Lull v. Davis

By the court, Wing, J. The objection to plaintiff’s recovery assumes that the allegation contained in his declaration, that he is seized in fee and possessed, is a connected, entire statement, descriptive of a matter which is the foundation of the action; that it is so connected that no part of it can be. stricken out or regarded as impertinent or irrelevant; and therefore, as the entire statement is traversed by the defendant’s, plea; the plaintiff must prove it as made. Dhe charge of the judge must be regarded as assuming,, either that the averment was divisible, and that the first portion of it was immaterial, or that, for the purposes of this action, proof of possession was evidence of a seizin in fee in the plaintiff. It is an established rule governing in the production of evidence, that the evidence offered must correspond with and support the averments in the declaration or plea. This rule supposes the averments to be sp.ate:i;ial and; necessary. — 79 — In 1 Chitty’s Pleadings, 228, it is stated, that if a party take upon himself to state in pleading a particular estate, when it was only required of him that he should show a general or a less estate, title or interest, the adversary may traverse the allegation, and if it be untrue, the party will fail. Thus a ■ general freehold title, liberum tenementum, may be pleaded either in trespass or in an avowry in replevin, and under it the defendant may prove any estate of freehold either in fee or for life; but if he state, though unnecessarily, a seizin in fee of a particular estate or interest, and the other side traverse the allegation, it must 'be proved as stated. This is an instance of material matter alleged with an unnecessary detail of circumstances or particularity; The subject matter of the averment is material and relevant, and the evil is, that the essential and immaterial parts are so interwoven as to expose the whole allegation to a traverse, and the consequent necessity of proof to the full extent to which it is carried by the pleadings; Mr; Stephens, In treating upon this point, says, that though a less estate than a seizin in fee would have been sufficient to sustain the plaintiff’s case, yet, as ' the plaintiff, who' should best know what estate he had, had pleaded a seizin in fee, his adversary was entitled to traverse the title so laid; Steph; PL 248. See 1 Chit. Pl. 508 to 510, where it is said the general issue is equivalent to a traverse of every traversable fact. In the case of Savage v. Smith, 2 H. Black, 1101, 1104, which Was an action of debt against a bailiff for extorting illegal fees upon a writ of fieri facias, the declaration stated a judgment and a fieri facias upothe judgment. The £. fa. was given in evidence, but not the judgment. The court held, that though it might be unnecessary to aver the judgment (5 T. R. 498), yet having been averred, it ought to be proved. Ld. Ch; J. De Grey expressly went on the distinction between immaterial and impertinent averments, and said the former must be proved because relative to the point in question. Gould’s PL 162. These terms immaterial or impertinent, though formerly applied to two classes of averments, are now treated as synonymous, per Best, J. 3 D. & R; 209. Immaterial oí impertinent averments are those which need neither be alleged, nor proved if alleged: unnecessary averments consist of matters which need not be alleged, but being alleged must be proved. 1 Greenl. Ev. 73, n. Rurther illustrations of the same rule may be found in 7 John. R. 321; 3 Day 283; 2 Saund. Pl. and Ev. 686. — 80 — The rule stated by Mr. Gould, in his work on Pleading, 162, would appear to confine the question to a matter of variance which can only occur in a matter of record, a written instrument or express contract. If the rule, as stated’ by 'Judge Gouldj'ds to bé understood as excluding an unnecessary connectedjaliegation in the statement of title or the foundation of the cause of action, then he would disregard the case of Savage v. Smith, which he cites and approves. But as the statement in the pleading in this case is in a point confessedly material, his rule can hardly be said to exclude this case; for in the same sense in which it was necessary to prove the averment of the judgment in Savage v. Smith, it is necessary to prove the averment of seizin ill fee in this case. In the case of Gwinnet v. Philips, 3 T. R. 645, Lord Kenyon says, There is no doubt, if a plaintiff undertakes to set out his title, he must set it out correctly; and in the ease of Williamson v. Allison, 2 East. 452, Lord Ellenborough says, with respect to What averments are necessary to be proved, I take the rule to be, that if the whole of the averment may be stricken out without destroying the plaintiff’s right of action, it is not necessary to prove it; but otherwise if the whole cannot be stricken out without getting rid of a part essential to the cause of action, for then, though the avermónt may be inoró particular than it need have been, the whole must be proved or the plaintiff cannot recover. This is an expression of the same doctrine that was laid down by Lord