Clark v. Holmes

GoodwiN, J. delivered the opinion of the Court. On the part of the plaintiff, it is insisted that the defendant, the justice, acted without jurisdiction ; that the judgment was void, and the defendant a trespasser. On the part of the defendant, it is contended that he had jurisdiction, and if he erred in rendering the judgment, it did not render the proceedings void, but was an error in judgment, for which the remedy was by a reversal of the judgment in a superior court; and further, that facts aliunde the docket, were not admissible to show a want of jurisdiction. First: Upon all the facts as presented, is the plaintiff entitled to recover? It is a rule which we had occasion to advert to in the case of Wight v. Warner and another, (ante p. 384,) that inferior courts' of special and limited jurisdiction are confined strictly to the powers conferred upon them, and that their proceedings must appear to be within those powers. It is a well settled doctrine that, when proceeding to exercise the powers conferred, they must have jurisdiction of the person, by means of the proper process or appearance of the party, as well as of the subject matter of the suit; and when they thus have jurisdiction of the person and the cause, if in the further proceedings they commit error, the proceedings are not void, but only voidable, and may be reversed for error by the proper court of review where a power of review is given; and further, that in such case they are not subjected to any personal liability* but are entitled to the same immunity in regard to errors of judgment, as are the judges of superior courts; but on the contrary, when they have not such jurisdiction of the cause and of the person, their proceedings are absolutely void, and cannot afford any justification or protection, and they become trespassers by any act done to enforce them. This principle is sustained by various au — 394 — tborities and cannot now be contradicted. Perkin v. Proctor, 2 Wils. R. 382; Morse v. James, Willes’s R. 122, 128; Miller v. Seare and others, 2 W. Bl. R. 1145, a leading case where the principles are clearly stated, and the line of distinction between judges of superior courts, and those of special and limitedjurisdiction, is precisely drawn. 2 Strange, 711, 993; Wise v. Withers, 1 Pet. Cond. R. 552; Kempe’s Lessee v. Kennedy, 2 Id. 223; Elliott et al. v. Piersol et al. 1 Pet. R. 328, 340; Hubbard v. Spencer, 15 John. R. 244; Adkins v. Brewer, 3 Cow. R. 206; Bigelow v. Stearnes, 19 John. R. 39; Reynolds v. Orvis, 7 Cow. R. 269. In Bigelow v. Stearnes, the doctrine is very clearly and forcibly stated by Chief Justice Spencer. He says : — “ I consider it perfectly well settled, that to justify an inferior magistrate in committing a person, he must have jurisdiction not only of the subject matter of the complaint, but also of the process and the person of the defendant.” And, after citing several authorities, he adds : “If a court of limited jurisdiction issues a process which is illegal, and not merely erroneous ; or, if a court, whether of limited jurisdiction or not, undertakes to hold cognizance of a cause, without having gained jurisdiction of the person, by having him before them, in the manner required by law, the proceedings are void; and in the case of a limited or special jurisdiction, the magistrate attempting to enforce a proceeding founded on any judgment, sentence, or conviction, in such a case, becomes a trespasser.” In this case, at the time of the rendition of this judgment, had the justice jurisdiction of the person of Clark, the plaintiff in this action, so as to authorize him to adjudicate at all in respect to him ? The summons which had been issued, was returnable on the 9th November. On that day he and the other party sued appeared at the justice’s house, the place of return. The justice was not — 395 — there; nor dicl he appear there at all, though one of the parties sued remained there two hours or more. Nor did the plaintiff at all appear. Lane, the co-defendant there sued, endorses on a note found there, the above mentioned confession, in the presence of a witness. Clark is present ; but the confession signed is that of Lane only. There is no cause of action alledged, by declaration or otherwise, against the parties appearing ; for there is no plaintiff to alledgc any, and no justice to receive any. And there is no continuance or adjournment of the cause to any subsequent day. Three days after, on the 12tb, the justice rendered judgment in favor of Murray against not only Lane, the party who made the confession, but also Clark, the other party sued, the plaintiff in this action. After the 9th there was no cause in court pending before him. It had become discontinued — not merely a technical discontinuance by reason of the justice erroneously continuing the cause over to another day — but, both in law and fact, the parties were out of court; and the justice might as well have proceeded in that case three weeks, or three months, or even three years after. He had lost jurisdiction of the parties. The summons