Reuben Town v. President of the Bank of River Raisin

Whipple, J. delivered the opinion of the Court. On the part of the complainant, it is contended, that the assignment is void, on general principles, and irrespective of the statutes of this state. The first reason offered in support of this proposition is, that the assignment is in effect a surrender of the franchises of the corporation, without the concurrence of the state. No rule is better settled than that a corporation may be dissolved, by the surrender of its franchise of being a corporation into the hands of the government: if accepted by the government, the dissolution becomes effectual. The modes in which a surrender is to be made, and as to what facts constitute a surrender, have been a fruitful subject of discussion in the courts of this country. In England* the surrender is by deed to the King, by whom corporations are usually created by charter. In this country, corporations are created by an act of the legislature, and it would seem to follow, in the absence of any statute prescribing the mode in which a surrender is to be made, that to become available, it must be accepted by the authority which created the corporation. I have no doubt that a surrender made by the great body of the society, and accepted by the legislature, would operate as a dissolution of the corporation ; but such a surrender and acceptance would not, perhaps, in this country, absolve the corporation from any of its liabilities, — contracts being- protected by the constitution of the United States. Regarding an act of incorporation, when accepted, as a contract between the state and the corporation, it would* then, appear necessary, in order to dissolve a corporation, that the consent of both parties should be obtained. If, therefore, the members of a corporation are desirous of bringing its business to a- close, a resolution to surrender by the great body of the corporators, being presented to the legislature, and assented to by that body in the form of a — 539 — legislative acl, would be effectual to dissolve the corporation. So an act of the legislature repealing the charter, if assented to by the corporation, would operate as a dissolution. That a corporation, by its own act, can dissolve itself, is no where asserted, nor can it be sustained: this must be done by the concurrence of the parties to the compact, or by the solemn judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction. See Ang. & Ames on Corp. 656, ’7, ’8, and authorities cited in note; 15 Pick. 351, (Revere v. Boston Copper Co.;) 24 Pick. 49, (Boston Glass Manufactory v. Langdon,) and cases there cited; 2 Kent’s Com. 310. Applying these rules and principles to the case before us, it would be difficult to maintain, that the assignment either operated as a surrender of the charter, or a dissolution of the corporation. The deed of assignment does not indicate, on the part of the corporation, any design to surrender its franchises, or contemplate a dissolution. On the contrary, it appears from the deed that the assignment was executed on account of the inability of the the bank to pay, at that time, its debts, on demand, owing to the difficulty of converting the property and assets of the bank into cash ; and the answer, though it admits that the bank had suspended the payment of its debts in specie, and failed to meet its engagements, and had ceased to do banking business, does not admit that the bank will prove insolvent, or be unable ultimately to pay its creditors. Admitting for a moment the legal competency of the corporation to make an effectual surrender of its franchises without the consent of the state,- it is apprehended that the facts disclosed in the deed of assignment and answer would not amount to such surrender. It is not essential to the existence of a corporation that it should possess property; its legal existence, therefore, is not ne — 540 — cessarily determined by even actual insolvency. 24 Pick. R. 53. The franchise remained, although the bank may have assigned all its property to pay its debts. By thus dispossessing itself of its property, the bank might be under the necessity of discontinuing, temporarily, and perhaps permanently, its proper and legitimate business. The capital slock of the bank was $100,000, with the power to increase it to $500,000. Suppose on the day following the assignment, the bank .had, by resolution, increased its capital stock $100,000, and that this amount had been actually paid in, and the usual business of the bank resumed ; could it be contended that the assignment of all the property that it possessed the day before, would have so far operated as a dissolution as to render all the subsequent acts nugatory? I think not. The existence-of the franchise would have continued unless the slate had interposed ; had arrested the proceedings by some legal measure, founded on a violation by the bank of some law by which it was bound. But suppose that the bank had