning which followed was the direct and proximate result of the injury. Y. Lastly it is contended that the plaintiff was himself guilty of such negligence as to preclude his recovery, and that the court should have so declared as matter of law. This contention is based on the fact appearing in the evidence that the grating in question had, with plaintiff’s knowledge, been in a broken and [226] defective condition for several years, and that he ought to have protected his children therefrom; that if he permitted the boy to pass over the same daily he assumed the risk. ~i'bm7iycnen¿u. ffence' The rule is not so general that mere knowledge of a defect will, as matter of law, bar a recovery by the party injured. It is always a circumstance or item of evidence tending to prove contributory negligence, but not conclusive. The question ordinarily in such cases is whether the danger is so patent and threatening as that one of ordinary care and prudence would not have taken the chances of traveling over that particular portion of the street or sidewalk, and the determination of this question is ordinarily for the jury. Loewer v. Sedalia, 77 Mo. 431, loc. cit. 444, and cases cited; Taylor v. Springfield, 61 Mo. App. 263; Huhn v. Railroad, 92 Mo. 440; Soeder v. Railway, 100 Mo. 673; Gerdes v. Iron & Foundry Co., 124 Mo. 347, loc. cit. 355. In Beach on Contributory Negligence, it is said: “When the highway is out of order it is held, as a general rule, not negligent to use it in as prudent a way as practicable, which is to say that using a defective highway is not negligence as matter of law. It would be an extraordinary rule that made it negligence not to stay indoors whenever the highway is out of repair.” In Huhn v. Railroad, supra, the brakeman knew of the defect in the track, and yet the court held that such knowledge did not bar a recovery unless “it was so dangerous as to threaten immediate injury, or if he might have reasonably supposed that he could .safely work about it by the use of care and caution.” “Negligence,” says Judge Black, “on the part of the servant, in such eases, does not necessarily arise from his knowledge of the defect, but it is a question of fact to be [227] determined from such knowledge and the other circumstances in evidence.” It is only in eases where the defense of contributory negligence is clearly and indisputably established that the court is authorized to peremptorily instruct for the defendant. It is not proper where reasonable men may differ as to its existence. While now it may be conceded that plaintiff for a long time had knowledge of this broken grate, yet we are not prepared to say that the danger of passing along the sidewalk was so obvious, threatening and immediate that plaintiff should have kept his children indoors or have abandoned the place as a residence. He might well have thought though the walk was somewhat unsafe yet that he nor his family would be injured in its use. Whether in so thinking and acting he did as an ordinarily prudent person would under the same circumstances was properly left to the determination of the jury under proper instructions. The court committed no error in refusing to take the case from the jury. Failing to discover any substantial error at the trial, the judgment must be affirmed. All concur.