Krueger v. Chicago & Alton Railway Co.

ELLISON, J. This is an action for personal injury alleged to have been inflicted on plaintiff by defendant’s servants in managing and operating its train. The judgment in the trial court was for plaintiff. — 362 — It appears that plaintiff before bringing this suit had instituted an action for the same injury in the state circuit court, alleging his damages to be $10,000. That thereupon the defendant, being a nonresident corporation, had the cause transferred to the federal circuit court, as provided by act of congress for the transfer of causes when the sum sued for is $2,000 or more. The case was put on trial in' that court when, at the close of the evidence for plaintiff, he took a voluntary nonsuit. Afterwards, he instituted the present action for the same injury, but placing his damages at $1,999, a sum not large enough to permit a transfer under the act aforesaid. Defendant endeavored to have this action dismissed in the trial court on the ground that when the action as originally brought was transferred to the federal court, that court became possessed of exclusive jurisdiction of the “controversy” between the parties, or, in other words, of the subject-matter. The only cases bearing directly on the point are two cited by defendant’s counsel. Cox v. Railway, 68 Ga. 448 and Railway v. Fulton, 59 Ohio St. 575. Each of these bear out defendant’s contention. Rut after careful consideration, we have concluded that they do not place the proper construction on the federal statute. In the Fulton case, the Supreme Court of Ohio illustrates its position by the statement: “No one would claim that after the case has been striken from its docket by the federal court, the state court could determine whether it should be reinstated; and that by parity of reasoning, the state court can not pass on the right of the plaintiff to recommence the action after it has been dismissed by the federal court.” But, with all deference, we think that parity of reasoning ought not to be attempted in the instances suggested. No court would presume to pass on a question whether a case should be reinstated which has been stricken from the docket of another court. That belongs to the — 363 — same court and concerns the same case, but tbe point here, while concerning tbe same cause of action, relates to a subsequent and independent case. Tbe cases in tbe federal courts are not in harmony on tbe question whether an action in a state court may be pleaded in abatement of an action for tbe same thing in tbe federal court. Some bold that tbe federal and state courts are, in this respect, to be looked upon as foreign courts, and consequently a plea in abatement can not be sustained; while others maintain that, if tbe state and federal courts are in tbe same territorial jurisdiction they are not foreign, and tbe abatement should be allowed. But that is not tbe question bere presented. Defendant reasons tbe cáse in this way: That since it is settled that when tbe proper steps have been taken to transfer a case from tbe state to tbe federal court, tbe state court is, ipso fado, divested of jurisdiction and any further proceeding in tbe state court, even though tbe defendant participates, is coram non judice. Kern v. Huidekoper, 103 U. S. 485; Herryford v. Ins. Co., 42 Mo. 148; Beery v. Railway, 64 Mo. 534. That therefore tbe federal court is possessed of tbe jurisdiction of tbe subject-matter of tbe controversy until it is finally determined. This, we think, does not follow. ' When once tbe case is transferred, or proper steps have been taken to cause tbe transfer, tbe federal court has exclusive jurisdiction of that case, but not of tbe subject-matter of that controversy which may be .again presented in a subsequent case. Tbe Constitution of the United States authorizes a citizen of one state to sue a citizen of another state in tbe federal court sitting in tbe latter state. And, as stated by tbe Supreme Court of Ohio in tbe case cited above, congress considering that a nonresident defendant ought to enjoy a like privilege with a nonresident plaintiff, conferred upon such defendant tbe right to transfer to tbe federal court when sued in tbe state court. — 364 — The supreme court of the United States said that one great object of this regulation of the jurisdiction of the federal courts was “to have a tribunal in each state, presumed to be free from local influence; and to which all who were nonresidents or aliens might resort for legal redress.” Gordon v. Longst, 16 Peters 97. The federal law, as evidenced by those cases, place a plaintiff and a defendant on an equal footing with respect to the right to an adjudication in the federal court. The jurisdiction of the federal court is neither greater nor less, whether the cause is taken there by the plaintiff’s act in instituting it, or the defendant’s act in transferring it. So, therefore, if a nonresident defendant by removing a cause to the federal court invests that court with exclusive jurisdiction of the subject-matter which may be presented in a subsequent case, so would a nonresident plaintiff invest that court with a like jurisdiction of a case which he should institute in that court. We would therefore be bound to say that if once a nonresident plaintiff went into a federal court and afterwards dismissed his action he could only bring it again in that court—that he is forever barred from