ceased to perform its functions for a year, for the want of the necessary means of action ; would this circumstance operate per seas a dissolution of the franchise? It is believed that it would not. The body may have lain dormant during that year, but, if in a condition to be revived, and if in point of fact it is revived, I know of no reason why it may not continue its business. By thus failing to fulfil the purposes of its creation, its franchises may be liable to forfeiture; but this forfeiture can only take effect after a judgment by a competent judicial tribunal, upon a direct proceeding instituted for that purpose, by the state, or under its authority and sanction. The corporate existence would, in the case supposed, as in every other case of neglect of duty, or abuse of power, continue until that existence is determined by a judicial decree. If the state does not choose to institute the — 541 — necessary proceedings, with a view to a dissolution, the acts of the bank, within the range of the powers conferred upon it, would be valid and binding; and the question as to whether it had forfeited its charter could not be inquired into in a collateral action. To sustain the position that the assignment made by the bank was tantamount to a surrender of its charter, we have been cited to numerous cases, which I now propose to examine very briefly. In the case of The Bank Commissioners v. Bank of Brest, Harr. Ch. R. 106, Chancellor Farnsworth uses this language : “ If this assignment is valid, it is no doubt a surrender of its charter; for if a corporation suffers acts to be done' which destroy the end and object for which it was instituted, it is equivalent to a surrender of its rights.” To support this doctrine the Chancellor refers to the following cases, which have also been cited by counsel, viz : Slee v. Bloom, 19 John. R. 456, and The People v. Bank of Hudson, 6 Cow. 219. In the first case, Chief Justice Spencer, in delivering the opinion of the court, says: “ The ground on which I place my opinion that the corporation is dissolved, is, that they have done and suffered to be done acts equivalent to a surrender.” Of the correctness of this opinion, there can be no doubt, if it be confined to the facts of the case then before the court; but if it was intended as the statement of a general principle, applicable to all corporations, and to a different state of facts, then it is apprehended, that it is not sustained by elementary writers or adjudged cases. To ascertain how far the case of Slee v. Bloom supports the doctrine contended for, and the ruling of the Chancellor in the case of The Bank Commissioners v. Bank of Brest, it will be necessary to understand the facts upon which the decision of the court was based. In 1814, the respondents associated together and became a corporation — 542 — according to tbe provisions of the statute of New York relative to corporations for manufacturing purposes. In 1816, it was resolved, that it was inexpedient to continue the factory in operation. After 181.7, there was no meeting of the trustees, nor any business or act done by the corporation. In 1818, all the property of the corporation, real and personal, was sold under an execution. In 1819, Slee, who was a creditor of the corporation, filed his bill to charge the defendants, under the provisions of the seventh section of the act which made the corporators liable individually for the debts of the corporation to the extent of their respective shares of the stock, after the dissolution of the corporation. The question before the court was, whether the corporation, according to the true intent and meaning of the seventh section of the act, was dissolved, so as to render the respondents individually liable, although no judicial decree of dissolving the corporation bad been pronounced. It is easy to perceive how the act above stated, would justify the opinion of the court of errors, that, according to the true intent and meaning of the act, there was such a dissolution of the corporation as would render the corporators liable in their individual capacity. The whole business of the corporation was, by a solemn resolution, discontinued, and all its effects sold under an execution. It certainly never was contemplated by the legislature that a creditor was bound to wait until the expiration of the time limited for the continuance of the corporation, (twenty years,) or until it was legally dissolved by a proceeding to be instituted by the state to annul the charter, before he could avail himself of the remedy provided by the act under which the corporation was organized. For the purpose of affording a remedy to creditors, the corporation was virtually dissolved |in 1818, by unequivocal acts indicating an abandonment of their franchises. — 543 — The facts, then, justified the principle laid down by Chief Justice Spencer ; and it would be fair to infer that it was only to be applied to cases where debts due by a corporation, at the