had its full effect on the 9th, and the parties were not retained in court by any proceeding whatever. The effect of the confession in respect to Lane it is unnecessary to consider. Several cases have been cited to show that when the justice had acquired jurisdiction, and by his subsequent proceedings the cause was discontinued, and he afterwards proceeded to judgment, it was mere error and ground of reversal of judgment, and the proceedings were not void; but on examination they will be found to have been cases where he had improperly continued over the cause to a subsequent day. In those cases the Supreme Court of New York held that the error worked a discontinuance, and therefore reversed the judgments. They were not — 396 — cases where the parties were actually out of court, and no further day given them. In the case cited from 7 Wend. R. 200, Horton v. Auchmoody, which seems to have been the first case where an attempt was made to hold the justice a trespasser for such a cause, the previous cases of this class are collected. They appear to have been all upon certiorari. In that case the justice had granted an adjournment, on the application of the plaintiff', to a subsequent day, and the defendant then not appearing, he had gone on and rendered a judgment for the plaintiff. It was held that the justice having jurisdiction of the cause, the parties, and the question of adjournment, his proceedings were erroneous merely, and liable to reversal, but not co-ram non judice. In the case before us, there was no adjournment, and no cause in court after the 9th. In Hunt v. Wickwire, 10 Wend. R. 102, the same principle is recognized, and in that case, under the facts presented, the judgment was held good. In Ingalls v. Sprague, 10 Wend. R. 672, two defendants were sued in a justice’s court, and one of them appeared for them both and confessed judgment for both, representing that he had authority to do so from his co-defendant, and, upon execution, the property of the co-defendant was levied. In an action of trespass bjr the latter against the former, it was held that the judgment and execution were a justification; the judgment being rendered on an appearance of both paities, the one for the other, and the defect of proof of authority, if that were defective, being regarded as matter of error subject to review by certiorari. Here the ground of the decision was,that the court had jurisdiction by the appearance of the parties, the one by attorney, and thus the confession was of both. The case of Hubbard v. Spencer, 15 John. R. 244, is a case strongly in point for the plaintiff in this case. It was an action of debt on a judgment rendered against the defendant under the following circumstances: The — 397 — cause had been adjourned, and at the adjourned day neither party appeared. More than a month afterwards, a person who had been authorized by the defendant to appear for him at the adjourned day and confess judgment, came before the justice and testified to these facts, and that he thought his authority to confess the judgment extended to that time; and the justice rendered the judgment as of the day to which the cause was adjourned. Platt, J. in giving the opinion of the court, says: The justice “had no jurisdiction when he received the plea of confession, and therefore his judgment, nunc pro tunc, was void. The justice was limited by statute to a certain course of proceeding; and it would be preposterous to give such a construction to the statute as would authorize what was done in this instance. It must be therefore regarded a proceeding coram non judice.” This is in conformity to the principles above stated, and well illustrates them. 2. But it is alledged that the justice’s docket was conclusive, and it was not competent for the plaintiff to give evidence of facts aliunde, to show a want of jurisdiction, or, as alledged, to impeach the record. Does the docket itself show enough to give jurisdiction ? It shows that the defendants appeared, and, therefore, by inference, that the justice was present, as-a personal knowledge of that fact seems implied; but it does not show any appearance of the plaintiff, or any cause of action alledged by him, nor any continuance to a subsequent day; and the confession is only the confession of Lane, and not of Clark, whose property was taken. There is not enough on the docket to show jurisdiction. The first evidence aliunde on this point was by the defendant, of the note and confession on it, to show the cause of action to have been joint, and the confession to have been of that cause of action, and with the approbation of Clark. Afterwards the plaintiff was admitted to show the other facts in opposition. — 398 — Now, if it was competent to prove facts on the part of the defendant to sustain the jurisdiction, it was certainly competent to prove the other facts, which were part and parcel of the same, to exclude it. But is the position itself a sound one? Where there is jurisdiction, the proceedings cannot be impeached collaterally, nor, when of record, can there be any averment or proof in