Mansfield in the case of Bristow v. Wright, Dough 665; This same doctrine is maintained and illustrated in 1 Greenl. Ev. secs. 51, 56, 57, 60 and 62; Phil. Ev. 206, 207, and the notes thereto, in Cowen and Hill. Many cases are referred to, and some that would seem to vary the rule, but it is manifest the judges do not intend to lay-down a new rule. That there should be some diversity of opinion-, arising mainly from the different views which courts may have taken of its application, is perhaps not singular; but, amongst all the cases, I do not find one in which it is stated that an averment descriptive of and limiting the title set up by tbe plaintiff in his declaration, as the foundation of his right Of recovery, need not be proved as made, or that any part of it may be stricken out. It will be found, by a reference to the sections cited from Greenleaf’s Evidence, that after analyzing the principles of pleading and evidence, and the decided cases upon the doctrine of impertinent and unnecessary averments, he fully and re — 81 — peatedly affirms the position, that ail averment, such as the one in question, cannot he divided, but must be proved as made. But it is said, proof of possession is evidence of seizin in fee, and supports the averment in the declaration. If so, the rule which we have, stated has no force. Seizin in fee may include possession. It is. of two kinds, seizin in deed, or, as Lord Coke terms it, a natural seizin, and seizin in law, or a civil seizin. The former is actual possession of a freehold, the latter a legal right to shell possession. Does the proof of possession, under a claim of title founded upon a deed which does not emanate from the source of title in this country, or is not traced down to a person so claiming title, raise a legal presumption of a seizin in fee in the person so in possession? Unless this presumption arises from proof of possession, it is not perceived how ’the fact of defendant’s having a deed from some one who is not shown to have had any title, can add any force to the proof of mere possession. The case of Smith v. Lorillord, 10 John. R. 339, is cited in suppoit of this position taken by defendant. That was an action of ejectment. • The plaintiff showed that he and his ancestors occupied the premisas in question previous to 1768 and down to 1775, and until driven out by the public enemy. Defendant proved his entry into the premises in 1795, some time after the public enemy had left, and his continued possession for fourteen years, and until action brought. Both parties failed in making out a paper title. Kent, J., held that the facts shown by plaintiff were prima facie evidence of right, and it was not necessary that a plaintiff in ejectment should in every case shbw a possession of twenty years, or a paper title, and that a possession for a less number of years would form a presumption of title sufficient to prut the tehant on his defence. He further adds: This presumption may be removed from one side to the other, toties quoties, until one p)arty or the other has shown a title which cannot be overreached, or prats an end to the dbetrine of presumption founded on mere possession, by showing a regular legal title or right of possession. It is said the action of ejectment is in truth an action of trespass. You may try the title, or not, but if a party does not think proper to ¡show a title, he may try nothing hut the right of possession. lit the cases in 7 Wheaton 59, and 1 Cowen 613, the piresumpition bf séiziii ill fee wras not raised in support of averments in the declaration, but for the purpose of rebutting presumptions arising from the caso, — 82 — made by defendant, who had attempted to shift the presumptions of law from the plaintiff’s case to his own. The case in Cowen was ejectment, and in many of its features it was similar to that in 10 Johnson. The case cited from ? Wheaton was a case from Connecticut, and was an action of disseizin, but as far as can be gathered from the ease, it would appear that the- averments in the declaration were the same as those in ejectment, and the case shows that the parties relied upon possession, and various presumptions of law arising from the case made. Neither of these cases presents a discrepancy between the averment and proof. Another class of cases is cited, which arose under a statute in New York, in relation to forcible entries and detainers. In the case in 11 John. R. 504, 510, the indictment averred a seizin in fee in the relator from March 19, 1808, until 1811. The counsel for the people, in opening his case, proposed to show possession only, in relator. The judge held that the title was in question, and the people must give the same proof as in ejectment. Defendant entered under a sale on an execution against the relator. It was objected the people had not proved seizin in fee in relator. The court held, relator’s proof of possession was sufficient if he showed he was forcibly dispossessed, and that defendant could not set up title to defeat it, but must restore the possession wrongfully taken. The judge who finally gave the decision, says it was a mistake in saying the