time of its dissolution, were chargeable to the individual members, or other special cases; although a reference, in the opinion of the Chief Justice, to 2 Kyd on Corporations, might induce the belief that the principle stated by him was intended to have a more extended application. The quotation from Kyd is as follows : “ The rule adopted in all the cases which have occurred on this question, seems to have been this, that where the effect of the surrender is to destroy the end for which the corporation or corporate capacity was instituted, the corporation or corporate capacity is itself destroyed.” Immediately preceding this passage, and in connection with it, Kyd uses this language : “ That a corporation may, in point of fact, destroy itself, by its own act, seems as easy to be comprehended, as that a natural person may put an end to his life by his own hands. The acting part of the corporation put the common seal to a deed of surrender ; carry up all their charters :o St. James’, and lay them at the King’s feet; procure the surrender to be enrolled, and desert all the corporate functions; must not the consequence be that in a little time the corporate existence must be at an end?” And, in a passage immediately following the text above quoted, we find illustrations of it, which tend to show the application and extent of the principle it embodies. “ Thus,” says Lord Coice, on the authority of the book of assize, “if there be a Warden of a Chapel, and the Chapel and possessions be aliened, he ceases to be a corporation, because he- cannot be Warden of nothing. But if the body of a prebend be a manor and no more, and the manor be recovered from the prebendary by title paramount, yet his corporate capacity remains, because he has stallum in choro et vocem in capitulo, and — 544 — he is prebendary, although he have no possessions.” The mode of dissolving a corporation in England by a surrender of its franchises, is clearly pointed out; and it would seem to follow that unless the effect of the surrender is to destroy the end for which the corporation was instituted, the corporation is not destroyed ; or in other words, there may be a surrender, without a dissolution of the corporate capacity. If the rule as laid down by Kyd be correct, I think the learned Chief Justice could hardly have intended to convey the idea that the acts done and suffered by the corporation referred to in the case of Slee v. Bloom, operated to all intents and purposes as an actual surrender, or that the corporate existence was at an end. That it continued, so as to enable the corporation to sue by its corporate name, and to receive payment of debts, there can be no- doubt. It is equally clear, that a suit might have been maintained against the corporation by a creditor seeking to charge it with a debt. This is the view of that decision taken by Chancellor Kent, (2 Com. 312.) He says : “ It was held in the court of errors of New York, in Slee v. Bloom, that the trustees of a private corporation may do what would be equivalent to a surrender of their trust, by an intentional abandonment of their franchises, so as to warrant a court of justice to consider the corporation as in fact dissolved. But that case is not to be carried beyond the precise facts on which it rested. It ought only to be applied to a case where the debts due at the time of the dissolution are chargeable on the individual members, and then it becomes a safe precedent. It amounts only to this, that if a private corporation suffer all their property to be sacrificed, and the trustees actually relinquish their trust, and omit the annual election, and do no act manifesting an intention to resume their corporate functions, the courts of justice may, for the sake of the remedy, — 545 — and in favor of creditors who, in such case, have the remedy against the individual members, presume a virtual surrender of the corporate rights, and a dissolution of the corporation. This is the utmost extent to which the doctrine was carried, and, in such a case, it is a safe and reasonable doctrine.” The same view of the case of Slee v. Bloom, is taken' ill Angel & Ames on Corporations, 659. It is there said, that “if a corporation, being indebted,suffer all its property to be sacrificed, and the trustees-actually relinquish their trust and omit the annual election,- and do no one act manifesting an intention to resume their corporate functions, the courts may, for the salce of the remedy against the individual members, and in favor of creditors, presume a virtual surrender,” &c. And again :■ “ The courts of New York did not decide that the corporations had lost all their rights, but that even if they had a right to reorganize themselves, the case had happened in which, with regard to their creditors,1 they were dissolved.” In the case of Revere v. The Boston Copper Co., 15 Pick. 351, the facts were that a majority of the stockholders voted to dissolve the corporation, and wind up its affairs.To carry out this resolution,- all the property was transferred to trustees, with authority to pay the debts and distribute the surplus among the stockholders ; and they gave notice to the executive department of the government, that they claimed no further interest in their act of incorporation.