the state court. This has never been said of courts of concurrent jurisdiction. The defendant’s taking a case to the federal court by transfer, gives the federal court no' more jurisdiction than if he had been a plaintiff and had brought his action in that court. In other words, when a non-resident defendant causes the transfer of a case, brought by a resident plaintiff, to the federal court, such plaintiff would have the same rights as a nonresident plaintiff would have who went into the federal court in the first instance; that is, to dismiss and reinstitute the action in the state court. As before stated, the foregoing Georgia and Ohio cases are all that have been cited us as having decided the question, but there are several cases where such second action has been allowed to be maintained without the point here — 365 — discussed being raised. Wilson v. Milliken (supreme court Kentucky, 1898), 44 S. W. Rep. 660. It is assumed the action could be again instituted in Beery v. Railway, 64 Mo. 533. Eor the foregoing considerations we feel constrained to rule the point against defendant. The train on which the accident happened was a freight train and it appears that plaintiff (with some others) was discovered hiding in a furniture car by one of the brakemen. He was endeavoring to ride over the road without paying fare. The evidence for plaintiff tends to show that the brakeman compelled him to get out of an opening at the end of the car. That to do this one had to swing down from the opening, or door, by holding on to the bottom with his hands until his feet would touch the “dead wood” of the car, and thence get off onto the ground. At this time the train was moving, but at what speed the evidence was conflicting. Plaintiff stated that while on this “dead wood” between the cars the brakeman continued to abusively order him off the car and finally struck him in the face with his lantern, which caused him to lose his footing and to fall to the ground with one foot under the wheels. Plaintiff was a trespasser on the train and defendant had a right to put him off. But that right should be exercised with reason and humanity. Defendant had no right to force him to a position between freight cars and then compel him to leap to the ground if the train was running at such speed as to make such acts hazardous. And if it be true that plaintiff was struck in i¿he face with a lantern and knocked off the car, that was an improper act, for the consequences of which defendant would be liable, however slowly the train may have been moving, if he was thus deprived of the exercise of his faculties. But a train may be running at such slow speed as to make it not hazardous for one to get off. So, therefore, it is ordinarily a question of fact for the jury whether the speed was too fast to admit of — 366 — the exercise of the right to force the trespasser off. Railway v. Mitchell, 56 Kansas 324. Instruction number one, given for plaintiff, directed the jury to find for plaintiff if he received the injury by reason Of being forced to leave the train while it was “in motion.” This was improper. Eor, as has been just said, the motion might have been slow enough for the jury to say that it did not involve hazard. The mere fact that the train was in motion does not determine the case against defendant. It has been determined in this state that the duties of a brakeman on freight trains will not be presumed to include putting trespassers off. Farber v. Railway, 116 Mo. 81. So therefore, there should be proof that such was his duty aliunde the mere fact that he was a brakeman. Plaintiff undertook to show this by asking the question, direct, of witnesses whether they knew that the duties of -a brakeman were. And the answers showed that their knowledge was their opinion of what those duties were. This is improper. Abbott’s Trial Evid., 43; Providence Tool Co. v. Mfg. Co., 120 Mass. 35; Short Coal Co. v. Hardy, 114 Mass. 197; Kendall, etc., Co. v. Bain, 46 Mo. App. 588; Muff v. Railway, 22 Mo. App. 587; Madden v. Railway, 50 Mo. App. 673; Kiesel v. Ins. Co., 88 Fed. Rep. 243. A brakeman should not be asked whether certain acts were in the line of his duty, for that would probably call for his conclusion instead of a statement of facts. Authorities, supra. But he could properly be asked what he was directed to do in respect to the matter of inquiry. And if there was' no evidence of what he was authorized or directed by his employer to do, except what could be shown by circumstances, it could be shown how long he had been engaged in performing certain acts so as to test the question whether he was so engaged with the knowledge and approval of his employers. And it could be shown, directly, that he had performed such act.s with the knowl — 367 — edge o± bis superiors. It is difficult to state in advance just wbat questions would be proper in cases of tbis nature, but tbe thing to avoid is that of calling for tbe opinion of tbe witness. Tbe witness should state tbe facts for tbe purpose of enabling tbe jury to form an opinion. Tbe testimony stating tbe expression of one of defendant’s employees that “ it was a dirty sbame,” should be excluded on retrial as it was not connected with tbe accident. It would doubtless have been so excluded bad tbe court’s attention been properly called thereto. Tbe judgment will be reversed and tbe cause remanded. Smith, P. J., concurs; Gill, J., absent.