opposition to the record; and the docket of his proceedings, which the statute requires a justice to keep, would doubtless come under the same rule. But does the principle apply to facts relating to jurisdiction ? The two principal cases relied on in behalf of the defendant are Mather v. Hood, 8 John. R. 51, and Cunningham v. Bucklin, 8 Cow. R. 178. The former was a conviction under the forcible entry and detainer act of New York, similar to that of England, authorizing the justice to convict of the force, &c. upon his own view. The record was regular, in conformity to the statute, and to established precedent. In an action of trespass against the justice, it was sought to impeach it by show*ing that there was no force. The court decided that this was a matter within his jurisdiction so to try, and the record of his judgment being regular, was conclusive. It was not there a question of jurisdiction. In Bigelow v. Stearnes, 19 John. R. 39, cited above, Spencer, C. J. in deliyering the opinion of the court, says, “ that the conviction given in evidence by the defendant, was a complete protection to him, as to every thing set forth in it, unless it was shown that the defendant had either exceeded his jurisdiction, or had not jurisdiction of the person of the plaintiff.” And, referring to the case of Mather v. Hood, he says — “ It was not decided in that case, nor is there any case that sane*tions the doctrine, that by force of a conviction before a magistrate, the party affected by it may not show, even in a collateral action, where the conviction is set up as a — 399 — defence or comes in question, that the magistrate had not jurisdiction of the person against whom the conviction operates.” He says, and we say with him — “ Take the case of a person convicted by a justice of the peace, who never had been summoned, and who never appeared; would it admit of a doubt that this fact might be shown, and if proved, that the whole proceeding would be coram non judies and void?” Of course he means where there was no summons or process, or no return of any officer showing a service. Of course such a return of the proper officer would give jurisdiction, and it would not be competent to impeach it. And this is the point of the case in 3 Wend. R. 202. In the case of Cunningham v. Bucklin, the court comment upon the case of Mather v. Hood, and quote the language of the decision in the case of Bigelow v. Stearnes with approbation, and then say— “ There is no question here,” (in the case then under consideration,) “ of jurisdiction. The commissioner had by statute jurisdiction of the subject matter. By the petition, &c. he acquired jurisdiction of his person. The subsequent proceedings, if irregular, are voidable merely, and not void.” “They may be reversed by certiorari; but while they remain matter of record and conclusive evidence, (and this was the effect given them by statute,) the facts stated in the discharge cannot be controverted.” It is evident then, that this case does not reach the question when the evidence offered goes to the jurisdiction. The case of Bigelow v. Stearnes, is a strong one to show that in such cases it is admissible; and to this effect is the case of Borden v. Fitch, 15 John. R. 121, there cited; and also, more directly, the cases of Calvin v. Luther, 9 Cow. R. 61, and Tenney v. Tyler, 8 Wend. R. 569. In Elliot et al. v. Piersol et al. 1 Pet. R. 340, the Supreme Court of the United States say — “ Where a court has jurisdiction, it has a right to decide every question which occurs in the — 400 — cause; and whether its decision be correct or otherwise, its judgment, until reversed, is regarded as binding in every other court. But if it act without authority, its judg-, ments and orders are regarded as nullities. They are not voidable, but simply void, and form no bar to a recovery sought, even prior to a reversal, in opposition to them. This distinction runs through all the cases on the subject; and it proves that the jurisdiction of any court exercising authority over a subject, may be inquired into in every court where the proceedings of the former are relied on and brought before the latter, by the party claiming the benefit of such proceedings.” As far then as authorities have come under my view, it would seem that the jurisdiction of special inferior tribunals, at least, may be inquired into in respect to their authority over the person, as well as the subject matter; and the want of jurisdiction may be shown by evidence, even when it tends to contradict the minutes or dockets which those tribunals may keep as records of their proceedings. In this case, however, the docket of the defendant does not show that he had jurisdiction of the person of the plaintiff, Clark, at the time of the rendition of the judgment against him. The summons had ceased to be operative on the 9Lh ; the case was not continued to another day, and was, in fact, at an end. And, on the case made, the judgment for the plaintiff must stand, and it must be so certified to the Circuit Court for the county of Livingston. Judgment affirmed.