- The supreme court held, “that, by the acts disclosed, the corporation was not dissolved.” In the case of The Boston Glass Manufactory v. Langdon, 24 Pick. 49, it was decided that a corporation could not surrender its charter without some solemn act of the corporation for that purpose; and that a surrender would not be of any avail until accepted by the government. In that case the corporation became actually insolvent; assigned all its — 546 — property for the payment of its debts ; and omitted, for several years, to choose officers, or to hold meetings. In both of the cases last cited, the case of Slee v. Bloom, was referred to by counsel, who insisted that the insolvency of a corporation, alienation of all its property, and cessation to do business, amounted to a dissolution. The supreme court of Massachusetts, however, rejected this doctrine, and held that such acts did not extinguish the legal existence of a corporation. These authorities, if sound, are conclusive upon the first proposition made by the counsel for the complainant. They establish beyond controversy, that the acts done and suffered by the Bank of River Raisin were, in no legal sense, a surrender of their chartered rights, nor did they work a dissolution of the corporation.* The cases of The Bank Commissioners v. Bank of Brest, and The People v. Bank of Hudson, purport to be based upon that of Slee v. Bloom. The Chancellor of this state, in the first case, and the supreme court of New York in the second, seem to have given to the opinion of Chief Justice Spencer inSlee v. Bloom, a scope and meaning not warranted by the facts of the case. The broad language used in the opinion of Chief Justice Spencer, would, if construed literally,. embrace the case before us ; but I trust it has been shown that the doctrine therein advanced is unsound in principle, and unsupported by authority, when applied to the facts of the case before us. The reasoning which has been employed in support of our views upon the first proposition argued by counsel, involved the discussion of the second proposition, viz :' that a corporation has no right to surrender its franchises and terminate its existence, without the assent of the pow — 547 — er that created it. We affirmed the correctness of the proposition that, in general, private corporations aggregate, such as are usual in this country, cannot surrender their franchises without the assent of the state. It becomes only necessary, to repeat what has been already stated, that the facts do not make out a case to which the rule can be applied. The views we have already expressed, also determine the third proposition, which asserts that even if the body of the corporation have, at common law, a right to dissolve the corporation, the directors may not do it. . I shall now proceed to consider the fourth ground urged against the validity of the assignment. It was contended that if the assignment be not viewed as a surrender of all corporate rights, still, it was unauthorized by the charter, and is therefore void. I have given to this proposition, and to the very able arguments by which it was attempted to be sustained, the most careful consideration; and, in doing so, have felt strongly inclined to declare all such assignments void, unless upon clear legal principles, and strong authority, I should be driven to the necessity of affirming their validity. That the power exercised by directors in making such assignments, has been productive, in many instances, of great wrong and injustice, cannot be doubted. Preferences have been made, by which those who have knowingly contributed to bring upon the community the mischiefs which always follow in the train of bank explosions, have been secured against loss, while the innocent and unsuspecting creditor and bill holder have been the victims of the foulest frauds, and reaped the bitter fruits of misapplied confidence; — a confidence oftentimes induced by the conduct of those preferred, or, as they are sometimes called, confidential creditors. To provide a remedy which shall effectually cure the evil, is — 548 — the business of the legislature, and not of courts. We must expound the law as we find it. It was contended that the power to execute this assignment was not expressly given by the act of incorporation, and that it could not be implied. We subscribe fully to •the modem doctrine, so universally recognized, that corporations possess such powers only as are specifically granted, or as are necessary to carry into effect the powers expressly granted. At the common law, corporations possessed, as an incident, the capacity to purchase and alien lands and chattels; and this capacity was unlimited, except