title was in question, and after citing 2 John. R. 98, adds, “the statute was made to prevent persons from doing themselves light by force.” In the case in 9 Wendell 50, the court refer to the statute of the state in which it is expressly provided that, “ in addition to the forcible entry and detainer complained of, the complainant should only be required to show that he was peaceably in the actual possession of the premises at the time of the forcible entry and detainer, or was in the constructive possession of the premises at the time of the forcible holding out.” This statute renders proof of seizin unnecessary, though it was required to be alleged. Nelson, J,, says, without the statute it would only have been necessary to show possession; and he cites the case in 11 Johnson. In a similar case, in 9 Wendell, 223, it was objected that seizin in fee was not proved as alleged; hut the court say, proof of possession is prima facie evidence of a fee. Whether this remark is based upon the case in 11 Johnson or the statute does not appear. — 83 — Under the peculiar phraseology of the New York statute, the court appear to regard the required averment of a seizin in fee as merely formal, and not the gist or point of the aetion.- The effort of the court in these cases appears to have been, to limit an indictment to a question of disturbance of possession. No authorities are .cited except cases of ejectment. These cases appear to be law in New York, in eases arising under the statute cited, though I do not find them referred to in any book-or case in connection with the subject of surplusage, or immaterial averments. It is conceded that there is less strictness of proof required in actions of tort than in actions on contract. On contract the plaintiff must prove his case as laid, whereas in tort he need only prove so much as gives him a good cause of action; and under their statutes the courts ef New York have permitted amendments when requested so to do, by striking out that .which would not occasion surprise to defendant 19 Wendell 541, 543. But were it competent to disregard that which might have been amended, the plaintiff’s ease would not be helped by such amendments. The tract of land claimed by plaintiff formerly composed a part of a larger tract owned by Solomon Sibley in 1822, at which time the dam was built, which occasioned the flowing of which plaintiff complains. It was not divided from the mill tract until1 after 1831, at which period the whole "traet, including mills, dam and mill pond, was vested in Mun-son. Plaintiff got a part of his title in 1834, and the'rest in 1839. In the mean time, and from 1822, the water had flowed the same as at the trial Defendants shojved themselves to be in possession of the mill at the time the suit was commenced. By this proof defendants undertook to make out a prescription, by showing adverse possession upwards of twenty years, continued from Sibley down to them. To rebut this proof, the plaintiff shows title from the U. States down to Munson, 'in 1831, and then rests. He shows no title down to himself, but shows a deed from two persons not claiming through Munson. The land so purchased by plaintiff would appear to have been overflowed when he bought it, for the mill dam and pond were kept up, down, to the commencement of the action, by defendants and others. If so, could the plaintiff, by barely taking and keeping possession of the part not flowed, acquire a right to sue for disturbance to that of which defendants were in the occupation, and of which plaintiff could have no actual pos — 84 — session ? And would not the presumption of seizin in fee be as strongly raised in behalf of defendants as plaintiff? It therefore became necessary for plaintiff to show title, seizin in fee, which would draw- to it the possession, to overcome the defendant’s case. Then what would plaintiff gain by disregarding or striking out his averment of seizin in fee, since it was necessary for him to prove title — seizin in fee, to entitle. him to recover. This he failed to do. But upon the supposition that proof of- possession was evidence of a, seizin in fee, it could be but a bare presumption, liable to be overcome by proof, as occurred in this case. First, the defendants showed adverse and continued possession of the premises from a period beyond the time when plaintiff took possession; and secondly, plaintiff'himself introduced proof which showed that the fee of tlie.land still rested in Munson, not defeated by plaintiff’s possession for a period which would bar Munson’s claim. It is true plaintiff introduced this proof to rebut defendants’ proof of prescription; but for whatever purpose introduced, we have it, and we cannot restrict its operation to that object, but it becomes a part of the proof iu the case, which plaintiff cannot den})-; and it appears to me, that in the face of his own showing of such outstanding fee simple, fútate in a third person, no presumption could arise of a seizin in fee from the possession of plaintiff; under deeds from persons having no title, even if defendants had shown no occupation or possession. Judgment reversed.