in so far as specific restraints were imposed by their charters, or by some statute by which they were bound. Chancellor Kent, (2 Kent’s Com. 281,) says: “Independent of positive law, all corporations possess the absolute jus disponendi, neither limited as to objects, nor circumscribed as to quantity.” Their capacities in this respect, arc as full and ample over the property,-as are those of a natural person, unless restricted by the charters by which they are created. In determining whether a corporation has assumed powers in derogation of its charter, we must carefully distinguish between such as are substantive, and expressly granted, and such as are merely incidental, and ofien necessary to its existence. ■The distinction between these two classes of powers is sufficiently obvious. The first class embraces the general object and purpose of its creation ; and, if powers are assumed foreign to such object and purpose, its charter is liable to forfeiture at the instance of the authority by whom they were granted. The second class includes such powers as are sometimes vital to its existence, and furnish the means by which the powers expressly delegated are carried out. The case before us furnishes an apt illustration of the line of distinction I am endeavoring to draw between those powers which the charter of its ere — 549 — ation confers upon a corporation, and such as are merely incidental. The act incorporating the River Raisin Bank, confers upon the corporation banking powers. To transact banking business, then, was the object for which it was created. If, in addition to these powers, the corporation had assumed the rights usually granted to insurance companies, or engaged in other business foreign to banking, its charter might be forfeited for an abuse of its powers. But, to accomplish the end for which it was created, it possesses, besides the powers incident to every corporation, that of employing agents and servants to transact its business ; of collecting its debts ; of discharging its liabilities; of converting the property and assets of the corporation into money, to fulfil its obligations to the public ; and a variety of other powers peculiar to such corporations. If I have succeeded in making myself understood, it is very clear, that the authority of the bank to pay its debts is incidental, and, as the act of incorporation will show, necessary to its very existence ; for a failure in this respect, would subject the franchises of the corporation to forfeiture. But while it is admitted that the bank was authorized and required, on pain of forfeiture, to employ all its assets, real and personal, to pay its debts, it is objected that the means adopted were not warranted by its charter. Because, first, corporate rights may be forfeited for non user ; as, where a bank assigns so much of its property to trustees for the payment of its debts as to render it incapable of continuing its banking operations. It is admitted that a corporation may forfeit its charter as well for a neglect, as for an afoise of its franchises. But it does not necessarily follow, that a bank discontinues the exercise of all its corporate functions, by the assignment of its assets for the payment of its debts. If there exists a legal capacity to resume its business, by an increase of its capital, or otherwise, a — 550 — corporation.is not dissolved, although it may not only have parted with all its property, but temporarily suspended business. Angel & Ames on Corp. 658; Brinkerhoof v. Brown, 7 John. Ch. R. 217; State v. Bank of Maryland, 6 Gill & John. 205. But if a temporary suspension of any of its powers would authorize the institution of proceedings with a view to a dissolution, it is for the state, through its judiciary, to say whether, under the circumstances, a dissolution should be decreed. A suspension of corporate functions may be waived by the power which created the corporation ; but if not waiyed, and proceedings are instituted by the slate, or under its authority, to dissolve the corporation, the court before whom the proceedings are had, would not, in the exercise of the large discretionary powers with which it is in such cases invested, decree a forfeiture, where there is a reasonable hope that it may resume its corporate duties. In other words, non user of its franchises, by a corporation, is not necessarily followed by a forfeiture of those franchises. But it is said, secondly, that as the bank, by assigning so much of its property as to be incapable of continuing its business, may forfeit its charter, it follows that such assignment must be void. The reasoning of the counsel upon this point is, that if the right to make the assignment is unquestionable, it would be no ground of forfeiture ; but as it is a ground of forfeiture, it follows that such an act is invalid. This reasoning, it appears to me, is more ingenious than sound. A forfeiture of a charter in such circumstances, does not result from the fact that the bank has appropriated its property in discharge of its liabilities, but because the bank, in performing a duty imposed by its charter, may find itself unable to act up to the end for which it was created. The fallacy of the argument of counsel will appear, if we consider the consequences to which it would lead. It — 551 — cannot be denied that a bank is bound by high moral considerations, to dedicate the whole of its property to the payment of its debts. The duty of a corporation in this respect differs not from that of an individual. If, then, the bank, in the performance of this duty, devotes all its property for the object stated, it would incur a forfeiture of its charter, if the reasoning of counsel be sound ; and yet it would be an anomalous proceeding for a court to pronounce a judgment of forfeiture against a bank, for doing an act which, if left undone, would subject it to the high penalties which follow a violation of its charter. It is further insisted, thirdly, that the court will not imply the existence of a power which may be used to the detriment of creditors. The same argument may be used in regard to most of the implied powers which the bank possessed. Individuals are not bound to contract business relations wdth banks: if they do, they must incur all the hazard incident to such relation. If a person accept bills of a bank in payment of a debt, he accepts them with a full knowledge of all the powers with which the bank is-invested. He know's that these powers may be abused. If, therefore, he substitutes the credit of a bank for that of an individual, he must bear all the con-sequen'ces which' flow from his own voluntary act. While general assignments, made by a bank, of all its property for the benefit of creditors, axe considered by counsel as invalid, especially where preferences are created in favor of particular creditors, the legality of special assignments is admitted. The reason given for the distinction is, that a special assignment is made to pay or secure a debt due by the corporation; while a general assignment divests the corporation of the power to exercise its corporate functions, and devolves on third persons the management of the corporate effects, and the duty of paying corporate debts. I have already endeavored to — 552 — prove that the assignment in the case before us, did not, in and of itself, operate as a dissolution of the corporation. If the reason last urged be a sound one, it applies as well to special as to general assignments ; in both instances, the management of corporate effects, and the p'ayment of corporate debts, is confided to third persons; for, in a legal point of view, I am unable to perceive the difference between an assignment to secure a debt, made directly to a creditor of a bank, and an assignment made to a third person, to effect the same object. If a bank may make one special assignment for the purpose of securing one of its creditors, why may it not make as many as may be necessary to secure each and every of its creditors, until all its property is exhausted ? The last assignment which embraces the remaining assets held by the bank, is just as valid as the first. If so, I am at a loss to discover why, upon principle, the same object may not be attained by an assignment of all the assets for the benefit of creditors generally. The only difference consistsin thi-s : that, in the one case, the whole property of the bank is assigned in several instruments, for the legitimate purpose’ of paying the corporate debts; while, in the other, but one instrument is made to effect the very same purpose. It is not difficult to- see, also, that where a bank is driven by pressing necessity to' multiply special assignments to secure the payment of its debts,-and preserve its credit, preferences are in fact made. Those provided for by the first assignment are usually amply secured, while others are but partially secured. The assignment is not invalidated by being made by the bank to third persons.- The mode and manner in which its liabilities are to be met, must, of necessity, be left to the discretion of those to whom the bank has confided the management of its affairs. Whether a payment is made directly by the bank, or through agents of its own-selection; — 553 — can make no difference. By the instrument of assignment, the bank prescribes the powers and duties of the assignee, and does not commit the management of its assets to the unlimited control of third persons. The assignee is bound to execute the will of the bank as it is manifested in the instrument. The last reason assigned under the first general head, why the assignment in question should be declared void, is, that, admitting that the stockholders bad the right to dissolve the corporation, the directors had no such power. This reason is predicated upon the assumed fact, that the assignment had the effect of dissolving the corporation.We have already said, that the assignment did not work a dissolution of the corporation ; and as the whole management and control of the property and affairs of the bank, is, by the charter, conferred upon' the board of directors, the execution of the assignment by them was unobjectionable. The assignment before us, made by the bank for the benefit of its creditors, may, I think, be sustained upon principle. Such assignments have received the sanction of some of the state courts,- where their validity was directly drawn in question. In other cases they have been sustained, where their validity was not assailed. State v. Bank of Maryland, 6 Gill. & John. 205; Union Bank of Tennessee v. Elliott, Ibid. 363; Warner v. Mower, 11 Verm. R. 385; Pope v. Stewart, 2 Stewart, 401; 2 Bland’s Ch. R. 142, (Binney's case;) 4 Ark. R. 302, (Conway's case ;) 3 Wend. 13, (Huxter & Brace v. Bishop ;) 5 Watts & Serg. 223, (Dana v. Bank U. S.;) Ang. & Ames on Corp. 126.* The next general objection to the validity of the as — 554 — signment is, that it is opposed to the policy of the statutes of this state. The act of 1837, (S. L. 1837, p. 307,) which provides for proceedings in chancery against corporations, and that of 1839, (S. L. 1839, p. 94,) which provides for the voluntary dissolution of corporations, are the only statutes, the policy of which, it is said, would be defeated by sustaining the assignment made by the bank. The act of 1837 contains some of the provisions embodied in article second of the Revised Statutes of New York, entitled, “ Of proceedings against corporations in equity.” (Yol. 2, p. 377.) It confers upon the Chancellor the authority to dissolve any corporation having banking powers, when such corporation shall become insolvent, or violate any provision of its charter. The third section of the act provides that, whenever any corporation having banking powers, shall become insolvent, or shall refuse to- pay its debts, or shall violate any of the provisions of its charter, or act of incorporation, or any other law binding on the same, the Chancellor may, by injunction, restrain such corporation and its officers from exercising any, or all its corporate rights, and from receiving any debts or demands due or to become the same, and from paying out, or in any way transferring or delivering to any person any of the money or effects of such corporation, and likewise restrain any person or persons from transferring, in like manner, the whole or any part of his or their property or effects, who may directly or indirectly be liable for the payment of the debts or liabilities of such corporation. The fourth section provides, that such injunction may be issued on the application of the Attorney General, in behalf of the state, or of any creditor or stockholder of such corporation. The fifth section provides, that a receiver may be appointed to take charge of the property and effects, and collect the debts due the corpora — 555 — tion. The seventh section confers power upon the Chancellor to compel such corporation, its officers, agents and stockholders to discover any property belonging to the corporation, &c. Such are the general provisions of the act of 1837, and I see nothing in them which renders the assignment by the River Raisin Bank void. The act certainly does not, in express terms, prohibit such an assignment; nor does such an assignment defeat any object or purpose contemplated by the act. It simply affords a new remedy against corporations generally, for assuming or exercising any franchise, liberty, or privilege, or transacting any business not allowed by its charter ; and to restrain individuals from exercising any corporate rights not granted by any law of this state. The other sections invest the court of chancery with new powers, and give a new remedy against corporations having banking powers, in case of their insolvency, or when such corporations shall violate any provisions of their charters, or other law binding on them. The article of the New York statute, from which those provisions are borrowed, contains various others. It confers the most ample powers upon receivers, by which they are enabled to wind up the affairs of the corporation. Provision is also made for making all the creditors of the corporation parties to the proceeding. It gives to the Chancellor the most ample jurisdiction over all the officers of the corporation, and declares, in express terms, that all alienations made by such officers, contrary to the provisions of law, shall be set aside. Among these provisions of law, is that contained in section 4, title 4, (1 Rev. Stat. N. Y., p. 603,) entitled, “ Special provisions relating to certain corporations,” which provides, that, “ whenever any incorporated company shall have refused payment of any of its notes, or other evidences — 556 — of debt, in specie, or lawful money of the United States, it shall not be lawful for such company, or any of its officers, to assign or transfer any of the property or choses in action of such company, to any officer or stockholder of such company, directly or indirectly, for the payment of any debt; and it shall not he lawful to wake any transfer or assignment in contemplation of the insolvency of such company, to any person or persons whatever. And every such transfer and assignment to such officer, stockholder, or other person, or in trust for them or their benefit, shall he utterly void.” This provision, taken in connection with the other provisions contained in the Revised Statutes of New York, make, so far as corporations are concerned, a bankrupt system. Our act of 1837, contains, within itself, scarcely an element of a bankrupt system. If intended for one, the legislature have b<jpn careful to exclude the idea that such was their intention, by failing to incorporate in the act those parts of the Revised Statutes of New York from which it was borrowed, and which carry, on their face, the evidence that a bankrupt system was contemplated. Speaking of the act of New York of 1825, in relation to corporations, Chancellor Kent, (2 Kent’s Com. 315,) says; “ It contained many directions calculated to check abuses in tbe management of all monied incorporations, and to facilitate the recovery of debts against them. All transfers by incorporated companies, in contemplation of bankruptcy, were dedared void; and if any incorporated bank should become insolvent, or violate its charter, the Chancellor was authorized, by process of injunction, to restrain the exercise of its powers, and to appoint a receiver; and to cause the effects of the company to be distributed among the creditors. This was a statute of bankruptcy in relation to incorporated hanks.” If these provisions had been incorporated in the act of — 557 — 1837, and the means devised, as in the statute of New York, for carrying them into effect, we should have had no hesitation in determining that a bankrupt system was intended. The act of 1839 has not, so far as I am able to discover, the slightest relation to the question before us. It simply provides a mode by which corporations may make a surrender of their rights and procure a distribution. It declares void all assignments of property, after the presentation of the petition, but does not invalidate assignments made before proceedings were commenced under its provisions. The act is not mandatory in its terms ; nor was it intended to prevent a corporation from appropriating its property in payment of its debts, provided that, in so doing, it did not violate any law by which it was bound, and that such appropriation was not tainted with fraud. Such, it seems to me, was the object which the legislature had in view in the various acts relating to banking corporations. In the case of the Bank Commissioners v. The Bank of Brest, the Chancellor decided that the assignment made by the bank was void, because it evaded the provisions of the statute applicable to that class of corporations to which the Bank of Brest belonged ; and because the directors, in making the assignment without the assent of their stockholders, exceeded their powers. The facts in that case differed essentially from those which appear in the case before us. The intention of the directors to wind up the affairs of the bank, was expressly admitted; and one of the reasons given for this proceeding, was, that they were unable to perfect the securities required by law. Besides, the Bank of Brest was subject to the provisions of the safety fund act; and the argument of the Attorney General against the validity of the assignment was founded upon the fact, that it contravened the policy of that act, and the act of 1838, — 558 — No reference whatever was had by him to the act of 1837. It is averred in the bill that the Bank of River Raisin was subject to the provisions of an act entitled “An act suspending, for a limited time, certain provisions of law, and for other purposes,” approved June 22, 1837» By the eighth section of this act its provisions were declared inapplicable to any bank not subject to the act of 1836, (commonly called the safety fund act,) unless such bank should signify its assent to that act, so far as regárds the visitation of the Bank Commissioner for the purposes specified in said act, and to ascertain the transactions of the bank in the sale of specie and bullion. All other provisions of the safety fund act were, therefore, inapplicable to the Bank of River Raisin; and we are, therefore, not called upon to affirm or deny the correctness of the opinion of the Chancellor in the case referred to. It may be that upon the facts admitted to exist, the assignment was void, as it defeated the policy of those statutes by which the banks organized under the general banking law were bound. Decree reversed. Footnotes [*] In The State v. The Real Estate Bank, 5 Pike R. 596, 607, ageheral assignment by a bank though admitted to be valid, was held a good canse of forfeiture of its charter. [*] -See, also, 1 Amer. Leading Cases, 78 and 79, and cases there cited.